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0УДК 621.75
Mammadli S.S.
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University (Baku, Azerbaijan)
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
Аннотация: renewable energy is energy obtained from solar, wind, wave, geothermal energy, water and other renewable sources. At this time, processes that are constantly occurring in nature are used, and these resources cannot be exhausted as a result of human use. Alternative energy is important not only for environmental protection. The use of non-conventional energy sources is based on two important conditions: the renewable fuel source and its availability in a given area. It mitigates the dependence of countries, territories, and economic systems on oil and its price. Depending on the characteristics of the region, one or another source dominates the structure of alternative energy use.
Ключевые слова: alternative energy, power, pollution, natural factors, temperature.
The source of energy in nature is the sun. Solar potential radiation reaching the Earth's surface is 7.5-1017 kWh, which corresponds to capacity 86600 billion kW. On average per 1 km2 the Earth's surface accounts for 17x104 kW. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the relationships of various types energy associated with the activity of the sun. The total capacity of all power plants in the world (2 billion kW) is already commensurate with the power of many natural phenomena. Yes, average the power of air currents on the planet is (25-35) 109 kW. The average power of hurricanes is of the same order - (30-40) 109 kW. The total power of the tides is (2-5) 109 kW. When comparing capacities, it should be taken into account that, in addition to stationary power plants there are a large number of mobile power plants. For example, the power of all operating passenger aircraft on the planet is at least 0.15 109 kW, which is commensurate with the capacity of all power plants of the UES of the USSR (at the
beginning 1985 amounted to 315,000 MW). Stationary power plants even with at lower powers have a noticeable impact on the biosphere, since their duration of operation is longer during the year. Yes, big.
Air pollution caused by the exploitation of power and other installations, and changes in its gas composition, caused by the combustion of large quantities of organic fuel, ocean pollution, destruction of forests, flooding of land during construction of hydroelectric power stations, thermal pollution of water bodies thermal power plants and the general change in all thermal balance of the planet. It is obvious that planning and design energy systems, their development and operation must carried out taking into account all aspects of the impact on the environment. Therefore, an energy engineer needs knowledge about nature and phenomena occurring in it. An energy system that produces electricity and heat energy is directly related to the fuel supply system. The construction of the power system and its operating conditions are largely determined by natural factors, such as the presence of bodies of water and geographical location of energy resources and consumers. The areas of distribution of thermal water deposits include: volcanic ring of the Pacific Ocean basin, Alpine fold belt, continental rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges, platform subsidence and foothill foredeeps. Based on their origin, thermal water deposits can be divided into two types, differing in the method of heat transfer energy. The first type is formed by geothermal convection systems origin, characterized by high temperature waters unloading to the day surface. These are the areas where modern or recently extinct volcanoes, where not only hot water, but also a steam-water mixture with temperatures up to 200 °C or more. On Today, all geothermal power plants operate in areas modern volcanism. Convection-type deposits also include hydrothermal manifestations of the so-called rift zones, characterized by an active tectonic regime and moderate
increased geothermal gradients - 45 - 70 °C/km. Rift zones and associated thermal anomalies, as a rule, extend to huge distances. For example, the North Mexican thermal pool The waters stretch for 1.5 thousand km from the northeastern part of Mexico to Florida. One of the wells here from a depth of 5859 m produces a steam-water mixture with temperature 273 °C, and this fluid comes out at high pressure. The
second type of geothermal deposits is formed when predominant conductive heating of groundwater concentrated in deep platform depressions and foothill troughs. They are located in non-volcanic areas and are characterized by normal geothermal gradient -30 - 33 °C/km Geothermal power plant with direct using natural steam - the simplest and most affordable geothermal power plant, hich is a steam turbineinstallation with back pressure. Natural steam from the well is supplied directly to the turbine, followed by release into the atmosphere or into a device that captures valuable chemicals substances. Secondary steam can be supplied to the backpressure turbine or steam obtained from the separator. The power plant operates according to this scheme without capacitors, and there is no need for a compressor to remove condensers of non-condensable gases. This installation is the simplest, capital and operating costs are minimal. She takes small area, requires almost no auxiliary equipment and its easy to adapt as a portable geothermal power plant (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Scheme of a geothermal power plant with direct using natural steam: 1 - well, 2 - turbine, 3 - generator, 4 - exit to the atmosphere or to chemical plant.
Back pressure turbo generator sets do not interfere with industrial use of chemicals contained in natural coolant. This scheme may be the most profitable for those areas where there are sufficient reserves of natural steam. Rational operation ensures the possibility of effective operation of such installations even with variable well flow rates. Steam from the well is supplied to the turbine. Spent in a turbine, it enters the mixing condenser. A mixture of cooling water and condensate of steam
already exhausted in the turbine is discharged from the condenser into underground tank, from where it is taken by circulation pumps and sent to a cooling tower for cooling. Cooling water from cooling tower again enters the capacitor (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Scheme of a geothermal power plant with a condensing turbine and direct use of natural steam: 1 - well, 2 - turbine, 3 - generator, 4 - pump, 5 - capacitor, 6 - cooling tower, 7 - compressor, 8 - reset.
Conclusion. Alternative and renewable energy potential is quite high. Thus, recent studies have confirmed the existence of renewable energy potential in the amount of 27.5 thousand megawatts in our country. Of this, 3,000 megawatts of wind energy, 23,000 megawatts of solar energy, 380 megawatts of bioenergy, and 520 megawatts of mountain rivers. As a whole, currently, the share of renewable energy in the total energy production of Azerbaijan is 17.3 percent.
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