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Мартин Б.М.
Магистратура специальности
«Современная ландшафтная архитектура и градостроительство»,
факультет Аграрно-технологического института,
Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы.
Стратегии устойчивого ландшафта: проектирование для регионов, подверженных ураганам
Martin B.M.
Graduate student of Contemporary Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Sustainable landscape strategies: design for hurricane prone regions
Introduction
Tropical cyclones or more commonly known as Hurricanes, can be defined as large scale natural disturbances affecting the structure, composition and function of coastal forested ecosystems in many parts of the world. [3] In recent years' engineers, architects and designers have been implementing the use of sustainable techniques in modern designs and projects. Sustainable landscape design involves a range of practices that promote healthy natural ecosystems, reduce the use of harmful chemicals, and conserve resources. When applied to hurricane-prone regions, sustainable landscape design can mitigate the effects of storms and provide resilience against future disasters [4]. In this article various of strategies for sustainable landscape design in hurricane-prone areas, such as the Caribbean will be examined.
1. Plant selection and application
Plant selection is an organized process that examines several factors: function, aesthetics, site adaptability and management [5] Plant selection is very crucial in landscape design. In regards to sustainability in hurricane and storm prone regions, such plants should be analyzed more in detail to determine their viability.
- Native plants versus invasive plants to hurricane disturbances
An approach to sustainable Landscape Design for Hurricane Prone Regions is using native plants. They are very beneficial in that they are adapted to the local environment and require minimal maintenance. In hurricane-prone regions, using native plants can be particularly useful because they are more resistant to high winds and storm surges. [6] Additionally, native plants help maintain a healthy ecosystem, supporting wildlife and birds that contribute to ecological balance [7].
- Creation of wind breakers
This technique requires planting trees and shrubs around the territory to reduce the impact of strong winds. This will subsequently create a microclimate within the territory. Hurricane-force winds can be extremely damaging to communities and urban forests. Subsequently resulting in trees becoming hazardous and pose risks [6]. Mangroves are tropical trees that thrive in salty, coastal waters and the ebb and flow of the tide. They are commonly found around the coast line of islands in tropical regions [8]. Mangroves are used to create windbreakers in landscape design.
Introduction of perennial in the landscape.
Perennial, are any plant that persists for several years, usually with new herbaceous growth from a part that survives from growing season to growing season [9]. Perennials are plants that come back year after year. These types of plants are considered sustainable because there is no need for them to be replanted each season, thus saving water and reducing maintenance.
- Avoid Monoculture
Monoculture is the planting of a single crop in commercial agriculture, but it can create an ecosystem that is vulnerable to natural disasters. In hurricane-prone regions, monoculture landscapes are at higher risk of damage due to high winds and storm surges [10]. Tree canopies offer protection from torrential downpours and strong winds, and shrubs and grasses keep the soil cohesive and stop runoff from washing it away [11]. Landscape should be diverse by using a variety of native plants and trees with varying root systems, that provides different benefits.
2. The implementation of Hardscaping
Hardscaping refers to any man made structure within landscaping design that is made of inanimate materials like gravel, brick, wood, pavers, or stone [12]. The use of hardscaping is not a new technique, therefore when designing landscape, it is necessary to incorporate hardscaping features like pathways, patios, and retaining walls. Hardscape features can help to
■ prevent erosion and reduce the impact of heavy rainfall, while also provid-
ing a durable material.
- Create Bio swales
Bio swales are landscape features that help reduce storm water runoff, which is a common cause of flooding in hurricane-prone regions. Bio swales are shallow, vegetated channels that capture and filter runoff, allowing it to infiltrate into the soil [13]. Bios wales are an effective way of implementing green infrastructure, reducing runoff velocity and cleansing water while recharging the underlying groundwater table. They composed of a wide range of native flora, account species compatibility, minimal irrigation needs, and the possibility for animal habitat building.
- Incorporate Rain Gardens
Rain gardens are a sustainable landscape design practice that can help in hurricane-prone regions. They collect storm water runoff from roofs, driveways, and other impervious surfaces, filter it through soil and plant roots, recharge the groundwater system, provide wildlife habitats, and add aesthetic value. They absorb 30% more rainwater than a typical lawn, reducing the likelihood of flooding [12]. Economically, rain gardens are more cost effective when compare to traditional systems of pipes and drains. They also filter pollutants that are carried by rainwater and improve water quality before it enters the groundwater, streams and lakes. Ecologically, they can concreate a natural habitat for butterflies, birds and wildlife. Aesthetically, they add beauty to the landscape subsequently resulting in an increase in property value [14].
3. Use Low-Impact Development
Low impact development (LID) is a system and practice that uses natural processes to maintain water quality and aquatic habitat [15]. LID practices reduce impervious surfaces and preserve natural landscapes to control wet weather flows and provide habitat, flood protection, better air, and cleaner water [16].
LID is a land development technique that collaborates with nature to control storm water as close to its source as practicable. LID uses concepts such as maintaining and reproducing natural landscape features, limiting effective imperviousness, and establishing functional and appealing site drainage that treats rainwater as a resource rather than a waste product to generate functional and beautiful site drainage [15]. LID techniques can help reduce storm water runoff, flood risk, and provide a more resilient landscape in hurricane-prone regions. Examples include bio retention facilities, rain gardens, vegetated roofs, rain barrels, and permeable pavements [17]. Applied on a broad scale, LID can maintain or restore a
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watershed's hydrologic and ecological functions. Climate change and urbanization are two of the most powerful forces threatening existing and future urban flood management measures [18].
In conclusion, sustainable landscape design can help increase the resilience of cities in hurricane-prone regions. Urbanization increases impervious surfaces, makes great land use changes, and has a great impact on hydrology in a watershed surrounding a city. The drainage infrastructure construction lags behind the increasing urban area, composed by impervious surfaces [19]. Strategically utilizing native plants, bio swales, rain gardens, and avoiding monoculture, along with implementing low-impact development techniques, can reduce the impact of storms and provide a sustainable environment for the future. By incorporating these practices into landscape design, communities can work towards creating more resilient and sustainable urban environments despite the rising threat of natural disasters. There is a need for more sustainable landscape practices especially in developing countries, in regards to natural disasters such as hurricanes and tropical storms.
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