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COMPARATIVE LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS FRENCH LOANWORDS IN MODERN MEDICAL LANGUAGE Saydjanova K.D. Email: Saydjanova692@scientifictext.ru
Saydjanova Komila Davranovna - Teacher Assistant, DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES, TASHKENT MEDICAL ACADEMY, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OFUZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this paper is a comparative lexicological analysis of words imported from French into the modern language of medicine. We replace the different contributions of the French language in their historical perspective. We endeavour to give a description of the origin of the words that entered the English language the Norman conquest of England, illustrated by the entry of words such as malady, leprous, or palsy. Because eponyms are a prominent part of the medical lexicon, and many French physicians have left their marks on the modern medical language.
Keywords: medical French, medical English, loanwords, eponyms, history of medicine.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ФРАНЦУЗСКИХ СРЕДСТВ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МЕДИЦИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ Сайджанова К.Д.
Сайджанова Комила Даврановна - ассистент преподавателя, кафедра языков,
Ташкентская медицинская академия, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: данная статья представляет собой сравнительный лексикологический анализ слов, импортированных из французского языка в современный язык медицины. Мы заменим различные вклады французского языка в их исторической перспективе. Мы попытаемся дать описание происхождения слов, вошедших в английский язык во время Норманнского завоевания Англии, проиллюстрировав это введением таких слов, как болезнь, прокаженный или паралич. Потому что эпонимы занимают видное место в медицинском лексиконе, и многие французские врачи оставили свой след в современном медицинском языке.
Ключевые слова: медицинский французский, медицинский английский, заимствования, эпонимы, история медицины.
UDC 81-115
Introduction. Most of the papers and books that look at the European dialects of medication have centered on their anglicisation, be it French (Cheeseburger [1982], Faure [2010, 2012]), Spanish (Gutiérrez [1997], Navarro [1992], Ballesteros [2003], Alcaraz [2009]), Italian (Sartori [2013]), German (Fortuine [2001], Baethge [2008]), Hungarian (Keresztes [2013]), or Croatian (Dobric [2013]). In spite of the fact that to a lesser degree, the inverse marvel - i.e. the impact of remote dialects on the English dictionary has too been broadly inspected, particularly that of French (Prins [1952], Chirol [1973], Otman [1989], Chira [2000], Schultz [2012]). The areas that are as a rule said as having been enhanced by borrowings from French are strategy, cooking, military, cherish, mold, tourism and expressions, but exceptionally seldom medication, in spite of the fact that therapeutic English owes a part to French [2].
Methodology. Our think about analyzes how the English restorative dictionary was mostly built on borrowings from French. Lexical borrowing is by distant the foremost as often as possible verified dialect contact marvel and is common to all dialects [1]. The term "loanword" as utilized in this paper is to be caught on as a word of remote
root that entered a dialect through "transfer or replicating forms, whether they are due to local speakers receiving components from other dialects into the beneficiary dialect, or whether they result from non-native speakers forcing properties of their local dialect onto a beneficiary language" [3].
About the center of the 12th century, the staff of Montpellier got to be known as the middle of restorative action. In roughly the same period, medication developed as a teach at the College of Paris [5]. Doctors from all over Europe and particularly from Britain would prepare in France.
Numerous of the words borrowed from Anglo-Norman compare to the maladies that were predominant at that period, most of which were irresistible such as untouchable (mid-13c.), which might assign the illness or the influenced individual, leprosie (late 14c.) (mod. Eng. "leprosy"), and diseased (from Ancient French lepros 13c.); and peste (16 c.) 'pestilence', torment, 'fatal scourge disease', which has survived as "pest" in today's English to assign 'an creepy crawly or little creature that's harmful'. The more common term "malady" (from Ancient French maladie) itself entered the English dialect within the 13th century. These irresistible illnesses frequently had skin appearances that were assigned by words borrowed from French: cancre (12c) 'abscess, sore, ulcer, tumour', which has given the words "canker" 'a gangrenous or ulcerous sore, particularly within the mouth', and "chancre" 'the introductory injury of syphilis', in advanced English; pustule (late 14c.) 'pustule, boil'; criminal (14c.) 'abscess, ulcer, boil', a word that's presently synonymous for 'whitlow'; ulcer (from Ancient French ulcere 15c.) 'a break in skin or mucous membrane'; putrefy (late 14c.) 'fistula, ulcer, tumor, sore', which still exists as a verb; and polipe (15c.) 'polypus, development or ulcer within the nose', which has been kept in present day English ("polyp") but with a much bigger meaning scope - i.e. 'a little mass of cells that develops within the body'. [3]
Maladies of the Center Ages too caused indications such as "fever", a word whose spelling was impacted by Ancient French fievre, in spite of the fact that it as of now existed in Ancient English (fefor / fefer); "phlegm" (late 14c.), a word that comes from Ancient French fleume 'viscid mucus', itself from Late Latin phlegma, one of the four humors of the body, from Greek phlegma 'humour caused by heat'; "flux" (late 14c.), from Ancient French flus that implied 'flowing, rolling, bleeding'; and "noise" (early 13c.), from Ancient French commotion 'brawl, uproar'. Some of the words that assign side effects have experienced a semantic alter such as angu(o)isse (13c.), which utilized to be characterized as 'pain, trouble, a excruciating area', and presently implies, in its present day shape, "anguish", 'great mental enduring, anxiety', in spite of the fact that it still alludes to 'extreme physical pain' as well. Others are still in utilize in advanced English but have ended up out of date such as circulatory trouble (14c.), from Ancient French apoplexie, which is nowadays being eclipsed by terms like "stroke" and "cerebrovascular accident" [2].
The three descriptive words "arthritic" (mid-14c.), "paralytic" (14c.) and "pleuritic" (14c.) come separately from Ancient French artetique, paralitique ('palsied, encountering solid weakness', itself from paralisie, palesie and parle(i)sie 'paralysis, paralysis, solid weakness', which we discover in advanced English within the shape "paralysis" and "palsy"), and pleuretique ('suffering from pleurisy' from Ancient French pleurisie and Anglo-Norman pleuresie 'pleurisy, aggravation of the pleura, lung disease'). The medieval doctors moreover managed with all sorts of mental sicknesses, which were frequently assigned by words borrowed from French [4]. A few of these words have experienced adjustments in cutting edge English: folie (early 13c.) 'madness, stupidity', a word that was anglicised into "folly"; lunetie2 (late 14c.) 'lunacy, (state of) free for all initiated by the moon'; maniaque (15c.) 'insane' (mod. Eng. "maniac" and "manic"); demency3 (from Ancient French démence) and its verb twist (16c.), which is utilized, in its descriptive word shape "demented", in present day English; seethe (14c.) (from Ancient French raige, seethe) implies 'rage, franticness, savage pain', while the word "rabies" (late 16c.) that assigns the viral malady itself was borrowed straightforwardly from Latin rabies; and anguish (from Ancient French agonie, aigoine 'anguish, fear, passing agony'), which was to begin with
presented within the 14th as "mental suffering" and which took its sense of 'extreme real suffering' within the 17 th.
Conclusion. The dialect of medication comprises of words most of which were borrowed from Greek and Latin. The English dialect of pharmaceutical is no special case, in spite of the fact that, as specified in our consideration, a few of these words have entered English by means of French.
References / Список литературы
1. Chira Dorin, 2000. "French loanwords in the English lexicon". Studia Universitatis Babeii-Bolyai, Philologia XLV. 113-120.
2. Dirckx John, 1983 [1976]. The Language of Medicine, its Evolution, Structure and Dynamics. New York: Praeger.
3. Haspelmath Martin & Tadmor Uri, 2009. Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, De Gruyter Mouton.
4. Schultz Julia, 2012. Twentieth Century Borrowings from French to English: Their Reception and Development, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
5. Taylor Robert, 2017. The Amazing Language of Medicine: Understanding Medical Terms and Their Backstories. Springer International Publishing.
