28STICKIN' IT TO THE LAMB: ECO-AESTHETICS, THE MYTH OF THE PEACEABLE KINGDOM AND WHY THE LAMB MUST DIE
* reprinted with permission from the journal POIESIS: A Journal of the Arts and Communication, 2009, 11, 104-113
Wes Chester
PhD., MA, CAGS, Director, Expressive Arts Institute, San Diego (CA, USA)
Abstract. The article discusses the pernicious idea about harmonious, idealized human relations with the natural world, which contradicts the real practice of nature management and relations in the animal kingdom. The author calls for a tendency characteristic of Western culture to perceive the natural world through the prism of its symbolic interpretation, as a projection of human reality. He emphasizes the need for a change in perception based on a sensual, physical connection with the natural world and the development of aesthetic perception. This allows us to comprehend the natural world in a specific environment as more complex, diverse, rich and beautiful.
Keywords: eco-aesthetics, aesthetic, ecopsychology, nature, phenomenological
I believe the common denominator of the Universe is not harmony, but chaos, hostility and murder.
Werner Herzog, Grizzly Man (2006)
Preamble
Stephen K. Levine has said that the environmental movement suffers from a lack of imagination, suggesting our current vision of a benevolent Gaia leads to a kind of poverty of imagination about our relationship with nature. Certainly, the image of nature as a harmonious system of romanticized "primeval purity" exists in our mythology. It is woven through the lore and literature of Western culture. In the introduction to Thoreau's 1854 Walden Pond, the author retreats from the society of man to the wilderness in order to avoid the artificial labours of man and understand "the essential facts of life" (returning to town only from time to time so that his mother can do his
laundry). In Emerson's 1836 collection of essays titled simply Nature, he writes of using nature to transcend an American culture he found to be derivative, retrospective and isolated from the real:
"Embosomed for a season in nature, whose floods of life stream around and through us, and invite us by the powers they supply, to action proportioned to nature, why should we grope among the dry bones of the past, or put the living generation into masquerade out of its faded wardrobe?" (1854, p.1)
The concept of nature as a retreat from the unnatural behavior required by society is an old one. The model for this romantic image is presented in whole cloth in Shakespeare's As You Like It. Duke Senior, in exile from the court, proclaims the forest of Arden preferable, saying:
Are not these woods
More free from peril than the envious court? Here feel we but the penalty of Adam. The seasons' difference, as the icy fang,
And churlish chiding of the winter's wind,
Which, when it bites and blows upon my body,
Even till I shrink with cold, I smile and say
'This is no flattery: these are counselors
That feelingly persuade me what I am.'
Sweet are the uses of adversity,
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head;
And this our life exempt from public haunt
Finds tongues in trees,
books in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones and good in everything
(Act II, Scene I)
Obviously, Shakespeare was not a naturalist. Perhaps the most famous representation of the nineteenth century romantic view of nature is Edward Hicks' 1834 painting The Peaceable Kingdom (Figure 1). Hicks was a naïve artist, and his oddly skewed perspective makes the hodge-podge of farm animals and large predators look as if they were stuck on to the front surface of the canvas in a flat pile. His tiger has the body of a horse, and it is clear that he has never seen a lion. The painting has a near-medieval feel, with things in their theological sizes. A cherubic child pats a leopard's nose, and the lion sits amicably between an ox and a lamb. All appear to occupy the Hudson River Valley in early autumn foliage. As an image it is charming, a sort of temperate Rousseau toned down for the colder climes.
Figure 1. The Peaceable Kingdom, by Edward Hicks (1834)
It takes only a moment's study to understand the difficulty with the image is not in execution, but content. In a peaceable kingdom, everybody starves: predators first, then with no natural controls on population, everyone else. The lamb must be eaten. Environmentalists, I believe, know this better than anyone. So, what would account for the extraordinary lacuna that allows the human animal to be treated as an outsider to the system, an interloper or spoiler?
Perhaps it comes down to a particular kind of mythology that places human beings in the role of Adam and Eve, having "dominion over the beasts of the fields and the birds of the air." But more fundamental than the mythology of exception-alism might be the fact of reflective consciousness: The fact that we are studying the animals, and they are not studying us—or so we assume— may explain who the "boss" is. Still, everything we discover in biology, anthropology, sociology and even cosmology seems to confirm our niche within the animal kingdom, the ecology, the planet, and the universe. Nature abhors a vacuum so much that outside of magma chambers, there is no lifeless place on, under or above earth. From the bottom of the ocean to the peaks of the Andes, life is not the exception but the rule. From a Darwinian perspective, if human beings did not exist, or were to suddenly disappear, another climax predator, for that is what we are, would arise to fill the niche. In any approach to understanding the aesthetic encounter with nature, we must concede: it's an inside job.
Stephen Levine suggests that revisiting the myth of Gaia, Chronos, and beauty born of incest and mutilation might be one way of broadening the imagination by which we understand our experience of nature. From the perspective of an artist, I can appreciate that a diversity of images provides a basis for a wider range of imaginative possibility. However, as a practicing expressive arts therapist, I feel certain that a paucity of imagination about nature is not, in fact, the issue. There is hardly a more imaginative or wildly unrealistic treatment of the experience of world than the peaceable kingdom. Of course, working in a field of images, we recognize the value of a strong metaphor. But replacing one mythological perspective with another, or considering them in tandem does not address the core issue of working with clients in nature. Adding a mythology feels to me like changing lenses. What I would like to see my clients do, so-to-speak, is put down the camera.
The necessity for aesthetic encounter
The most engaging and (in my view) helpful thing about the experience of world is that it is a sensual encounter. With few exceptions, my fundamental challenge begins with helping my client discover or rediscover their aesthetic connection with nature through a lived, sensual experience.
Understanding how we can help others better attend the aesthetic encounter with world is the first step in treating nature as more than a metaphoric construct, or projection of the self. In a time when the balance of the entire ecology literally hangs upon the actions of our single species, it's necessary to dispense with some old ideas.
We must lay aside the idea that we go into nature or the wilderness with the intent of "finding ourselves." This is one of the staples of ecopsychol-ogy literature. And it should be acknowledged that there is value in this idea if our desire is to cast nature as a kind of mirror for the psyche, a metaphoric recapitulation of our internal experience. However, this leads to an imaginal encounter, rather than an aesthetic and sensory one. Such encounters may be helpful, even healing, but they reveal more about our relationship to our personal narrative than they do about the natural world. In his writings on perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty reframes the encounter with world as a synaesthetic, bidirectional communication. There is no objectivity in perception; neither is the perceived world a projection or fantasy. In the view of Merleau-Ponty, we are in the flesh of the world, and of it (1962), and therefore cannot create meaning apart from it. Being in and of the world means that there is a difference between a Pine Tree and a Larch, or a Crow and a Raven whether we notice it or not. To the extent that we deprive ourselves of the specificity of the aesthetic encounter, we lessen our connection to, understanding of and empathy toward theworld around us.
If we are to have an authentic aesthetic connection to nature, we must stop treating nature as a grab bag of metaphors. Life may be like a river, but collectively rivers are as different as snow-flakes. In the studio, there may be a tree of life or family, and it need be no specific shape or color. But in the outdoors, there is no such thing as a generalized tree. Even within species, there is no template. This one has a curved trunk, that one
a split bark, another, a knot of roots at its base. The hallmark of phenomenological observation is specificity. We begin the aesthetic encounter by knowing, and acknowledging, that it is impossible to see everything.
The richness of the aesthetic encounter, where detail is limited only by time and the acuity of our senses, exceeds any imaginal construct we might formulate. Who would have imagined the diving bell spider, hunting her prey under water, a tiny bubble of air protecting her? Who could have conceived of an amethyst geode or a Venus Flytrap? The plein air visual studio is only the most limited way to work in nature. When we lay aside the materials of art and allow our surroundings to become container, material, and oeuvre, the sensuous world reveals itself to us as a nearly unlimited resource for change.
Seeing as making
We have an unavoidable aesthetic and imaginal relationship with the experience of world. We perceive things around us, and we do not do so randomly, but with focused attention. The responsive part of that focus has to do with attrac-tors: the way we become aware of the other half of the dialogue with landscape when a particular movement, sound, color or sensation catches our attention. Human beings are notoriously "change blind" when we look at still photos that have slight but obvious differences. Yet the world is not a photograph. Add motion, sound, scent, touch and proprioception to the mix, and humans can notice and respond to amazingly small changes in the environment. Remembering Merleau-Ponty's writings, the dialogue with the world is not one in which we always lead. We do not always choose, but are also chosen.
There is a certain dissonant strangeness in the idea that we are chosen by images and occurrences in our experience of world. This concept seems strange because it is in conflict with a pervasive conceptual framework that assumes that we are the authors of our own experience. This, in turn, seems to be allied with the propensity to make experiences meaningful. One artifact of consciousness is a tendency to retrospectively ascribe foresight to responsive action. In other words: having done something, we can usually find a ready explanation for why we did it. But in
practice, we do not make a conscious decision to acknowledge the cry of a child, or the buzz of a fly. Things in our world make themselves known to our senses, and through that connection, engage our imagination.
However, we are not only perceiving what chooses us. A large portion of our focused attention is directed by us. We choose, expressing our preference through attention. That choice is the key to understanding the aesthetic encounter with the experience of world. When we look, we are making. Although we do not invent our environment, we do assemble much of it through ongoing selective aesthetic choice, just as when we engage in the art-making process. And of course, as in the artistic process, there are surprises. Our attention is captured by an odd detail, or sudden change. In partnership with our surroundings, the experience of world is emergent. To re-imagine our aesthetic relationship to nature, we must understand the complexity of an immersive, life-long, co-creative dialogue. We must acknowledge that what we see depends not only on what is there, but on what we choose, and what chooses us.
If we are constrained by a subjective viewpoint on the world, does it devalue the phenomeno-logical approach? I would argue that it does not. In fact, the effects of subjectivity are broad, but profoundly limited. When I look with a client at a painting in the studio, and I point out the yellow streak in the red corner, she will see it, because it is an artifact of the physical world. When we do a session in nature, she and I may vary in our noticings about a boulder. Still, neither of us will walk through the stone as if it doesn't exist. I would argue that a phenomenological approach is of great value, so long as we don't confound our efforts towards phenomenology with a search for facts or truth.
Now, be here
I grew through my late teens in Vancouver in the late era of the VW Microbus, encountering the admonition "Be Here Now" and the book of the same name. The apparent cause of misery in human life was a failure to "remain in the now," neither imagining the future nor remembering the past. People applied themselves assiduously to the task of nowness, conversing in the moment about being in the moment. Forgetting the now, and
remembering the then, it seems to me as if the true difficulty was not the now-part, but the here-part. Because our narrative of self is in continual attendance, seemingly independent of place, there is a way of being in the now with a blindness about where now is. This is particularly endemic in the age of the ubiquitous cell phone, high speed internet and a continual wave of technological devices designed to allow us to approach omnipresence. And clients emerging from the midst of this complex, placeless narrative are possessed of a kind of world-hunger. This said, it is not always easy to derail the narrative so that the aesthetic encounter can begin in earnest. At such critical moments, although it may first seem counter-intuitive, phenomenology is liminality.
Meeting the world phenomenologically requires things of us. We must slow down. Our senses are most acute when we come to stillness and silence. Then our relative motion does not disturb the visual field. Our ears are free from our own chatter, the rustlings of our clothing, and the sound of our footsteps. In stillness, our acuity rises. The feedback signals to our ears "turn up the volume," making a wider range of the ambient sound audible. Our vision, freed from the need to compensate for the motion of our head, becomes more acute, and our grasp of detail finer. And our ability to notice change around us is heightened. But we need not remain motionless. Walking slowly and quietly offers us the information of our kin-esthetic and proprioceptive body, as it unfolds the landscape. I often open client sessions with such a walk, punctuated by moments of stillness, in response to attractors in the world around us. This kind of attending in stillness and slow progression might easily be mistaken for a retreat to interiority, but it is quite the opposite. The full extension of the senses spreads us more broadly into the fabric of the world.
This is neither a metaphoric nor a metaphysical claim. It is a simple, mechanical detail of the experience of world. We are embodied, central nervous system beings—the brain does not end at the basal ganglia. Information from the network of neurons travels at the speed of light from every area of the body, providing a kind of simultaneity of experience that allows the brain to experience a tickle on the foot, and take evasive action in a fraction of a second. But our senses are not limited to our neural network. The mechanics of sight
ties our light-speed nerve impulses into the brain with an imperceptible delay over the entire range of our vision, from an inch to ten miles. Our olfactory senses notify us of a fire miles away, or days ago. Our hearing captures things both near and distant. Stillness makes the neural network bigger.
As for the reason to undertake this way of relating to the experience of world, suffice it to say these things: What we do not fully see cannot serve as a resource for change. What we do not notice cannot inspire. What lies outside of our experience, we cannot hope to protect. This is the core concept of eco-aesthetics, the idea that our primary relationship to world occurs through our aesthetic sensibilities. When we are able to see the world more as it exists, we can then begin to understand that environmental protection is really about saving us. I have spent a decade of my life in the quest of breaking the habits of my culture, with our many myths about the meaning of the natural experience. I have struggled with the tyranny of premature explanation, and preemptive meaning-making, both in the art studio and in nature. I have gained uncertainty and curiosity, and a genuine reverence for the real. And above all, I have gained the certainty that I have a place, both unearned, and undeniable, a birthright of being human, in the real and fragile ecology of the world. Knowing that what the world offers is infinitely more complex than any story I can tell about it keeps me returning to what is, while the fragile threads of experience slowly weave me more and more securely into the rich tapestry of the real.
Acknowledgments
Although no direct citation is present, I would like to credit Herbert Eberhardt for the idea of delaying meaning-making, Stephen K. Levine and Paolo J. Knill for the basic conceptual framework of intermodal expressive arts, including the concepts of liminality, experience of world and for my introduction to concepts from the writings of Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger. The term eco-aesthetics was one coined in my master's thesis as an aesthetically-based response to eco-psychology.
References
1. Emerson, R. W. (1836/1968). Nature. Boston: James Monroe and Co.
2. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception (C. Smith, Trans.). London: Routledge. (original published in 1945)
3. Thoreau, H. D. (2004/1854). Walden and civil disobedience. New York: Signet Classics.
Note:
This article was originally published in 2009 in Poiesis: A Journal of the Arts and Communication, Volume 11. It was written in a response to a call for papers by Stephen K. Levine, positing the idea that the relationship with nature was suffering from a lack of a viable metaphor. At the time I could not have disagreed more. I still do in many ways. Many people find it quite difficult to come into phenomenological relationship with the process we call world, and the past decade has provided ample proof of the danger of this disconnect. Since 2009, environmental policy has largely continued to take a back seat to the economic pressures of fully unrestrained and politically empowered capitalism. Pro-industry legislation and environmental deregulation have continued two-centuries of sustained industrialization, predicated upon continual growth, rampant consumerism and unlimited profits for an increasingly small elite. The acquisition of personal wealth and its attendant power are placed above care for the environment and public goods such as open space, contiguous wild habitat, clean air and water. Resource-based development and demand, along with the worldwide marginalization of subsistence cultures, has placed global environmental systems under unparalleled stress. Rapid global warming continues to transform weather patterns on an unprecedented scale. Pollution is on the rise in the vast majority of countries both
Reference for citations
developed and developing. Impoverished humans and stressed wild animals are forced into contact through socioeconomic pressures.
Considered in context, the emergence of a new and virulent zoonotic (species crossing) illness in the form of COVID-19 in December is more than an unfortunate coincidence. It is, rather, a predictable and oft predicted consequence of policies that continually ignore the needs of the plants, the animals and the land. The fact that so many regimes around the world find this predictable consequence shocking and surreal proves the point that there is a failure of imagination when it comes to predicting the consequences of long-term environmental degradation. And there is also a persistent failure of observation about the nature of nature. The first lesson 2020 should teach us is that we must "naturalize" our relationship with nature, and stop being surprised when it evolves as it must in novel and deadly ways, in response to the pressures of human environmental impact. Consider the consequence of COVID-19 for the global environment. It has improved the survivability of every ecosystem on earth for every type of plant and animal life existing, with the exception of humans. Can we allow ourselves to see human privilege as it is, malevolent by nature, even if not by intent? Can we see our impact in time to preserve our place in this world?
Wes Chester 5/18/2020
Chester, W. (2020). Stickin' it to the lamb: Eco-aesthetics, the myth of the peaceable kingdom and why the lamb must die. Ecopoiesis: Eco-Human Theory and Practice, 1(2). - URL: http://en.ecopoiesis.ru.
