CC BY
8CHEN JIABIN
Master's student at the Faculty of Economics of the National University of Uzbekistan Hikoyat ISRAILOVA senior lecturer of the Almalik branch of the Tashkent State Technical University
STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE NORTHEASTERN REGION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
The result of the regional policy of point growth was the intensive development of the central, coastal eastern and southern regions of the country and an increase in the differentiation of the socio-economic development of regions in the country as a whole. For the Northeastern region of the People's Republic of China, this state of affairs turned into a deterioration in its socio-economic situation in comparison with the Eastern regions of the country, in particular in such areas as: transport infrastructure, industry, trade, investment and innovation systems of the region.
The deteriorating socio-economic situation, fueled by the weak investment attractiveness of the Northeast region of China, led to a significant decrease in the share of industrial production. The region's contribution to the industrial production of China during the years of reforms decreased from 17% in 1978 to 9% in 2002 [1; 2]. This is largely due to the legacy of a centrally planned economy and the presence of a significant number of state-owned enterprises here. In general, there has been a constant decline in the share of the GRP of the Northeast region in China's GDP since the second half of the XX century. (for comparison: 1956 - 19.2%; 1980 - 13.86%; 1988 - 11.85%; 2002 - 10.44%) [3].
Formed in the middle of the XX century the region's industries specialization still play a leading role in the sectoral structure of industrial production. Branches of specialization of the region are mainly represented by heavy industries that require large expenditures of energy and raw materials, which causes the following problems: 1) energy shortage - the region produces 7.7% of total Chinese electricity, while consumption is 8.2% of total Chinese.
Energy consumption per unit of manufactured industrial products (worth 10,000 yuan) in the provinces of the Northeast (Heilongjiang - 2.34; Jilin - 3.25; Liaoning - 3.11 kW) is much higher than in the coastal provinces (Jiangsu - 1, 67; Zhejiang - 1.49; Fujiang - 1.45 and Guangdong - 1.08 kW) [3; 4]. There is a shortage of some types of raw materials, in particular, iron ore, alumina, oil and oil products. These is positions that appear in imports
of not only primary raw materials are purchased, but also secondary raw materials (products made of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, scrap metal).
To solve the existing problems in the region, in November 2002, after the 16th Congress of the CPC Central Committee, the leadership of the PRC formulated a Strategy for the revival of old industrial bases in Northeast China. In October 2003, at the 3rd Plenum of the 15th CPC Central Committee, a decision was made to stimulate the development of the provinces of the Northeast of the PRC and the "Plan for the revival of the old industrial bases of the Northeast provinces" was promulgated. Office of the Steering Group for the Regulation and Revitalization of Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China, and in 2007, the 11th Five-Year Plan for the Revival of Northeast China was adopted. Thus, the idea, voiced back in the 1980s, about changing the mechanisms of management in the provinces of the Northeastern region of the PRC, figuratively considered in China as the "last bastion of the planned economy" [4], took shape in a politically and orderly manner.
The Northeast China Revival Plan, which has been implemented since 2003 by the PRC government, is designed to accelerate the socio-economic development of the region. At the same time, the main provisions of this plan determined the directions of development of the Northeastern region of the PRC up to 2020. The measures envisaged by the Plan pursue rather broad goals. Initially, it was about the reconstruction and re-equipment of "old industrial bases" with modern equipment, most of whose enterprises were built in the 1950s. XX century, with the participation of the USSR. By the beginning of the implementation of the Plan, there were 156 such objects in the PRC, a third of them were located in Heilongjiang Province, including 25 enterprises in Harbin. However, by now the Plan itself has become an integral part of the mechanism for solving a more general task of the region's comprehensive development and equalizing the level of various regions of China's socio-economic development.
The following have been proclaimed as targets for the revival of the region during the 11th five-year plan: modernization of the "social market economy"; maintaining fast and sustainable growth; restructuring of the public sector; increasing the degree of openness of border regions; restructuring the economy based on the accelerated development of the service sector; increasing the competitiveness of the PRC's North-East enterprises; development of environmental protection and the introduction of resource-saving technologies; development of the social sphere: education, medicine, culture, sports, etc.
According to the Plan, by the end of the 11th five-year plan, the following goals in the field of economic and social development in Northeast China were achieved:
- rapid economic growth based on the principles of "scientific development" and "knowledge economy"; structural reorganization of the region's economy; increased efficiency and overall reduction in energy consumption; doubling of GRP per capita by 2010 in relation to the indicator of 2002;
- a significant increase in the share of regional industry in the country's GDP; growth of the non-state sector in GRP; an increase in the number of internationally competitive domestic companies with independent intellectual property rights and well-known brands as part of the region's innovation potential;
- a powerful potential of the region's sustainable development has been created; improved the efficiency of resource use and reducing the impact on the environment; reduced air and water pollution in areas along the Liao and Songhua Rivers; protection of the marine ecological environment;
- social development is stimulated by improving the quality of public services in education, health care and social security; reducing the number of poor people; improving the situation in the field of public safety and labor protection; stimulating the construction of a new socialist village; the growth of the average per capita income of rural residents in relation to the income of the urban population; maintaining the unemployment rate among the urban population at a level below 5%;
- promoting the policy of reform and opening up; development of the region's innovation system; completion of the reform of the "old industrial base"; increasing the degree of openness of coastal, border areas and large cities in the region; expansion of foreign trade; an increase in the volume of foreign investments and an increase in the efficiency of their use.
The specific results of the Plan implementation are concentratedly expressed in certain development indicators, distributed by areas of activity and classified according to the level of achievement [5].
The measures taken against the provinces of northeast China have never been more ambitious. Within the framework of the general Plan, each of the administrative units of the region has developed its own, generally similar in strategic focus, regional development programs. In addition, local administrations of a lower level (city and county), within the framework of the general principles established by the plan, regularly develop their own instructions and recommendations for business entities. The Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (Northeast China) Steering Group for Regulation and Revitalization of Old Industrial Bases, in turn, strives to coordinate and optimally combine the capacities and opportunities of the individual administrative units of the region.
Within the framework of the Northeast China Revival Plan, regional programs are also being developed, aimed at solving specific problems in various spheres of the region's life. There are a number of programs in the areas of management, culture and tourism.
One of these strategic developments in relation to the Northeast region is the experiment to create an enlarged region. The PRC government faced the need to search for new political solutions that would contribute to the successful implementation of the economic tasks of developing foreign sales markets and sources of raw materials, solving internal problems, and would allow it to gain experience in carrying out political reform throughout the country.
The northeastern region of the PRC became the first experimental base for the study and development of a new system of territorial organization. In the northeast of the country, the possibility of creating a region uniting the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang is being explored. The first step was the signing in July 2008 by the people's governments of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjian provinces of a framework agreement on legislative cooperation, which is designed to coordinate the development of regulations in these three provinces. According to the framework agreement, regional cooperation will be based on 3 principles: 1) unity in solution the most important legislative problems in the field of management and the social sphere (formation of a single working group); 2) close interaction in solving legislative problems of general importance; 3) independence in dealing with issues that do not affect the interests of the three provinces [6].
The creation of an enlarged region in the Northeast is aimed at ensuring that the systems of provincial regulations are more coordinated, not contradictory, which should entail lowering economic and social barriers between the provinces, reducing competition, reducing costs and accelerating the legislative process [7]. Domestically, this step should compensate for the process of deepening market reform, accompanied by a weakening of state control over economic entities, in the international arena, Northeast China should become a region acting as a united front in the struggle for resources and sales markets. The political meaning of the experiment is the search for new effective methods of territorial management in a changing economic environment.
The experiment to create a system of legislative cooperation, carried out within the framework of the Revival Plan of the Northeastern Provinces, became the first example in the history of the PRC of creating a "horizontal" regional system of interaction in the political and legal sphere.
Literature
[1] Хузиятов Т.Д. Региональная экономическая политика Китая: стратегия возрождения Северо-восточных районов // Регион: экономика и социология. 2005. № 4. С. 200-207.
[2] Хутиязов Т.Д. Северо-восточный Китай: стратегия повышения конкурентоспособности // Проблемы современной экономики. 2004. № 12. С. 135-138.
[3] Лукъянова Л.Е. Северо-восток Китая в системе общекитайского разделения труда: автореф. дисс....канд. георграф. наук. Иркутск, 2010. 18 с.
[4] Изотов Д.А., Кучерявенко В.Е. Северо-восток Китая в условиях реализации плана возрождения экономики // Пространственная экономика. 2009. № 2. С. 140-158.
[5] Plan of Revitalizing Northeast China. URL: https://www.lawyerschina.net/blog/2016/05/revitalization-plans-in-the-northeast-region-of-china.
[6] Кучинская Т.Н. Инновационные тенденции в процессе внутренней регионализации КНР // Кулагинские чтения: материалы VIII Всероссийской науч.-практич. конференции. Чита: ЧитГУ, 2008. Ч. III. С. 206-210.
[7] И.С.Глебова, С.С.Берман, Р.Р.Садыртдинов, А.А.Воробьев, Ф.Т.Эгамбердиев, А.А.Каюмов, А.Т.Умаров, Н.Г.Муминов, Г.К. Жанназарова, А.Ю.Макушина. Социально-экономическое положение территорий: международный опыт и перспективы развития. Коллективная монография - Казань: «Рокета», 2019. 276 стр.
