CC BY
3
DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_77_199 UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Qorayev Sh. Independent Researcher of Tashkent State Uzbek Language and Literature University
STORY NIGHTS IN THE PRESENCE OF AMIR TEMUR
Annotation: This article provides information on the nights of storytelling in the Middle Ages during the reign of Timur. It also mentions famous historians of the time and their works.
Keywords: historical information, works, Temur's history, strory nights, past memories
In the middle Ages, nights of revenge were held in the presence of rulers. Hundreds of stories about the lives of prophets and saints, such as "Kisas ul-Anbiya", "Fourteen stories about Hazrat Ali", and "The story of Ibrahim Adham" were heard at meetings and special gatherings. According to historical sources, retaliation nights were organized in the presence of Amir Temur (1336-1405). Ibn Arabshah wrote in his History of Amir Temur: "The history of Timur's books— the mercy of Allah and the peace of the Bulgarian prophets, the biographies of previous kings and the stories of the ancient salafs — were constantly on the move, even when he was in a state of hadar. He also taught and listened intently. Because of the repeated reading of these stories, the constant playing of their melodies, Timur completely mastered the reins of these stories, as if "taking" the example of his own property. If the narrator made a mistake, Timur would correct him. Timur had such historians as Nizami Shami, Ibn Arabshah, Ali Yazdi. He also had many storytellers. Nevertheless, the names of many are not clear. In those days, there were many commonalities between historical books and fiction-religious stories, and it was difficult to imagine any of them without art. In this sense, there is no doubt that such works have given the great master not only knowledge and information, but also artistic pleasure.
"Temur's Statutes" gives a clear idea of the stories that Amir Temur listened to during the night of storytelling. He wrote in his diaries, "I asked the wise men about the laws and customs of the sultans who passed from Adam to Hatam and from there to the present day (until the time of Amir Temur). I memorized the instructions, attitudes, actions, and words of each of them, and I followed their good morals and good qualities. I inquired about the reasons for the decline of their countries, I avoided the things that would lead to the collapse of the state and the kingdom, and I felt the need to avoid the oppression and depravity that plague the generation, the plague that plagues the plague", he said.
Mir Sayyid Jurjani's letter to Temur in "Temur's Statutes" contains a number of stories that Sahibkiran memorized:
- The story of Umar ibn Abdulaziz, the Umayyad caliph, when the foreigners cursed Hazrat Ali, resolved the disputes at a time when Islam was weakening, and developed the true religion;
- The story of Caliph Ma'mun ibn Harun al-Rashid, who abolished seventy-two false sects in Islam, developed the true sect, the Ahl as-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah, and declared Ali ibn Musa Ja'far as the Wali'ah and ruled the country on his advice;
- The story of the caliph Muqtadir Billah, who suppressed the conspiracy during the conquest of Makkah by Abu Tahir, killed thirty thousand pilgrims on the day of 'Arafah, and massacred the people and plundered the Islamic lands.
- The story of Izzuddawla Daylami, the ruler of the Buwayhids, who succeeded the Abbasid Caliph Muti 'Amrillah to the throne at a time when hatred and oppression were increasing in the Arab Caliphate;
- The story of Sultan Sanjar, the ruler of the Seljuks, who fought against the atheists and ignorant people in the first half of the twelfth century and developed the religion;
- The story of Ghazankhan ibn Arghunkhan ibn Hulaguhan, who developed a religion weakened by the Mongol invasion, stabilized the Sharia in the country and cities, and converted to Islam in the hands of Sheikh Ibrahim Hamawi with an army of one hundred thousand;
- The story of Uljaytu Sultan, who argued with scholars and developed the religion and Sharia.
One of the exemplary stories that attracted the attention of Sahibkiran was the story of the traitor Ibn Alqami, the minister of the Abbasid Caliphate. The treacherous minister conspired with Hulagu Khan to overthrow his ruler, Caliph Mustasim Billah. Contributing to the story is that Timur advises "the appointment of pure, noble, great people as ministers." It is also true that after listening to the story of the Iranian commander Bahrom Chubin, Sahibkiran's experience increased and he came to the appropriate conclusion. It is said that the Turkish Hakan Shaba invaded Iran with three hundred thousand soldiers. The Sassanid king Hurmuz ibn Nushirvan sent Bahrom Chubin, a soldier, with 320,000 troops to fight the Haqqan. He confronts the Hakan army, defeats him in battle, and sends all the booty to Hormuz. However, at a meeting with the king of Iran, the envious slandered the commander, saying that "Bahrom did not deliver all the booty". Hormuz, on the other hand, believes this slander and calls the hero a traitor. Bahrom sends women a veil, a shackle and a chain. Bahrom Chubin goes to the amirs, army chiefs and courtiers wearing a woman's dress with a shackle around his neck and shackles on his legs. Everyone is cursing Hormuz, who has forgotten Bahrom's services. The army formed an alliance with Bahrom, dethroned Hormuz and installed Khusrav Parviz on the throne. Hearing this story
from Temur, Timur did not believe the rumors about his commander Amir Iygu Temur, who had defeated Uruskhan, as if he had taken the spoils like Bahrom Chubin, and rewarded him according to his merits.
Why does Amir Temur like to listen to stories? Sahibkiran Temur says about the reason for this: "I have brought closer to me the narrators of the hadiths (hadith scholars), (the Prophet, his descendants and companions) and the narrators. I could ask those stories about prophets and saints, messag es about past kings, how they came to the throne, and for what reasons their states perished. I gained experience hearing the stories and messages, deeds and words of each. I would listen to what was happening in the world and find out about the situation in the world. "Hussein Vaiz Kashifi, a scholar of the Timurid period, says that reading and listening to short stories in Futuvvatnomai Sultaniy is very useful. Because one becomes aware of the work and condition of the ancestors of the past, when one hears a strange and wonderful event, an adventure, one's mind deepens and one's eyes are opened. From this it is clear that the stories of the ancestors of the past have many benefits, and if there are events, the narrator and the reader, as well as the listener, will benefit from it"
Amir Temur, along with hadith scholars, narrators, historians, messengers and narrators, highly valued storytellers. Historically, there have been two types of storytelling, according to Futuvvatnomai Sultaniy. The first is storytelling, the second is poetry
Narrative also had its own rules and regulations. According to the encyclopedia, the narrator was a professional performer who had the ability to express or read fiction, myths, legends and epics. Storytellers recited folk tales, interesting translations, stories, "folklorized versions" of classical literature, and various battles from memory or text in a unique tone at various gatherings or special storytelling nights. The repertoire of the story was diverse in terms of genre and ideology.
There are different requirements for storytelling on story nights. First, let the narrator see the teacher, let the narrator never rise from his mind. Second, let him speak boldly with leftism; let him not show crudeness and laziness. Third, let the assembly understand what story it is accepting, and let them choose the works are most popular. However, let him keep the norm. Fourth, throughout the story, let the prose be accompanied by occasional verse, but this should be to the extent that the listener is not bored. The great masters said that in verse-narration it is the salt that is added to the food — if it is too little, the food will be tasteless, and if it is too much, it will be salty. So the norm must be maintained. Fifth, he should not speak lies and unbelievable words so that he does not remain in the public eye. Sixth, do not say sarcastic, incomprehensible words, as this will offend the listeners. Seventh, keep the middle, even if it does not end the story quickly and overly long.
In short, Amir Temur received not only an example, but also strength and inspiration from the stories he listened to.
List of used literature:
1. Umurov H. Literature rules. T. Uqituvchi-2002.
2. Ibn Arabshoh. History of Amir Temur. T. Ijod-1992.
3. Hayitmetov A. Uzbek literature of the Timurid period. T. Fan-1996.
4. Temur's rules. T. Uzbekistan-2014.
