STATE YOUTH POLICY IN THE USSR AND RUSSIA IN THE 1950s–2010s Текст научной статьи по специальности «История и археология»

УДК 94 (47+57) «1950/2010»

94 (470+571)«1950/2010» ББК 63.3(2)

STATE YOUTH POLICY IN THE USSR AND RUSSIA IN THE 1950s-2010s

Ashmarov Igor Anatol'evich,

Historian, Economist-Analyst, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences,

Doctor of Honor's ZSLLS, RAE, Voronezh State Institute of Arts, 394053, Russia, Voronezh, General Lizyukov Street, 42, e-mail: dobrinka75@mail.ru

Ashmarov Igor A. State Youth Policy in the USSR and Russia in the 1950s-2010s

Annotation. In this article, the concept and the essence of youth and youth policy are revealed. In addition, the article tells the story of youth policy in the USSR and Russia. Therefore, this article consists of two main parts: 1. State youth policy in the USSR from 1950 to 1990 and 2. State youth policy in modern Russia. The article is completed with traditional sections, such as: conclusion and list of references.

Keywords: youth and youth policy, state youth policy, USSR, history of the Soviet youth (Komsomol, Pioneer, Oktyabryatskoe («October's)») movements, Russia, Russian youth movements.

Ашмаров И. А. Государственная молодежная политика в СССР и России в 1950-е-2010-е годы

Аннотация. В этой статье дано понятие и раскрыта сущность молодежи и молодежной политики. Кроме того, в статье рассказывается история молодежной политики в СССР и России. Поэтому эта статья состоит из двух основных частей: 1. Государственная молодежная политика в СССР в период 1950-1990 гг. и 2. Государственная молодежная политика в современной России. Статью завершают традиционные разделы, такие, как: заключение и список литературы.

Ключевые слова: молодежь и молодежная политика, государственная молодежная политика, СССР, история советского молодежного (октябрятского, пионерского, комсомольского) движения, Россия, российские молодежные движения.

«... nothing in the world is lost, and every deed, and every word, and every thought, grows like a tree; and much good and evil, that as a mysterious phenomenon still exists in Russian life, it has its roots in the deep and dark

depths of the past».

A. K. Tolstoj (1817-1875)

Introduction. The youth policy of the state is one of the priorities of national development, and lies at the heart of the socio-economic and political spheres of life of any country in the world.

According to official figures, there are about 33 million people in Russia from 14 to 30 years old. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the processes occurring in the modern Russian youth environment. The future of the country depends on how the problems of the youth of Russia are solved, making up about one third of the total population of Russia.

The state youth policy determines the strategic line of the state to ensure the socioeconomic, political and cultural development of Russia in order to foster a sense of patriotism and respect for the history and culture of their Fatherland, other peoples and respect for human rights.

Relevance. The urgency of the problems of formation and implementation of the state youth policy is also associated with the identification of priority areas and new criteria for its performance that would meet today's requirements. Questions of the history of the state youth policy in the USSR are directly related to modernity.

The main task of the state should be to create a favourable socio-economic and spiritual-moral environment for using young energy in the life of the country and mechanisms for its support, social initiatives, helping young people in identifying and realizing their hobbies, needs, life prospects through thoughtful, scientifically based youth politicians.

Attitudes towards youth have always been related to the state and society. It is the one that is the most active component of civil society: young people are better adapted to the implementation of innovative projects and technologies in various fields, they represent a concentration of fundamentally new knowledge and ideas, they are mobile and full of vigour for life. The need for a special policy for young people is determined by the specifics of their position in society. Young people have their own special functions in society, which are not replaced or implemented by any other socio-demographic group.

At the same time, young people simply enter into working and social life, they are not yet fully included, they are less integrated into existing socio-economic, ideological, political, family and everyday processes. State youth policy is usually aimed at ensuring the continuity of generations, the preservation and development of national culture, the education of young people, etc. Therefore, a competent and qualified youth policy will always be a priority for any state.

The degree of scientific elaboration of the problem. The works of such scientists and specialists in this problem as A. Belyaev, E.P. Grigonis, V.V. Lobanov, L.V. Smorgunov, A.Yu. Sungurov, K.V. Fadeev, O. Kharkordin and others are devoted to research on the issues of state youth policy, determining its priorities, methods and means of implementation.

The appeal of domestic researchers to the problem of youth as a subject of state policy is reflected in the work of experts such as: M.K. Gorshkov, M.M. Zelenkov, Yu.A. Zubok, I.M. Ilinsky, A.I. Kovaleva, I.S. Kon, V.A. Lukov, V.V. Pavlovsky, S.Yu. Khlystunov, V.I. Chuprov, F.E. Sherega.

Historiography in this work is built on a chronological basis. We have analyzed the most important works of each period, clarified their main essence (strengths and weaknesses), made a general conclusion about how carefully studied the topic chosen for study.

The state youth policy was especially carefully analyzed in the scientific works of sociological scientists (I.M. Ilinsky, V.V. Nekhaev, V.V. Pavlovsky, M.A. Tarantsov and others), which reflected the formation of the foundations of the modern youth policy of the state and the emergence in the Russian Federation of new state structures dealing with the solution of youth problems.

Sources of research selected for analysis are monographs, dissertations, textbooks, articles in scientific journals, etc. Other sources are materials from Soviet and modern newspapers, documentary publications, memoirs, personal letters, speeches by politicians, journalism of the studied period of time.

The object of the research is the state youth policy in the USSR and the Russian Federation.

The subject of the research is the state youth policy in the USSR and the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the study is an analysis of state youth policy in the USSR and the Russian Federation. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks, namely: 1) to study the youth as a socio-demographic group; 2) to consider the state youth policy in the USSR, 3) to characterize the role and importance of the state youth policy in modern Russia.

Territorial (spatial) and chronological framework of the study: USSR and Russia (RF) in the period of 1950-2010. These dates are the initial and final chronological boundaries of the study. They are explained by the fact that the period before 1950 refers to the post-war restoration of the national economy of the USSR and the state youth policy as a phenomenon in the war and the first post-war period did not exist at all. The period of time after 2010 refers to the modern period, modernity.

The methodological basis of this work as a scientific research consists of generally accepted methods of scientific analysis and synthesis in the field of science, the method of scientific hypotheses and assumptions, the statistical method and some other methods.

1. The concept and essence of youth and youth policy. Young people exist in society as a special and separate socio-demographic group. In a special social group, youth emerged from the beginning of the industrial revolutions, it was the end of the XVII century - the beginning of the XVIII century. During this period, there are dramatic changes in the family. The relationship between the family and production is changing, in view of the fact that production is becoming more complicated - manufacturing and factory production are developing. As a result, there is a need for professional training outside the family. If before the father passed on his craft to his son, teaching and raising him in the family, then with the development of production the situation has changed. Teenagers became adults as soon as they started to work with their parents - it was a traditional society. Young people did not stand out in a special social group, because there was a direct transition from childhood to adult.

Thus, we can say that the first criterion in the selection of young people is age. To the social group of young people are boys and girls aged 17 to 25 years, according to the UN and UNESCO. The age limits of youth have greatly expanded with the complexity of the process of production and socialization of the individual. Such an expansion is typical for the 1970-1980s. The lower age limit is 14-16 years old, and the upper is 25-30 years old. The lower limit of youth age was determined on the basis of the fact that, according to Soviet legislation, young people acquired rights at the age of 16-18. In other countries, the upper limit of youth age depends on the level of their socio-economic development.

In addition to age, position in society is of great importance, this is the second criterion for the selection of young people. Scientists link this position with the beginning of the inclusion of young people in the labor force.

The third criterion is associated with the specifics of the socio-psychological warehouse, based on the consideration of the peculiarities of the psychological development of young people. Scientists believe that a person at the age of 14 begins to realize his social connections, his place in a social group.

The main psychophysical features are formed by the age of 18, and the growth processes in the body are completed by the age of 24, respectively, and the changes in the psyche gradually fade out. From the point of view of psychology, youth is a period when character formation and self-identification is taking place - self-awareness, worldview, and a sense of responsibility are formed. In the character of young people, dominant features

develop, smoothed out as they mature. Their main types include pedantry, anxiety, anxiety, exaltation, hyperthyme, etc.

Hypertimality is manifested in indiscipline, fast switching from one case to another. Young people are difficult to switch from one emotion to another, quite often they may experience aggressiveness, irritation, which are features of pedantry. Some young people may show anxiety, which is characteristic of people who are shy, underestimate and underestimate their abilities, not self-confident. Exaltation is associated with temperament and disturbances occur at the level of emotions. Thus, young people in general are characterized by such socio-psychological features:

• a sense of adulthood; own self-esteem;

• worldview; high emotional behavior; emotional relationships with others; focusing on internal issues;

• tendency to loneliness; the desire to be independent; youthful maximalism.

The state youth policy in the Russian Federation is based on the following principles:

• combinations of state, public interests and human rights in the formation and implementation of the state youth policy;

• attracting young citizens to participate in the formation and implementation of policies, programs relating to youth and society as a whole;

• ensuring the legal and social protection of young citizens, necessary for replenishment, due to the age limit of their social status;

• providing a young citizen with a state-guaranteed minimum social services for education, upbringing, spiritual and physical development, health care, vocational training and employment, the scope, types and quality of which should ensure the necessary personality development and preparation for independent living;

• ensuring the priority of public initiatives in comparison with the relevant activities of state bodies and institutions in financing activities and programs relating to youth.

The objectives of the state youth policy are:

• promoting social, cultural, spiritual and physical development of young people;

• non-discrimination of young citizens due to age reasons;

• creation of conditions for the fuller participation of young people in the socioeconomic, political and cultural life of society;

• the empowerment of a young person in choosing their life path, achieving personal success;

• realization of the innovative potential of young people in the interests of social development and the development of young people themselves.

The objects of the state youth policy are youth, that is, citizens of the Russian Federation (including foreign citizens and stateless persons) aged 14 to 30 years old, young families, as well as a wide variety of youth associations and unions.

The subjects of state youth policy include government agencies and their officials, youth associations and associations, as well as young citizens themselves.

Youth policy has several levels: national, regional, local level of implementation. The core of youth policy in general is the state youth policy.

Youth policy can be classified as follows:

• state youth policy, politics of political parties,

• The policy of public organizations, the policy of youth associations, organizations.

The formation and implementation of state youth policy should be a certain system, including:

• special legislation on state youth policy; government agencies of youth policy;

• planned and financial support of the state youth policy.

The state youth policy should be based primarily on creating favorable conditions for the productive activities of young people, allowing them to realize their labor potential, earning the funds necessary for paying for leisure, normal nutrition, housing and other equipment, etc. At the same time, subsidies are required (state, public organizations, various funds, etc.) to help the least socially protected groups of young people (disabled people, orphans, single-parent families with children).

Youth can be viewed as an object and as a subject of policy. As an object of politics, they seek to attract to their side and use various political parties and organizations in the struggle for power. In the political life of society as a subject of politics, young people come out with their own interests and strive to realize their goals. It has its own system of political values. In the economic system, the role of young people is determined by the general state of the economy and its capabilities - the level of education, professional skills, the desire to do something.

The process of socialization for youth is complex and controversial. On the one hand, the problem of socialization is the prerequisite for the early formation of youth as individuals, and on the other hand, the slow inclusion of young people in working life and their acquisition of social roles. With the collapse of the USSR, cardinal changes took place in the value orientation of modern youth.

Sociological studies have shown that young people prefer material values. The direction of social processes, social stabilization and economic growth is largely determined by the youth factor, therefore state policy should be structured so as to ensure effective education, education, and successful socialization.

In the activities of the state - this is a very special direction. The goal of the state youth policy is to create legal, economic, organizational conditions and guarantees for the self-realization of young people.

Social forces and their resources are the subjects of youth policy. For a legal state, the central element of the state youth policy should be the socialization and self-realization of young people. In such matters as raising children and young people, the role of the state should be clearly visible.

For example, if the concept of «education» («upbringing») in the "Strategy of the state youth policy" approved by the Government of Russia in 2006 was not at all, then in the "Fundamentals of the state youth policy" approved by the Government of Russia in 2014, the concept of «education» («upbringing») became the key concept. This concept of «education» («upbringing») even entered into the general definition of the state youth policy. In the legal sphere, the main task of implementing the provisions of the state youth policy remains the field of human rights and citizen. The selection of the state youth policy in a particular area of state activity is the gap between the legal and social status of a young person.

Anti-government youth speeches in many countries of the world in the 1960s of the last century attracted the attention of governments and intergovernmental organizations. The development of measures in youth policy has increased significantly, for example, the practice of supporting youth and children's public associations has been developed. From the position of the sociology of youth, the problems of youth policy in Russia were developed by scientists, such as: I.M. Il'insky, G.V. Kupriyanov, V.A. Lukov and other researchers.

Conclusion. The state youth policy in Russia carries a culture sanctified by the government to the masses of young people, has a selective spiritual and moral basis and pursues strict educational goals. The state youth policy is guided by general education institutions, secondary schools, colleges, technical schools, institutes and universities, as well as specially created youth organizations that meet in their spirit the requirements imposed by the top leadership of the country and the state in Russia.

2. The history of youth policy in the USSR and Russia

2.1. State youth policy in the USSR in 1950-1990. From the first days of its existence, the Komsomol was a personnel reserve for the state and the party. Supporting it, they promoted the promotion of young people - members of the Komsomol, to study in universities, work in government institutions, where they solved the issues of education, labor and life of young people. The main task of the Komsomol was determined - the communist upbringing and involvement of young people in the ranks of the builders of the new society. From the very beginning, the Komsomol was created as a school of communism, with its own party-state system of education for the young generation. Particular attention from the government to the youth was explained by its high share in the total population of the country, which, as we know, was the most able-bodied part of society.

Starting from the thirties, youth policy has been developing along the general lines of state party politics. The question of developing a separate youth policy was not relevant and was not offered for consideration. In addition, the youth was used to solve economic problems, was a labor resource, and the Komsomol mobilized it, which had a very positive significance.

In the summer of 1957, the World Festival of Youth and Students was held in Moscow, and for the first time Soviet youth had the opportunity to communicate with thousands of foreigners, from whom they learned a lot about the new world. Nihilistic sentiments were enhanced by the reading of Remarque, Green, Boll, Hemingway, whose translation into Russian was intended to expose the morals of the bourgeois world. Extremely popular among young people and a huge impact on their consciousness was the movement of poets-bards, which consisted almost entirely of young people. Bulat Okudzhava, Vladimir Vysotsky, Alexander Galich, Yuri Vizbor and many other performers of their protest songs became the idols of young people, agitated their minds and secret feelings.

Something unprecedented was happening in the USSR: strikes and mass riots due to interruptions in the supply of bread and other products. There was a struggle for political power in the party leaders, and this led to a decline in the prestige of the union "center."

The crisis moment in the youth policy of the USSR was the rebirth of the Komsomol organization at the turn of the 1970s - 1980s. She became a hotbed of golden youth, which ideals were ridiculous, their goal was simply a career. In the Komsomol, the organization developed to such a level that in the last years of its existence it became only a small copy of the fading ruling political party (CPSU), a place for "young bureaucracy".

In due time, in order to solve the accumulated problems, the research research center prepared the "Law on Youth". An action tactic was developed, which, in essence, was a combat tactic. It was built as an antithesis to those sentiments and opinions expressed by opponents of the idea of youth policy.

The idea of the Law on Youth in his speech at the XX Congress of the Komsomol was supported by the head of state - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S.

Gorbachev. He said: "... The idea expressed at the congress about the development and adoption of the Law on Youth seems reasonable to us. Let's think about this question. Obviously, the law on youth should further strengthen the guarantees of the rights of boys and girls in all areas of public life in the country. After all, even if this Law brings together all that is in effect today, the already existing rights and obligations of young people, this in itself will be of paramount importance. But you can certainly add something new to the text of the Law, taking into account what the delegates of the congress said and what life prompts. "

On August 31, 1987, the Bureau of the Komsomol Central Committee discussed the question "On the participation of the country's Komsomol organizations in the preparation of the USSR Law on Youth."

On November 25, 1987, a press conference was organized at the Komsomol Central Committee on the beginning of work on the draft law, which was attended by dozens of Soviet and foreign journalists from many television and radio companies, newspapers and magazines.

In September 1988, a meeting of the Bureau of the Komsomol Central Committee was held, at which the next version of the bill was considered.

In mid-November 1988, a plenary session of the Komsomol Central Committee was held, which discussed the question "On the further democratization of the life of the Komsomol". For the first time, the Central Committee of the Komsomol specifically spoke in favor of developing state youth policy.

On July 2, 1990, the XXVIII CPSU Congress took place, which adopted a special Resolution "On the Youth Policy of the CPSU".

A step towards the formation of the organizational foundations of the state youth policy was the formation, at the initiative of the Komsomol Central Committee, of the Committee on Youth Affairs of the USSR Supreme Soviet, as well as structures in the executive branch

About youth policy was spoken of as a fait accompli, a reality. In part this is how it was. The Youth Policy Directorate was created not only in the USSR State Labor and Social Affairs Committee. Commissions on youth affairs were formed at the Social Development Bureau of the USSR Council of Ministers, the Central Committee of the CPSU.

The fully formed institutional and legislative base allowed the USSR and Russia to develop progressively in the field of youth policy. Today, the State Youth Policy is an integral part of the state policy system in the field of socio-economic, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation. This means that the younger generation has more opportunities to realize their potential, and, consequently, ways to change the world for the better.

Nevertheless, in the 1950s-1960s, numerous nationalist circles and groups appeared in the USSR, the participants of which were mainly young people. In the same years, the movement of the deported peoples began to provide them with constitutional rights and return to their ancestral lands, to the ancestral lands. The mass departure of the evicted peoples to their former habitat caused inter-ethnic clashes with the peoples living there. And yet these processes of great magnitude in these years have not received. Under the conditions of the liberalization of the Stalinist regime after the 20th Party Congress, a dissident movement emerged in the country, which included various forms of dissent: for national, religious interests, for the departure of representatives of peoples to their historic homeland and abroad, for human rights, etc.

In addition to cooperation in the field of labor relations, which were mentioned above, the inter-ethnic ties of young people were carried out in the course of various socio-political,

cultural, sporting and other events. After the end of the Second World War, WFDY, together with the MSS, began to hold World Festivals of Youth and Students. From 1947 to 1965, 8 festivals were held, including in August 1957 in Moscow, in July 1959 in Vienna.

For example, a delegation of 800 young men and women was sent to Vienna at the VII World Festival of Youth and Students from the USSR. For 12 days, delegates spoke with foreign representatives. Contacts with foreign peers were also carried out by Soviet youths and girls within the framework of the KID (international friendship clubs), which were particularly active in the educational institutions of the country.

During these years, boys and girls began to travel by Komsomol trips to socialist and some capitalist countries. The trips were carried out through the line BMMT «Sputnik». International relations were carried out in the framework of sister cities, cooperation of universities and enterprises, social and political organizations and associations, trade institutions and scientific institutions, patronage organizations, joint ventures, and interpersonal relations of citizens. Great opportunities for contacts were given by sport events and other cultural and entertainment events.

In the 1960-1980s, almost all senior schoolchildren became Komsomol members. The movement included boys and girls aged 14 to 28 years. Reception was carried out individually. To submit an application, a recommendation of a communist or two Komsomol members with experience of at least 10 months was needed. After this, the application could be accepted for consideration by the school Komsomol organization. Then an interview was appointed with the Komsomol committee (council of the Komsomols) and a representative of the district committee. To pass it, it was necessary to learn the Komsomol charter, the names of the key leaders of the Komsomol and the party, important dates and answer the question: "Why do you want to become a Komsomol member?".

Komsomol participated in almost all spheres of life of the Soviet Union. The number of members of the organization reached a maximum in the early 1980s, when over 40 million people were simultaneously in it. During its existence, the Komsomol as an organization was awarded six orders.

One of the main tasks of the organization was the redistribution of labor resources within the country. Having received a Komsomol permit, the young man went to work in poorly inhabited and inaccessible areas of the country where there was a shortage of personnel. The Komsomol's ticket was used not only to send young people to other regions, but also to be sent to vocational schools, universities, military service or the police.

An integral part of the activities of the Komsomol were "Komsomol shock construction" - the construction of industrial facilities, patronage over which was entrusted to the Komsomol. In terms of importance, the Komsomol shock construction projects were divided into several categories, the highest of which was the All-Union Komsomol shock construction. The most famous of these was the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). From 1974 to 1984 tens of thousands of people worked on the construction of this railway (BAM) for the Komsomol vouchers, mostly working young people.

Komsomol became a powerful public association that influenced all aspects of the life of the younger generation. The movement closely cooperated with state authorities, the political leadership of the country, trade unions. Young Komsomol members were assigned a large role in the fulfillment of the tasks set by the Communist Party.

In 1970, over 23 million schoolchildren were members of the World Pioneer Organization. Members of the movement for all the time of its existence have been more than 200 million people. Schoolchildren from 9 to 14 years old were accepted as pioneers. Candidates were selected by open voting at the pioneer squad gathering or at the squad

council. The apprentice joining the organization on the pioneer line gave the solemn promise of the pioneer of the Soviet Union. A communist, Komsomol member or senior pioneer handed a red pioneer tie and pioneer badge to a newcomer. Exclude from the pioneers could for unsatisfactory behavior and hooliganism

Since the 1950s, the pioneer organization has become a formal association of all Soviet schoolchildren. In the palaces of the pioneers, various children's circles and sections functioned: "Young naturalists", "Skillful hands", "Clubs of young cosmonauts" and others. Schoolchildren were engaged in collecting waste paper and scrap metal, cared for retirees, studied nature and natural sciences, took part in the military-sports game for young people "Zarnitsa".

The vast majority of pioneers spent school holidays in pioneer camps. Up to 40 thousand summer and year-round pioneer camps functioned in the USSR, where about 10 million children rested annually. The most famous of them were the All-Union pioneer camps of the Komsomol Central Committee "Artek" and "Orlyonok".

Before becoming a pioneer, a Soviet schoolboy was obliged to go through the union for the youngest children - the October movement, which included students of seven or nine years old. When joining the ranks of the October children, a breastplate in the form of a five-pointed star with a child portrait of Lenin was issued. The symbol was the red October flag. Groups of the five October members were called asterisks. They were led by counselors from among the pioneers or Komsomol of the school.

The city has not yet been selected - it will be either Sochi or Moscow. A large-scale event will take place next year, and delegations from 150 countries of the world should take part in it. How similar festivals were held in our country in 1957 and 1985 - in the material "Yoda".

In 1957, the VI World Festival of Youth and Students was held.

The festival was prepared for two years - it was a real propaganda action. The people living behind the Iron Curtain should have felt that the new course of the party was democratic. But to other countries - participants of the festival - the USSR really wanted to demonstrate that everything is in order in the country and the "wind of freedom" is blowing.

The "Dove of Peace", invented by Pablo Picasso, became the symbol of the international event, while thousands of these birds released into the air at the opening of the festival expressed their "free" mood. Especially for the festival in the country they raised one hundred thousand pigeons. They planned everything out beforehand: at all the Moscow factories and at the institutes they built dovecotes, they were released from full-time employees to take care of the birds.

However, it was not only the opening of the festival that was very effective. 34 thousand people from 131 countries of the world became guests of the largest event in the history of the festival movement, and it took 1,400 open trucks (this gave the festival an extra informality) and 600 buses to take everyone along the Garden Ring. Due to this, by the way, Hungarian "Ikarus" buses appeared in Moscow - they were sent to the rescue, because they lacked their own vehicles.

200 sites, squares and streets were involved in the festival, events were held from 9.30 am to 11.30 pm, so that people, leaving work, still had time to participate in the main city event. For 14 days at the festival, 800 events took place - and this was not only the usual concerts, but also the water carnival on the Moscow River, and a ball in the Faceted Chamber. At the same time, they opened the access to the Kremlin for the first time and canceled the entry fee to Gorky Park.

It's not at all possible to count the number of Muscovites who took part in the festival: it was a rare case in Soviet reality when nobody forced anyone to take to the streets - like at official demonstrations. People enthusiastically gathered themselves: they filled the squares, crammed onto the balconies of buildings and sat on the roofs of shops (one of them even collapsed part of the tiles - fortunately, no one was hurt).

The festival began to change the city long before its beginning: a year before it, a sports complex in Luzhniki was built in Moscow - the largest stadium in the country was built in just four months, and in 1957 the construction of one of the famous Stalinist skyscrapers - the Ukraine Hotel", There was a complex of hotels at ENEA. And even the street in honor of the festival was renamed. Ever since, Meshchanskaya Street has been called Prospect Mira. But the main changes, of course, were different: for the Soviet person, this festival became a real window to the outside world.

Jazz concerts, people in jeans and bright shirts, discussions about Hemingway, abstract painting and modern cinema - all this gave a new impetus to the "thaw" and revolutionized minds. However, not only in the minds: there was also a kind of sexual revolution. The young people who came to the festival, like its owners, did not deny themselves anything, and nine months later, those who began to be called the "new ethnic group" appeared in Moscow. According to rumors, there were several thousand "children of the festival" born in the heat of interracial romance. However, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs persistently called another figure: 531 children.

These children remained in the USSR, and their fathers dispersed to different countries, carrying with them the pigeon badge and the song "Moscow Nights", which after performing at the closing ceremony of the festival for many years became a symbol of the country.

In 1985, Moscow again hosted the World Festival of Youth and Students, but history, as we know, does not repeat: despite the prepared program and the huge amount of money spent, the same level could not be reached, and the event, especially after the Olympics-80, did not particularly remembered. Although the scale was no less: more than seven thousand items of souvenirs were produced for the festival (and by the way, the country earned 450 million Soviet rubles), and 26 thousand people from 157 countries of the world were guests. And the political task has not changed: it was necessary to break the image of the USSR as an "evil empire" and once again tell the guests about the positive aspects of the life of Soviet society.

On the question of why the festival was never able to repeat the atmosphere of the first, almost 30 years ago, many answers. Perhaps the fact is that everything foreign has ceased to be exotic for a Soviet person, and perhaps the whole policy is to blame - in 1985 the "thaw" was already far away, and "perestroika" had not happened yet, and relations with other countries were cool. In addition, this time the festival was held not at all for people: mostly specially trained Komsomol members worked with foreigners, and all "undesirable elements" were sent from Moscow. An ordinary person could not get to the capital these days - even travel certificates were issued only in an exceptional case.

There was no "nationality" in this event, and the festive procession through the streets of the city gave way to a broad political program - they discussed how to help the world economy, planned to overcome poverty and unemployment, were going to be friends for a long time and firmly, but nothing like that happened.

2.2. State youth policy in modern Russia. During the 1990s and 2000s, the state structures involved in the implementation of youth policy were stably established and transformed in the country. However, due to the regular reorganization of the committees, the

lack of necessary documentation, the problems of implementing the developed programs cannot in any way contribute to the successful solution of the tasks set by the state.

The most productive and successful was the period of 2005-2009, since at that time there was an improvement in the legislative, organizational and political support of the state youth policy. March 30, 2005 By the Decree of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2005 No. 1658-IV GD, the Committee of the State Duma on Physical Culture, Sports and Youth Affairs was established. The Committee assumed the regulation of such issues as:

• the development of mass sports, the federal policy in the field of youth and university sports,

• sports of the highest achievements and professional sports, legal regulation of physical culture and sports among the disabled and persons with disabilities.

In the same year, July 11, 2005, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 422 approved the program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010", which was one of the main instruments of the state youth policy in the field of education of the younger generation.

The main goal of the program was to develop the spirit of patriotism among the young citizens of Russia, as well as to consolidate the unity of the peoples of the country. In this regard, the state has allocated for itself the main task of directing efforts to the most important interdepartmental areas of patriotic education.

A significant contribution to the development of state youth policy was made by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation (dated December 18, 2006 No. 1760-r "On Approval of the Strategy of the State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation" (hereinafter the Strategy).

The strategy outlined the main directions concerning youth. The strategy also covered tasks related to the participation of young people in the implementation of priority national projects. The newly adopted Strategy took into account the trends of that time and implemented in the following priority areas:

1) involvement of young people in social practice and its information about potential development opportunities, integration of young people who have fallen into difficult life situations;

2) support, promotion of young people and their achievements in various spheres of

life.

Such a system of priority directions of the state youth policy contributed to the improvement of the socio-economic situation of young people and led to an increase in the contribution of young people to the country's competitiveness on the world stage.

Today, a system of forming and implementing youth policy at all levels of government has been formed and is being implemented in the Russian state, taking into account the hobbies and needs of young citizens.

In recent years, the Russian Federation has significantly improved the socio-economic status of young people. Due to the changed youth trends, the desire of young people to lead a healthy lifestyle, go to the gyms, read books, engage in self-realization, work, travel, which served to reduce youth unemployment and crime. In this connection, with which Russia occupies one of the leading places in the world community in the number of young specialists who graduated from school.

Despite the above advantages, there are a number of factors responsible for the increase in negative trends that have a negative impact on young people. These factors include destructive informational impact, due to which in conditions of social stratification, aggressiveness, intolerance towards other national and religious groups, as well as social tension in society can increase.

Cuts in the number of young people due to demographic holes of past years can lead to a reduction in the population, a decrease in labor resources and an increase in the pension burden, as well as a weakening of the country's defense capability.

State youth policy is a system of state priorities and measures aimed at civic-patriotic and spiritual-moral education of youth, expanding opportunities for its effective self-realization and development of potential in order to achieve sustainable socio-economic development, global competitiveness, national security of the country, and strengthening its leadership position in the global arena.

The priority of the state youth policy is the creation of comfortable conditions for the education of a well-coordinated person with an inner core, who can be adapted to changing conditions, generate and perceive new ideas.

Key tasks are:

• to foster patriotism in youth, develop the ability to make independent decisions;

• to target young people to increase the welfare of the country, the people and their families.

Achievement of these tasks is possible only with the joint efforts of society and the state to create a comfortable, favorable environment for effective self-realization of young people in the socio-economic and socio-political spheres of life of the Russian Federation, so that when developing individual qualities, young people take an active social part.

Thus, the above factors contribute to the need to create the foundations of state youth policy that would meet the requirements of modern life.

Effective implementation of the state youth policy will ensure the growth of young people aimed at positive actions, which leads a healthy lifestyle, engages in physical education, works on their professional, personal and spiritual development, with a developed spirit of patriotism, ready to defend their country and its interests for the subsequent development of a strong and independent of the state.

The state youth policy in the Russian Federation is based on guarantees of the Constitution on equality of rights and freedoms of citizens, the implementation of which in relation to youth is carried out on the following principles:

• State responsibility for respecting the rights and legitimate interests of young people; priority of state assistance to young people at the stage of social, cultural, spiritual and physical development, the choice of life, education, the beginning of professional and labor activity, the creation of a family, introduction to cultural values, the implementation of socially significant initiatives of young citizens, youth and children's public associations;

• Responsibility of young citizens for the exercise of their constitutional rights and obligations in the process of activities in the main areas of state and public life; unity of the state youth policy at the federal, regional and local levels;

• Ensuring that young citizens are provided with the necessary amount of social services in the field of education, upbringing, cultural, spiritual and physical development, in the field of health protection, employment, their composition and development at the level of the RF subjects, recognition of youth as an equal partner in the formation and implementation of the state policies in the Russian Federation;

• Support, coordination and interaction of federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, non-governmental organizations, other legal entities and individuals in the implementation of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation;

• Continuity, constancy and improvement of measures for the formation and implementation of state youth policy in the Russian Federation.

The identification of priorities and basic mechanisms for the implementation of state youth policy is based on the goals and specific objectives of state policy, where young people are recognized as a strategic resource for sustainable socio-economic development; strengthening the democratic rule of law and civil society; ensuring a high quality of life for people and the national security of Russia; real state capabilities; the results achieved in the implementation of socio-economic policy, including in the field of state youth policy; the relevance and specificity of the social problems of young people, including various age, professional and other groups of young citizens.

The state youth policy in Russia is carried out in order to:

Revival of Russia as a state ensuring a decent life and the free development of its citizens; creating organizational and legal, as well as socio-economic conditions for young people to choose their way of life, social development and the exercise of their rights, freedoms and obligations guaranteed by the Constitution; promoting the socio-cultural and spiritual-physical education of young people;

Implementation of socially significant initiatives, socially useful youth employment; using the innovative potential of young people in the interests of state and social development, in the interests of developing the young citizens themselves.

In order to fulfill the goals set, according to the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008 No. 1662-p (as amended on February 10, 2017) "On the Concept of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020", the government sets itself the following tasks: as:

1. Involvement of young people in social practice and its awareness of the potential for self-realization, providing support for scientific, creative and entrepreneurial activity of young people.

In order to inform young people about their potential, the state plans to develop a program of social education on an extensive list of problems that young people may face. This list covers topics such as health, sports, education, housing, youth life in other countries and more.

The state also intends to support interregional and international interaction of youth (thematic meetings, festivals, conferences) and participation in international youth information projects aimed at the mutual exchange of values and experience with world culture.

2. Formation of an indivisible system of assistance with leadership skills, enterprising and gifted youth.

This task will be achieved by ensuring the growth of the number of young people participating in contests, Olympiads and sports competitions, as well as expanding the list of contests, increasing grants and subsidies.

Also, finding a solution to this task will be helped by raising the social status of award winners and organizing internships in the best educational centers in the country and abroad.

3. Civic education and the patriotic development of youth education, promoting the foundation of legal, cultural and moral values among young people.

In order to educate young people about the interests of their country, it is necessary to develop and maintain the interest of young people in the field of the historical and cultural heritage of their country, to promote such social values as health, work, family, service to the Fatherland through the media, social advertising, etc.

At present, the population of Russia has the following distribution by age groups. According to our calculations, as of the beginning of 2019, the population of Russia had the following distribution by age:

15.2% - the percentage of people under 15;

71.8% - the percentage of people aged 15 to 65;

13% - the percentage of people over 64 years old.

15.2

71.8

13

- the percentage of people under 15

- the percentage of people aged 15 to 65

- the percentage of people over 64 years old

Picture 1. The distribution of the population of Russia by age groups.

In absolute terms, this is the following values, namely:

• 22,254,879 people under 15 years old (men: 11,423,390 / women: 10,831,489);

• 105,172,249 people over the age of 14 and under 65 (men: 50,140,139 / women: 55,032,110);

• 19,082,936 people over 64 years old (men: 5,762,241 / women: 13,320,695)!.

The age pyramid of Russia has a regressive or decreasing type. This type of pyramid is usually found in highly developed countries. In such countries, there is usually a fairly high level of health care, as well as a high level of education of citizens. Due to the relatively low mortality, the population has a high life expectancy. This factor, along with many other factors, leads to an aging population (increase the average age of the population).

The demographic load factor is directly related to the statistics of the distribution of the population of Russia by age groups. The demographic load factor shows the burden on society and the economy from the non-working-age population (a dependent part of the population). The non-working-age population means the total population under 15 years old and the population over 64 years old. The age of the working age population (the productive part of the population), respectively, is between 15 and 65 years2.

The coefficient of the demographic load directly reflects the financial costs of social policy in the state. For example, when increasing this ratio, the costs of building educational institutions, social protection, health care, pensions, etc. should be increased.

The objectives of the state youth policy are implemented at all levels of government and government of the Russian Federation. The tasks set by the relevant government bodies in the implementation of youth policy should not contradict its goals.

1 Source: The data are based on the latest publications of the UN Department of Statistics in the field of demographic and social statistics.

2 URL: https://countrymeters.info/ru/Russian_Federation#population_forecast

Currently, the following main directions of the state youth policy are distinguished:

• development of the young generation in the field of patriotic education, assistance and interaction with public organizations and movements;

• the formation of international and interregional youth cooperation, the involvement of young people in the activities of volunteer organizations, the involvement of young people in a healthy lifestyle and sports;

• increasing the popularity of safety culture in the youth environment, involving youth in entrepreneurial activities;

• development of youth self-government, work with socially dangerous youth;

• promotion of career guidance and career aspirations of young people, the formation of the Russian community, the integrity of the Russian nation, the promotion of intercultural and interfaith dialogue, the development of values based on traditions among young people.

Thus, the state youth policy in Russia is formed and implemented in accordance with the established principles and determines priority areas, which, by the way, as can be seen from a comparison of the outdated Strategy and the current Concept, undergo only minor changes over time. The implementation of these areas will ensure the creation of a favorable environment for successful socialization and effective self-realization of young people.

The state youth policy also includes ways to solve such problems as: housing, youth employment; support for young families, as well as talented youth and many other issues. This approach helps to improve the quality of life of young citizens and the development of the whole country.

The main result of the implementation of the state youth policy should be the improvement of the socio-economic situation of the youth of the Russian Federation and the increase in their participation in the socio-economic life of the country.

The history of the youth (Komsomol, Pioneer and Octobrist) movements ended in 1991, immediately after the collapse of the USSR. After the ban of the CPSU, the XXII Extraordinary Congress of the Komsomol was held. Komsomol members declared the historical role of their organization exhausted. September 28, 1991 VLKSM officially ceased to exist. The All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin and the October movement were also abolished.

In 1992, the State Committee on Youth Affairs was established in Russia. In 1998, it was abolished, and its functions were transferred first to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, and then to the Department for Youth Policy of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.

In 2008, a Presidential Decree established the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Rosmolodezh). This agency is responsible for the implementation of youth policy measures.

Under the auspices of Rosmolodezh, federal programs were carried out and youth educational forums were held. In the period from 2005 to 2014, all-Russian youth meetings were held in the Seliger camp in the Tver region. In 2014, the opening of the Tavrida Forum took place in Crimea. From 2015, young people from all regions of Russia also come to the Vladimir region, where the camps of the Territory of Meanings take place.

Participants in youth camps meet with politicians, diplomats, public figures, journalists, filmmakers, experts in various fields.

One of the first youth organizations in the modern history of the country was the Russian Union of Youth (RSM). The movement was created on the basis of the Komsomol organization on May 31, 1990. At the same time, the independence of the new association was officially announced from the central All-Union leadership of the Central Committee of the Young Communist League.

The Russian Youth Union is one of the most massive non-state, non-profit, non-political youth associations in Russia. To date, it consists of more than 77 territorial offices, which consists of more than 150 thousand people. The number of participants in annual programs reaches four million.

The Russian Union of Youth implements more than two dozen national and more than two hundred interregional programs and projects for young people. Among the priority areas of work are educational, developmental, patriotic, vocational guidance, leisure, cultural and sports programs.

The Russian Youth Union helps young people find their place in life, self-actualize and move up the career ladder. That was the stated goal of the youth union.

A prominent place among youth organizations in the early to mid-2000s was occupied by the Going Together movement. On May 7, 2000, on the day Vladimir Putin's inauguration for the presidency, "Walking Together" loudly declared themselves, having held an action in Moscow in which up to 15 thousand people took part. The participants wore blue and red t-shirts with Putin's image with the slogan "All the Way" ("Everything is OK").

On November 7, 2001, the movement held a large-scale action "General cleaning of Russia", which took place in all regions where there were branches of "Walking Together".

On April 15, 2005, the «Nashi» youth anti-fascist youth movement was established. Vasily Yakimenko became its leader, who resigned the leader of the organization "Walking Together" and headed the youth movement «Nashi». On the night of June 21-22, "Walking Together" held the last annual mass action "We must remember - 2007", dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.

The "Nashi", who replaced "Walking Together," actually continued to follow the line of the predecessor. One of the most notable projects of the movement was the annual summer camp on Lake Seliger in the Tver region. The movement also implemented various volunteer and educational projects, as well as activities in the field of patriotic education. Over time, the youth movement has become marginalized. The methods used by activists during the actions and in the fight against ideological opponents bordered on offenses.

In Russia, there are more and more young people with an active political and civic position. All Russian political parties have youth branches (departments). One of the most famous political youth organizations are the Young Guard of United Russia, the Leninist Communist Youth Union, the Eurasian Youth Union.

In 2015, President V.V. Putin signed a decree that created the All-Russian Children's and Youth Organization "Russian School Movement". The purpose of its creation is the improvement of the state policy in the field of education of the younger generation and the promotion of personality formation based on the value system inherent in Russian society. Branches of this organization operate in all regions of Russia.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian movement of schoolchildren has become the first children's and youth organization that unites hundreds of thousands of schoolchildren throughout the country. The idea of its creation was supported in the educational environment.

The main task of the Russian schoolchildren movement is not the promotion of a political ideologue, but the inculcation of the traditional for Russia system of values. The fact that the movement will be depoliticized as much as possible is indicated by the fact that the initiative to create it did not come from any particular political force, but was initiated at once by four parliamentary parties.

Since 2015, the military-patriotic movement Yunarmiya (Young Army) has been operating in Russia, created on the initiative of the Minister of Defense of the Russian

Federation S.K. Shoigu. The organization consists of more than 26 thousand people. The purpose of the movement is to arouse interest in the younger generation to the geography and history of Russia, to its peoples, heroes, outstanding scientists and commanders. Membership in the organization is voluntary and open. Join the ranks of the military patriotic movement "Yunarmiya" can any student, public organization, club or search squad. Yunarmeyskoe movement is intended to unite all the structures involved in pre-conscription training of citizens.

Large-scale events "Yunarmii" held in the military-patriotic park of culture and recreation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation "Patriot", where the model of the building of the German Reichstag is being built. According to S.K. Shoigu, this is done in order "so that our young men could storm not just anything, but a specific place".

Regardless of the historical period, young people in Russia have always been the most active social group. Initiatives and activities of young people often became the determining factor in the development of positive processes in our country. Children and youth organizations play an important role in the development of civil society, determining its future.

The World Festival of Youth and Students was held in Sochi and in Moscow in 2017. The concert program of the festival started a year before it began.

In honor of the festival in Moscow, a number of events were organized: the surrender of the standards of the GTO («Gotov k trudu i oborone» - «Ready for Labour and Defense»3), the food cuisine "Kitchen of the World", a festive concert with the participation of Russian pop stars. Similar events were held in Vladivostok, Yakutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Arkhangelsk, Simferopol, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol and Kaliningrad.

The festival started on October 14, 2017. In honor of this event, a parade-carnival began on Moscow's Vasilyevsky Descent. The participants in this parade walked from the Vasilyevsky descent square along the Kremlin, Prechistenskaya, Frunzenskaya and Luzhnetskaya embankments to the Luzhniki sports complex. The total duration of the route was 8 km. The parade ended with a concert at Luzhniki, at which many popular artists performed. In the final of the show, all participants and spectators were expected by a large 15-minute salute.

On October 15, 2017 in Sochi there was the grand opening of the World Festival of Youth and Students. It was accompanied by performances of artists and speakers of the festival. The ceremony began with the performance of the Russian anthem and raising the flag.

On October 20, 2017 a festival of national cultures was held in Sochi. The participants of the WFMS were able to appreciate the beauty of the differences of the peoples of the Earth with the help of music, dance and singing. The event included a rap in Swahili from the delegation from Tanzania and a musical declaration of love to Yerevan. Students from Myanmar demonstrated traditional costumes of the regions of their homeland, and representatives of Indonesia enchanted the audience with Saman dance, also known as the «Thousand Hands». To the accompaniment of Belarusian folk songs, guests from the festival from Asia, Africa and Latin America went to dance «Rucheek» ("The Brook").

3 VFSK GTO // https://www.gto.ru/ All-Russian physical training and sports complex "Ready for Labor and Defense" - a program and regulatory framework for the system of physical education of the population, which establishes government requirements for the level of physical fitness and is aimed at developing mass sports and the improvement of the nation.

Young guys took an active part in numerous sporting events, passed GTO standards and rode bicycles. According to TASS, during the festival, athletes of the Russian Union of Martial Arts conducted more than 300 workshops for children, and more than 6,000 participants in the World Festival of Youth and Students from 85 countries participated in testing the "Ready for Labor and Defense" complex4.

Within the framework of the festival, a number of meetings with famous athletes took place, politicians, scientists, businessmen, including many foreign experts, also met with the guys. It is worth noting that the halls at various exhibitions and lectures were completely clogged, which indicates the desire of young people to acquire knowledge. Moreover, cultural and educational events and panels on technology and politics turned out to be equally interesting for them.

Thus, the youth festival in Russia refuted skeptics' statements about the "lostness" ("poteryannost'") of the young generation.

We should also tell about the work of youth volunteers. Young volunteers helped the festival organizers. These were 5 thousand volunteers from Russia and foreign countries. Moreover, among them there are "silver" volunteers who have been participating in festivals for 50 years. On the eve of the WFMS participants held a public event (flash mob) "Hug a volunteer", during which the festival participants thanked for the work of 5 thousand volunteers serving the event.

Conclusion. So, youth employment is always better than idleness and idle reeling, doing nothing by young people who are a powerful clot of will and energy. Therefore, the state youth policy in Russia allows for the necessary control by the state and shaping the mentality of young people, as well as their ideas, attitudes and mindsets in accordance with the goals and objectives of the country's political leadership, to keep it within the necessary institutional frameworks and borders.

Conclusion. Youth policy is an integral part of a holistic state policy, which is a system of measures to establish and maintain a certain social status of the younger generation, and with it a certain quality of life and the quality of the youth itself, which in the future is the economically active population of the country.

Young people are a very important social group, including a very important one for the state, since young people are the people who will replace the ruling generation at the moment. The quality of the younger generation, as well as the degree of its compliance with the existing and necessary conditions and standards of the country are determined by the effectiveness of youth policy. The effectiveness of youth policy is ensured by the effectiveness of the implementation of a set of measures of the most diverse nature: legal, socio-economic, organizational, spiritual, moral, psychological, etc.

Formed in the post-reform period, youth associations and institutions working with children and young people on the implementation of public policy objectives and programs, religious denominations are currently unable to ensure active socialization of young people, the inclusion of young people's potential in state and public transformations, and training in social innovation activities.

4 The All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Complex "Ready for Labor and Defense" (TRP) is a full-fledged program and regulatory basis for the physical education of the country's population, aimed at developing mass sports and improving the nation.

The TRP complex envisages preparation for implementation and direct fulfillment by the population of different age groups (from 6 to 70 years and older) of the established regulatory requirements for three difficulty levels corresponding to the gold, silver and bronze insignia "Ready for Labor and Defense" (TRP). VFSK GTO // URL: https://gto.ru/

At the same time, a significant part of young people, taking into account the experience of the latter, managed to integrate into new socio-economic and political conditions, adapt to them, having arranged the values of democracy and the market relatively quickly. However, a sufficiently large share of Russian youth turned out to be "overboard" of the new social system, groups of socially unsettled young people were formed, so-called risk groups increased, there was a rise in extremism and protest behavior among young people. The youth cohort is characterized today by growing inequality and stratification, as a general characteristic of the social defragmentation of Russian society, and the disintegration of youth as strata by socio-professional, regional and ethnic determinants. Among the negative factors or sources of threats to the process of positive socialization of young citizens are a crisis of youth identity, a decline in the prestige of work among the young generation, the lack of a clear internal orientation system and preferences, and internal certainty in the scale of life values.

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