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Hayitov Jakhongir Shodmonovich, The base doctorate of history of Bukhara State University E-mail: [email protected]
SPREAD OF NEW TYPES OF CORPS IN TURKISTAN CONTINENT AT THE END OF THE 19th - AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURIES
Abstract: In this article the spread of new sorts of cereal crops in the Turkestan region during the late 19th - early 20th centuries is scientifically researched based on the analysis of primary sources.
Keywords: wheat, barley, rice, millet, hay, sesame, flax, white wheat, American millet, Canadian barley, maize, American maize, kubanka, Poltava type, Turkish red wheat, cereals trade.
The cultivation of cereals and cereals is a traditional agricultural tradition in Central Asia, with a large portion of the agricultural land allocated to agriculture as the most important source of the population's cereal crops. Therefore, the consumption of fresh food in the region's population is at the forefront.
Sources reported that wheat and other cereal crops occupy the majority of land funds during the 1880 s. According to Shakhnazarov in 1898: "10-15 years ago (1883-1888 -J.H.) occupied 3/1 of the sown areas of Turkestan, but now (1898 - J.H.) these lands cotton harvest" [18, 65].
Among the cereals, wheat plays a major role in the cultivation of these crops in artificial irrigated lands of the region, in mountainous and foothills. The sowing of wheat in cultivation and dumping, and the sowing of the mulberry depends largely on the amount of annual rainfall. In the region, until the colonies of the Russian Empire, the autumn and spring wheat "White wheat", "Red wheat", "Shashkirra", "Koramoqor", "Yellow magic" were grown, and although the best quality was the smallest "Yellow Butter" "(The word" red camel "- J.H.) is of high quality wheat and White Wheat, and is highly rated in the market [20, 722; 9, 95]. Also, "Steppe wheat" is also grown, which is the type that consumes less water.
According to sources, 20 varieties of wheat are planted in the region. Turbat (white and black) Sairam (white and black) of wheat varieties; Yellow-red (2 varieties), Al-Biruk, Kokand (N1), Yellow magic (white, yellow, German varieties - J.H.); Ashxabod, white wheat (2 grade), [16, 41]. Due to the lack of water in the region, farmers tried to plant wheat varieties that were resistant to drought. According to calculations, the water turbans (spring -J.H.) Water saving; Varieties such as "Yellow Butter", "White Wheat", "Sayram" and "Ashgabat" are important, and Nari-Kizil and Kokand varieties use large quantities of water. The 19 and 20 varieties of "Red Wheat" are the top priority in water consumption.
Following the deposition of Russian rubble to the region, agricultural specialists learned about the yields and water saving rates ofwheat, barley, rice, oats, tar, maize, linseed, sesame seeds and watermelons, - they were interested in vegetable
oil, as well as experimenting with selection of new varieties ofvarieties based on climatic conditions. Work has been done at experimental stations to increase the yield of irrigated and saline land areas. They also include the creation and testing of new varieties by combining local cereal crops. Thirdly, new varieties of cereal crops from Russia, Crimea, Caucasus and European regions have been brought to the local conditions.
In the experimental trials of wheat varieties, they have noticed how many grains of wheat, how much water is spent for each crop. The turbine varieties are from 11.9 grams to 23.4 grams, Sayram (18.4; 24.7); Nari - Red (18.9; 20.0); Kokand grade (14.9); Ola Birun (13.0) 4 Kokand Kairagach (16.9; 36.7); Arnautka (21.6; 28.9); Yellow magic (23.7; 24.9; 25.2); Ashgabat (33.5%); white wheat (18.9; 41.7); Red wheat (19.3, 28.0) grams weight. To grow a bush of wheat, 411 grams is consumed, and 713 grams of water are consumed. The lowest water consumption is Turbat (411 grams) and Arnautka varieties (428 g); the most popular consumption is the "Turkestan Collection", which tells about the demand for red wheat (713 g.) [16, 36-40].
Together with local varieties of wheat, clover was brought to Turkestan in tens of new varieties in the last quarter and beginning of the 19th century. At the end of the 19th century, the Kubanka wheat, which was successfully climbed in Turkestan, was highly valued in the market, yielded high yields and high yields of the local varieties in the villages and settlements inhabited by Russian immigrants. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian migration began to be popular (Kubanka) [16, 41]. "Arnautka" from South Russia (Ryazan, Samara - J.H) also sown in large areas, with its high yields, but also resistant to cereal diseases. It was also characterized by drought resistance, low water consumption, and hardness of grain (local varieties of grains - J. H.) [16, 38].
Together with the new wheat varieties such as Kubanka and Arnautka, Poltava, which is sown in autumn and spring in the country: the Kharkov wheat, which is also widely spread on the American continent, the wheat of high quality pasta, as well as Donbass, red wheat. These varieties were tested in
SPREAD OF NEW TYPES OF CORPS IN TURKISTAN CONTINENT AT THE END OF THE 19th - AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURIES
semi-arid areas, desert conditions, mountainous and mountain hills. Southern Russia wheat varieties have been successfully calcined, especially in the Poltava experimental test area [20, 730; 18, 67; 9, 95]. The varieties of these varieties have also been focused on the selection ofnew varieties oflocal wheat varieties.
The "Red Wheat of Turkey" is of high fertility, and in the early 20th century, a farmer from the US Montana, Ben Marshe, cultivated this type of wheat in his farm, with 1200 bushels of 20 acres (272 pood agronomic Filippov, 354 / poods-J.H.) field Seeding of winter varieties ranged from 35 to 50 bundles per acre, from 20 acres to 159 to 227 poods (Filippov calculated from 206 / to 294 / pounds). The yield ofTurkey's "Red Wheat" varieties was high with a hardness of 50 per cent to the local wheat grain. Four species of cereals: wheat, barley, corn, oats, Tashkent, Yalangochinsk steppe and Ashgabat experimental stations were operating in the United States for stubble farming. A second grain crop is counted. Early in the barley, white, red, and black barley varieties were cultivated in the region and climbed to the 19th century with new varieties of Himalayan and East. The autumn and spring barley cultivated and the barley season was shorter than the wheat. The Himalayas barley is a resistant, fertile, protected bird, with no homogeneous crust (so-called "coffee barley" - J. H.) because of its colored coffee.
In the region during the colonial period of the Russian Empire, the purpose of climate change, with the introduction of new varieties of barley, was of great importance as the kind of human and animal feed. When creating new varieties of barley, "amateur farmers" and workers at experimental stations were very busy. With the service of the landowner Malkin (Tashkent - J.H.), barley varieties "Shevale", "Golden Bard", "Naked barley" climbed in the 19th century in the region. Various varieties of barley varieties were produced by local varieties of pollen [18, 68; 20, 719].
All the work in the water, which is hard work with cereal crops, is a hand-made rice cake, and farmers have the experience ofrice cultivation and rice cultivation in favorable areas. The region is rich in rice production, along with India, Iran (Fors), and three rice varieties of rice "White Rice", "Barley Rice" and "Red Rice'! The "Red Rice" is of the highest quality, followed by "White Rice" in the second place. Although the quality ofbarley rice is a bit low, yields are high, with an average of 60 to 120 fodder per hectare. ("White rice" from 34 to 56 spikes -J. H.). Rice fields ranging from 25.21% to 16% of the total area of land sown to the Russian colony. In Tashkent (70.087 desyatina, mainly in Angren and Toytepa districts - J.H.) in the Samarkand region (41.91/9 desyatina) in Kokand of the Fergana valley, in the upper stream ofthe Sokh River, along the Andizhan, Zarafshan River and Khiva Khanate, Rice is planted to collect seeds of wheat and barley crops for harvesting after harvesting. Shared sowing was 16 per cent in the experienced dehkan farm, sometimes at 13
per cent. The rice is split into small pieces (40-50 sq. Ft. Sajin -J.H.), 1 desyatina is sprouted 7-8 pud seeds, the seeds sprout 8-10 days, and all children, even children, have to work in the water. As you know, rice requires a large amount ofwater. That's why it tried to climber the rice's relatively low demand. Instead of the "wet rice" in Turkistan, the issue of bringing the Chinese gang, which was initially wildly populated in the mountains in South China, was tidalized in the tropical climate. The local rice water consumption was cultivated in Italy by 3/1 and less than 2/1 less water, with the so-called "China rice" cultivating 5000 cubic meters of land. The General Assembly governor, Mr. Fon Kaufman, personally inquired about the "dry rice" issue, and in 1878 he demanded that his team be tested at the Samarkand experimental plantations. The general-governor asked how much less the "rice rice" than "wet rice" and, second, about the quality and productivity of these new varieties" [3, 8]. Since the 1980s, the local population gradually began growing new varieties of rice to save water. However, traditional rice varieties (especially red and white rice - J.H.) were of high quality, with the population to paint their market value.
The new Persian version from the Persian (Parsian) state was widely spread during the period of study, but with high yields, it could not withstand the quality of Kokand, as well as the "Karakiltrik", which will be delivered in Osh.
One of the cereals and cereals grown in Turkistan is the White Oat (corn), which feeds for domestic animals (cattle, horses, etc.), which is fed for the flour and livestock.
It is an important plant to increase the yield of the soil, such as cornseeds, in the cultivation of the amount of salt in the soil, and the sowing of other crops. The important thing is that the corn yield is higher than other cereal crops, and 150-180 desyatin from 1 desyatina irrigated [18, 71].
New varieties of corn were climbed at the Tashkent experimental station at the end of the 19th century. Originally from "Korol Philip"; Varieties such as "Nanerottiollo" and "Sekler" were tested and their vegetation period was determined. Subsequently, the American varieties such as "Chikvantino", "Kutaisi hybrid" began to be grown [20, 721; 9, 95]. The "Menna Oatmeal" has not been for a long time since the Central Asians entered the culture of cultivation, and Malkin's "White Oat" was a good result. The "Horse teeth" ("Constricted zub" - J.H.) was also created in the type ofwhite corn, "wrote Shakhnazarov [18, 72]. The "white head" oats varieties were 77 days, and the varieties ripen for about three months. Trying to create varieties of corn that give sugar. The motto was merged with "Corol Philipp" and got a new breed. Sugar can be obtained from "Motto", "Chikvintano" and "Sekler" at the experimental station. At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries thousands of de-syatinous regions of the Turkestan region were given the "Belyi zub" ("White teeth", "Minnezota № 1" and "Minnezota № 2"
(the shortest vegetation period was 64 days, J.H.) "Gordost Severa", "Laming", "Kaliko", "Rosen" and "North-West" were tested. "Two species of Minnezota" will be planted April 26, and will be harvested on 29 June. In mountainous areas such as "Mogar", "Bor", "Kunak", where the Kyrgyz live, These crops are not particularly interesting for the displaced populations in the Russian settlements, but these crops are widely spread in grazing lands and stubble fields [20, 724-730].
The cultivated cereal crops are widely spread in the region, which were cultivated as the second crop after the harvesting of wheat and barley, which were cultivated in the end of May and earlyJune of this year, such as "Red millet" and "White millet". Due to the limited capacity of cultivation in cultivated lands (rainy season will be at the end of May and earlyJune -J.H) no attention was paid to the introduction of new varieties of tar. However, the stubble, which requires less water, was attempts to introduce suitable varieties of tarrant for farming [19, 142.].
The juice of the cereal crops sown in agriculture has also been spread, and its new fertile species has been imported by Russian farmers who have been relocated to the country. Agronom and "amateur farmer", Malkin climbed "Canadian Canadian" in Chimkent, Syrdarya Region. The varieties of this new crop spread throughout the provincial governorships and began to produce yields to the farmers' satisfaction [18, 69].
In each source, each desyatine contains a variety of "Swedish", "Australian" 43 poode, "Shatilov" 40 poods, "Namerchan", 33 pounds yielding 50 pounds, and "Ganna" barley "experience. These varieties are climatized in experimental trials in Tashkent, Chimkent trains [20, 724-725].
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new varieties of cereals and cereals were successfully climbed in the Turkestan region. Due to the limited use of land funded by artificial irrigation, the colonial administration has a low watercourse crop for cultivation in the steppe areas where a large reserve fund has been established (mowing areas in mountainous and foothills areas - J.H) and stubble farming the main focus of climate varieties. In this regard, systematic selection works were carried out in the "Agriculture Brotherhood" Association, Tashkent, Chimkent, Samarkand, Ashgabat and test sites in dozens of areas.
During the Russian colonization of the Russian Empire during the years of the colonization of wheat "Kubanka", "Poltava", "Donbass", "Kharkov", barley barley "Banana Arpasi", "Shevale", "Bolden-Melon", "Yale barley" barley varieties such as "Chikvintano", "Kutaisi hybrid", "Kaliko", "Rosen", "Minne-zotto", "American", and "Canadian oats". High yields of varieties of cereal crops ("Kubanka", "Minnezotto", "Canadian oat) were distributed throughout the country to peasant farms.
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