CC BY
23
Simonov M.R.1, Petruh I.M.2, Gultyajeva O.V.3, Vlizlo V.V.4 ©
1,2PhD in veterinary medicine; 3post-graduate student;
4doctor of veterinary science, professor, member of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciencesof
Ukraine
Institute of Animal Biology of NAAS STATE OF HEMATOPOIESIS IN HEALTHY AND KETOTIC HIGHYIELD DAIRY COWS
Summary
Hematopoietic parameters in high yielding cows may change in dependence on the physiological state of animals. For example, iron concentration, iron binding capacity of serum, level of hemoglobin and red blood cell count were somewhat lower, mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and colour index (CI) were higher in cows after calving compared with animals in the prepartum period. Nevertheless, in most clinically healthy animals both pregnant and milk, investigated parameters were within normal physiological ranges. In blood of ketotic cows hematopoietic disturbances were revealed that manifested through lowering of iron concentration, iron binding capacity of serum, level of hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin, color index and through a slight decrease of red blood cell count.
Аннотация
Показатели гемопоэза у высокопроизводительных коров могут изменяться в зависимости от физиологичного состояния животных. В крови коров после отела, по сравнению с предродовым периодом, установлено снижение содержимого Ферума, ферумозвязиваемого свойства сыворотки крови, гемоглобина и количества эритроцитов. Однако в большинстве клинически здоровых коров как стельных, так и дойных исследуемые показатели были в пределах физиологичных колебаний. Нарушение гемопоэза у коров, больных кетозом, проявлялось значительным снижением содержимого Ферума, ферумозвязиваемого свойства сыворотки крови и гемоглобина.
Ключевые слова: коровы, кетоз, гемопоэз, Ферум, эритроциты, гемоглобин. Keywords: cows, ketosis, hematopoiesis, iron, red blood cells, hemoglobin.
Introduction
Mineral substances are necessary for functional activity of various organs and systems, particularly central nervous system, endocrine glands, connective tissue, they participate in metabolism maintenance of acid-base balance and other vital processes in organism. The role of mineral substances in metabolism is explained with their ability to interact with proteins, namely with enzymes and hormones, specific metabolism activators [1, 4-5; 2, 495]. In case of deficit of macro- or microelements in animal organism, the activity of metabolism regulators extremely decreases and different diseases occur [3, 75].
Metabolic disorders are often diagnosed in high-yielding cows [4, 265]. Ketosis is one of the most wide-spread metabolic diseases. Conducted research have shown that ketosis is registered in milking cows with productivity rate more than 5000 kg of milk per lactation [5, 38-39]. Imbalance of main nutrients and biologically active ingredients in diet, all year round stabling, hypodynamia, obesity and postpartum pathology are causes of ketosis [6, 10-12]. In the presence of ketosis disorders of metabolic processes are observed in cows, endotoxins and underoxidized products are accumulated in the organism, that lead to injury of vital organs and systems.
Iron is one of the important microelements for animal organism. It acts as cofactor for enzymes in mitochondrial respiratory chain, tricarboxylic acid cycle, during DNA synthesis, plays the main role
©© Simonov M R., Petruh I.M., Gultyajeva O.V., Vlizlo V.V., 2013 г.
in binding and transferring of oxygen by hemoglobin and myoglobin [7, 152-154; 8, 99-107]. Deficit of the iron have been studied for a long time and main aspects are comprehensively investigated. But studies on hematopoiesis in animals under different pathologic states are insufficient.
The object of our work was to investigate principal parameters of hematopoiesis in healthy and ketotic high-yielding cows.
Materials and Methods
In our study cows of the black-and-white breed with productivity rate about 8.0 thousands kilos of milk per lactation were used as a test material. Animals were examined 2 -3 weeks before calving and 1 - 2 weeks after parturition. According to the results of clinical examinations and urine tests, animals were divided into two groups: clinically healthy and affected with ketosis.
During carrying-out of the study clinical examination of cows was performed as well as blood and urine tests [9, 72-73]. Blood for laboratory examination was withdrawn from jugular vein, before morning feeding. Following parameters were detected: the level of iron (Fe) and iron binding capacity of serum (using color reaction with beta-phenanthroline), number of red blood cells (colorimetric assay), level of hemoglobin (hemoglobin cyanide method); using these indices the color index (CI) and the mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) were calculated.
Urine was sampled during spontaneous urination or applying massage on area below vulva lips. The content of ketone bodies in urine was detected with diagnostic strips (Ketophan).
Obtained results were statistically processed using Student's t - test for determination of significant differences between groups of animals. Changes were considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.05 - 0.001.
Results and discussion
Conducted clinical examinations and urine tests in cows during antepartum and postpartum period have shown that ketosis was registered in calved cows. Clinically in cows with ketosis oppression, weakness of movements, long lying down, decreased appetite, acetone-odour in expired air and from skin. During examination of the urine for the presence of ketone bodies different grades of ketonuria was revealed.
According to results of performed laboratory examination of blood, it was established that the content of iron in serum after calving was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in comparison with pregnant cows (Fig. 1). Thus, before parturition the content of iron in blood serum was 23.6 ± 2.14 ^mol/l, and after calving its level was only 16.3 ± 0.81 ^mol/l and in 30 % of animals it was below the lower physiological limit. At the same time the content of iron in serum of ketotic cows was even lower (p<0.05) and was within range 9.3 - 20.8 (14.6±2.91) ^mol/l. This might be explained with the fact that in cows after calving, and especially affected with ketosis disorders of metabolism are observed, hypoglycemia develops as well as deficit of essential amino acids, accumulation of phytates, carbonates, oxalates, which cause precipitation of ferric iron and formation of macromolecules that are not digested in intestine [8, 99-107]. Therewith toxins, which appear in case of ketosis and metabolic disorders may cause violation of the iron uptake by normoblasts and inhibit heme synthesis.
Fig. 1 Content of iron in blood serum (n=9, jimol/1 )
In case of disorders of iron metabolism changes of iron binding capacity of serum occur (IBC). Thus, in blood of ketotic cows IBC (Fig. 2) was 19.8±0.47 ^mol/l and was lower by 18 % (p<0.001) in comparison with pregnant (23.2±0.91 ^mol/l) and by 15 % in comparison with clinically healthy milk cows.
Fig. 2. Iron binding capacity of blood serum (n=9, junol/l )
More than 65 % of all iron, contained in organism is bound in hemoglobin. We have established that the level of hemoglobin in blood of clinically healthy cows before calving (125.7±6.10 g/l) and after it (123±3.97 g/l) varied little from each other and was within physiological range (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. The level of hemoglobin in cow's blood (n=9, g/l)
At the same time in affected with ketosis cows the level of hemoglobin varied from 81.2 to 107.2 g/l and was lower (p<0.01) in comparison with clinically healthy both pregnant and milk animals.
Significant indices of hematopoietic regeneration are number of red blood cells and their saturation with hemoglobin. Specifically, analysis of red blood cells count showed that in blood of clinically healthy cows after calving and in ketotic cows this index had a tendency to lowering in comparison with pregnant animals (Fig. 4). Besides in ketotic cows the hemoglobin content in an erythrocyte
Fig. 4. Red blood cells count in cow's blood (n=9, x1012/l)
and color index were decreased (Fig. 5). Particularly, the mean cell hemoglobin
A B
Fig.5. Mean cell hemoglobin content (A) and colour index (B).
content in sick cows was lower by 29.5 % (p<0.05), and CI was lower by 32.5 % (p<0.05), than in pregnant animals and by 33 % (p<0.05) and 41 % (p<0.01) lower than in healthy cows after parturition (Fig. 5). It may indicate that hypochromic anemia develops in ketotic cows.
Conclusions
In ketotic cows disorders of iron metabolism are observed, which are characterized by the lowering of iron content in their blood, iron binding capacity of blood serum, hemoglobin level, red blood cells count, color index and mean cell hemoglobin content.
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