CC BY
16
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal oj'Ecology, 2019,9(2), 1-4
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Spread of infestations and infections of honey bees on apiaries of Tyumen region and other regions of Russia
T.F. Domatskaya, A.N. Domatsky, Z.Ya. Zinatullina
All Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology, Branch of Federal State Institution, Federal Research Centre, Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, Tyumen, Russia.
E-mail: [email protected] Received: 04.03.2019. Accepted: 09.04.2019
Samples of dead bees, live bees and brood from 220 bee colonies of the South of Tyumen Region, 39-Leningrad, 30-Omsk, 2-Chelyabinsk and 14 colonies of Crimea were studied. Studies have shown that all the apiaries under study were affected by varroatosis, and 52.7%-by nosematosis. In the identification process of the pathogen of nosematosis, mainly N. ceranae microsporidia was found (29.3%), N. apis was registered in only one sample from Leningrad Region (0.33%), mixed infection (N. ceranae+N. apis) was found in bees from Leningrad, Omsk and Tyumen Regions (2.6%). The fact that in Tyumen Region, V. destructor mites are found in samples from all districts which is 21.8% of the samples studied, has been established. However, 40% of the examined apiaries had a high level of (8.3-34.5%) infested bee colonies, resulting in the death of bees in autumn-winter period. The pathogen of nosematosis-N. ceranae was found in bee samples from apiaries of 6 districts, which is 23.6% of the 220 samples studied. The degree of damage to bee colonies ranged from 0.15 to 105 million spores. In Isetsky, Nizhnetavdinsky and Tyumensky Districts, both pathogens of nosematosis (N. apis and N. ceranae)were found, which corresponded to 8% of the samples studies. N. apis microsporidia, as the only pathogen of nosematosis, was not found on any of the apiaries examined, which indicates that the new pathogen of N. ceranae prevails in its spread among honey bees. Studies of bee samples obtained from apiaries of Leningrad, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Tyumen Regions and Crimea made it possible to identify the infestation of bee colonies with Varroa destructor mites and Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae microsporidia. The fact that the pathogen of nosematosis Nosema ceranae is more widespread than Nosema apis has been established. Studies made in different regions of Russia are the basis for the development of a monitoring system of bee diseases in Tyumen Region. First of all, such studies should be made in districts where there is a large number of bee colonies.
Keywords: Bee colonies; infestations; infections; spread; Tyumen Region; Russia
Introduction
The expansion of trade between countries and regions, climate change, uncontrolled transportation of bees, queens, packages creates favorable conditions for the spread of honey bee pathogens, and a constant monitoring of bee colonies to identify pathogens is therefore required. Our analysis of the study results of bee colonies from 18 regions of Russia indicated that the studied apiaries were affected by acariasis, bacteriosis, virosis, mycosis, Microsporidia of bees. The following viruses were identified while studying the bees samples: deformed wing virus(DWV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), sacbrood virus (SBV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), bacteria: Paenibacillus larvae Larvae, Melissococcus pluton, Escherichia coli, Ascosphaera apis fungus, Varroa destructor, Acarapis externus, Acarapis woodi Rennie mites, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae microsporidia . Given that in Russia 78 regions out of 85 are engaged in beekeeping, it is relevant to make similar studies in all territories (Zinatullina et al., 2018). Tyumen Region has a favorable natural and climatic conditions and food supply for the development of beekeeping. According to the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service, 20014 bee colonies were kept in Tyumen Region as of 01.01.2018, while in personal part-time farms of citizens, there were 19615 bee colonies, in farm enterprises-399 bee colonies. The maximum number of bee colonies is kept in the following districts: Tyumensky (2307), Isetsky (1813), Vikulovsky (1755), Yalutorovsky (1557), Nizhnetavdinsky (1540). However, climate change, different biotic and anthropogenic factors have a negative impact on the industry, manifested primarily through decrease in the productivity of bee colonies, their quality, ability to resist diseases.Studies made by us in Tyumen Region in 2009-2016, enabled to identify apiaries affected by exoacarapidosis, varroatosis, nosematosis, ascospherosis, European foulbrood, sacbrood disease. Pathogens of American foulbrood and exoacarapidosis previously unrecorded in the region were registered for the first time on two apiaries. Of the
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 2
206 apiaries examined, 52.4% were marked as affected by varroatosis, where the degree of damage to bee colonies was more than 1%, although varroa mites were found in almost all samples. A significant degree of infection of bees with nosematosis was registered on 35.4% apiaries. Pathogens of exoacarapidosis, ascospherosis and European foulbrood present in bee colonies were found on 11% apiaries. The most common mixed infestation-infections of bees include the following: varroatosis-nosematosis, varroatosis-ascospherosis, varroatosis-nosematosis-ascospherosis, varroatosis-virosis (deformed wing virus), varroatosis-virosis (sacbrood), varroatosis-American foulbrood and European foulbrood. In 2010, two types of pathogens of nosematosi-Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae were registered for the first time in Russia (Zinatullina et al., 2011). The analysis of the sources of infection of bees by Nosema ceranae suggests that the pathogen is registered on apiaries, to which imported bee colonies and queen bees, as well as swarms from other apiaries are being added (Zinatullina, 2016; Zinatullina et al., 2017). The region has no general monitoring system of the bees health and causes of their death, and the study to identify pathogens of honey bees in some territories of Tyumen Region is therefore relevant.
Materials and methods
The aim of paper is to continue to study the spread of infestations-infections of honey bees on apiaries of Tyumen Region and other regions of the country. For study, samples of dead bees, live bees and brood from 220 bee colonies of the South of Tyumen Region, 39-Leningrad, 30-Omsk, 2-Chelyabinsk and 14 colonies of Crimea were studied. The studies were made in accordance with the regulatory documents for the identification of bee disease pathogens in the Russian Federation. A total of 305 samples from bee colonies of 36 apiaries were studied.
Results and discussion
Studies have shown that all the apiaries under study were affected by varroatosis, and 52.7%-by nosematosis (Table 1).
Table 1. Results of the apiaries examination.
Name of region
Leningrad Region Omsk Region Chelyabinsk Region
Tyumen Region
Crimea
Total
Number of apiaries examined
1
2 1
28
4
36
Number of apiaries affected by varroatosis
Not studied
2 1
28
4
35
Number of apiaries affected by nosematosis
1
2 0
12
4
19
In the identification process of the pathogen of nosematosis, mainly N. ceranae microsporidia was found (29.3%), N. apis was registered in only one sample from Leningrad Region (0.33%), mixed infection (N. ceranae + N. apis) was found in bees from Leningrad, Omsk and Tyumen Regions (2.6%) (Table 2).
Table 2. The study results of the bees samples test for varroatosis and nosematosis by regions.
Name of Number of samples Samples with V. destructor mites, Identified pathogens of nosematosis
region studied (samples/%), number of samples/(%)
N. ceranae N. apis N. apis+N. cerana
Leningrad 39 not studied 11/ (28.2) 1/ (2.6) 3/ (7.6)
Region
Omsk Region 30 4/(13.3) 5/(16.6) 0 1/ (0.96)
Tyumen 220 48/(21.8) 52/(23.6) 0 4/(1.8)
Region
Chelyabinsk 2 2/(100) 0 0 0
Region
Republic of 14 6/(42.8) 5/(35.7) 0 0
Crimea
Total 305 27/(19.6) 73/(29.3) 1/(0.33) 8/(2.6)
Note: the column *shows samples with V. destructor infection of more than 1.0%. Ectoparasites were found in all samples.
In Tyumen Region, during 2017-2018, 28 apiaries located in 7 districts of the region were examined. The fact that V. destructor mites are found in samples from all districts which is 21.8% of the samples studied, has been established. However, 40% of the examined apiaries had a high level of (8.3-34.5%) infested bee colonies, resulting in the death of bees in autumn-winter period. The pathogen of nosematosis-N. ceranae was found in bee samples from apiaries of 6 districts, which is 23.6% of the 220 samples studied. The degree of damage to bee colonies ranged from 0.15 to 105 million spores. In Isetsky, Nizhnetavdinsky and Tyumensky Districts, both pathogens of nosematosis (N. apis and N. ceranae)were found, which
3
Spread of infestations and infections of honey bees on apiaries
corresponded to 8% of the samples studies . N. apis microsporidia, as the only pathogen of nosematosis, was not found on any of the apiaries examined, which indicates that the new pathogen of N. ceranae prevails in its spread among honey bees.The study results are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. The study results of bee colonies in Tyumen Region for 2017-2018 years.
Name of Number of samples Samples * with V. destructor Identified pathogens of nosematosis, district studied mites, (samples/%) number of samples/(%)
N. ceranae N. apis N. apis+N.cerana
Aromashevs 5 5/(100.0) 0 0 0
ky
Vikulovsky 7 7/(100.0) 7(100.0) 0 0
Zavodoukov 5 3/(60.0) 3(60.0) 0 0
sky
Isetsky 4 2/(50.0) 2/(50.0) 0 1/(25.0)
Nizhnetavdi 12 6 (50.0) 3/(25.0) 0 1/(8.3)
nsky
Tyumensky 150 24/(16.0) 34/(22.6) 0 2/(1.3)
Tyumen City 37 2/(7.4) 3/(11.1) 0 0
Total 220 48/(21.8) 52/(23.6) 0 4/(1.8)
Note: The column *shows samples with V. destructor infection of more than 1.0%.
The results of a two-year study of bee colonies show a wide spread of the mixed course of varroatosis and nosematosis on apiaries of the region. To obtain objective data on the epizootic state of apiaries of the region, not only the dead bees and live adult insects should be studied, but also the unsealed and sealed bee and drone brood. Special attention should be paid to finding of viral and bacterial diseases in bees and queens.The data we have obtained coincide with the study results of bee colonies in other regions of Russia and abroad. The examination of apiaries located in the natural and climatic zones of the Urals and Siberia, identified the disease in bee colonies with nosematosis and varroatosis. In Orenburg Region, during the period 2011-2013, bee colonies on apiaries of three districts were studied for the presence of pathogens of varroatosis and nosematosis of bees. The data obtained confirm a high degree of varroatosis and nosematosis spread, and 75% of the bees sampled were found to have N. apis microsporidia, and 100% V. destructor mites (Ilyina & Aladdina, 2014). The study of bees on apiaries of Tomsk Region and Krasnoyarsk Region identified N. apis microsporidia in 23.8% of cases, N. ceranae-in the same number, in other cases (52.4%)-both pathogens. On two isolated apiaries of Krasnoyarsk Region, both pathogens with a predominance of N. ceranae were found in most of the colonies studied. Based on the data obtained, the studiers suggest that N. ceranae is widespread in nature, which should be further studied (Ostroverkhova et al., 2018). Samples of bees for nosematosis from 19 apiaries of Kirov, Leningrad Regions, Altai, Krasnodar, Stavropol, Perm Regions have been studied. The studies revealed that apiaries of all the named regions were affected by infection. Having said so, Nosema apis was registered on 4 apiaries, Nosema ceranae-on 4 apiaries, both pathogens were marked from samples of 6 apiaries. Pathogens of nosematosis (N. apis and N. ceranae) have also been registered in Moscow Region and the Udmurt Republic. The studies results confirm that the Nosema apis pathogen is being forced out of the population of honeybees by Nosema ceranae pathogen (Maslennikova et al., 2017; Galatyuk et al., 2014; Fedoriak et al., 2017).
The use of molecular genetic methods to identify honeybee pathogens has allowed to register about 20 viruses that cause infections in bees developing against the background of varroatosis and nosematosis. On the territory of the Russian Federation, such studies have been made in the Northern, Central and Southern Federal Districts. There is mainly a predominance of four types of viruses in terms of degree of incidence: deformed wing virus, Israeli acute paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, Kashmir bee virus (Goblirsch, 2018). The analysis of literature data and the results of our own studies has shown a wide spread of infectious diseases of bees on apiaries of Tyumen Region and other regions of Russia. The results obtained are similar to the data available in other countries. The need for regular monitoring of bee health is evidenced by studies made in a number of European countries, including Ukraine (Chen et al., 2008;, Fries, 2010), Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Holland, the United Kingdom, Italy, Serbia, Poland, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sweden, etc., where two types of nosema have been found that cause bee disease, accompanied by a sudden weakening and increased death of bees (Higes et al., ; Natsopoulou et al., 2016). Studies made in Slovenia have shown high mortality of bee colonies in mixed infections-infestation caused by V. destructor mite and deformed wing virus (DWV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), as well as N. ceranae and (DWV), N. apis and filamentous virus (FV) (Toplak et al., 2013).
Conclusion
Infestations and infections of honey bees are widespread on the apiaries of Tyumen Region and other regions of Russia. Studies of bee samples obtained from apiaries of Leningrad, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Tyumen Regions and Crimea made it possible to identify the infestation of bee colonies with Varroa destructor mites and Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae microsporidia. The fact that the pathogen of nosematosis Nosema ceranae is more widespread than Nosema apis has been established. Studies made in different regions of Russia are the basis for the development of a monitoring system of bee
4
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
diseases in Tyumen Region. First of all, such studies should be made in districts where there is a large number of bee colonies.
Acknowledgements
The article was prepared with the financial support of the FASO Russia within the framework of the topics of FSR No. 0371 -2018-0041 "Monitoring the most common, new and recurring diseases of honey bees" and the Program for Fundamental Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (AAAA-A18 -118020690242-7).
References
Chen, Y. P., Evans, J. D., Smith, I. B., & Pettis, J. S. (2008). Nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 97, 186-188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.010
Fedoriak, M. M., Tymochko, L. I., Kulmanov, O. M., Volkov, R. A., & Rudenko, S. S. (2017). Winter losses of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) coloniesin Ukraine (monitoring results of 2015-2016). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(4), 604-613. doi: 10.15421/2017_167 (in Ukrainian).
Fries, I. (2010). Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjip.2009.06.017
Galatyuk, A., Kisternaya, A., & Musienko, A. (2014). The assessment of epizootic honeybees North-East of Ukraine. Scientific messenger of LNU of veterinary medicine and biotechnologies, 3(60), 79-85 (in Urrainian).
Goblirsch, M. (2018). Nosema ceranae disease of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Apidologie, 1(49), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-017-0535-1
Higes, M, Martin-Hernandez, R., & Meana, A. (2010). Nosema ceranae in Europe: an emergent type C nosemosis. Apidologie, 41(3), 375-392, https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2010019
Ilyina, E. K., & Aladdina, O. I. (2014). Epizootology of honey bee diseases on the territory of Orenburg region. Proceedings of the Orenburg State University, 4(48), 183-185 (in Russian).
Maslennikova, V. I., Klimov, E. A., Korolev, A. V., Kokaeva, Z. G., Gareev, R. R., & Lunkova, A. A. (2017). Evalution of the influence of viral and mite prevalence on bee mortality. Beekeeping, 5, 28-30 (in Russian).
Ostroverkhova, N. V., Golubeva, E. P., Badmazhapova, E. A., Kucher, A. N., Konusova, O. L., & Pogorelov Y. L. (2018). Nosematosis type C in Siberia: retrospective analysis. Beekeeping, 1,26-28 (in Russian).
Natsopoulou, M. E., Doublet, V., & Paxton, R. J. (2016). European isolates of the Microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae have similar virulence in laboratory tests on European worker honey bees. Apidologie, 47, 57-65, doi: 10/1007/s13592-015-0375-9
Toplak, I., Ciglenecki, U. J., Aronstein, K., & Gregorc, A. (2013). Chronic bee paralysis virus and Nosema ceranae experimental co-infection of winter honey bee workers (Apis mellifera L.). Viruses, 5, 2282-2297, doi:10.3390/v5092282 Zinatullina, Z. Y., Zhigileva, O. N., & Tokarev, Y. S.(2011). Methodical instructions for the differential diagnosis of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Proc. Scientific. Tr. VNIIVEA, Tyumen, 51, 286-300 (in Russian). Zinatullina, Z. Ya. (2016). Pathogens nosema honey bees on apiaries of the Tyumen region. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Arachnology and Entomology, 53, 124-128 (in Russian).
Zinatullina, Z. Ya., Domatskaya, T. F., & Domatsky, A. N. (2017). Infection diseases of bees on apiaries of the Tyumen region. Beekeeping, 8, 20-22 (in Russian).
Zinatullina, Z. Ya, Dolnikova, T. Y., Domatskaya, T. F., & Domatsky, A. N. (2018). Monitoring diseases of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Russia. Ukranian journal of ecology, 8(3), 106-112.
Citation: Telekalo, N., Mordvaniuk, M., Shafar, H., Matsera, O. (2019). Spread of infestations and infections of honey bees on apiaries of Tyumen region and other regions of Russia. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(2), 1-4. LM^^Bbhis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
