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11SPECIFICS OF PROCESSES OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION AND PARTICIPATION OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL PROCESS
Abstract
The article reveals the problem of the formation and implementation of the political potential of the new generation of the Russian youth. The authors focus on the specifics of the political position of the young people. There is the specific character of the political and social resources of the younger generation as a special cohort of society that has been analyzed. The authors stated that the youth as a socio-demographic group have no certain integrity. The internal social, economic and political differentiation determines their further participation in the social and political life of the country. The authors provide the differentiation of the values of the youth group which stipulate their level of incorporation in the political and social spheres of Russian society. The article presents the results of a number of sociological studies devoted to the integration process of young people in the social and political practices. The level of their interest in political events serves as an indicator of the social and political self-determination of the Russian youth . On the one hand the young people have potential to influence the political sphere of the state, on the other hand, as a vulnerable social and age group, they need support of the government and public institutions. The authors provide evidence of the view that young people are characterized by the lability of consciousness, instability of political orientations and attitudes. These characteristics of the youth group might lead to disorganization and result in protest behavior. The authors justified the prospects of the realization of the political potential of the young people. Political education is of paramount importance in the formation of political subjectivity of the youth in modern Russian circumstances. The authors focus on the objective and subjective factors influencing the processes of political socialization and involvement of the young people in the political process of the country.
Keywords
youth, political process, political capacity, political subjectivity, political participation,
political socialization
AUTHOR Alexey Melnikov
PhD in Politics
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Oryol, Russia melnikov@orel. ranepa.ru
It's a widely held belief that in any state the younger generation performs particular social functions: inherits the reached level of development of the society and the state; is the main object of education and upbringing, adaptation and socialization; acts as the leading subject of social movements and economic mobility; performs the function of social reproduction. Young citizens act as the main strategic resource of the nation, are chief conductors of scientific, technical, social and economic progress, progressive ideas and innovations of the global world as well. Their creative imagination, efficiency and energy are important for ensuring the continuous movement of the society forward.
A lot of scientists note facts of alienation of the majority of young people from the policy of the state, mistrust to the power, underestimated assessment of their own position and social status, fragmentariness of the political and electoral culture which blocks active participation of the youth in the political process of modern Russia. At the same time involvement in politics is an important indicator of how this sphere of life promotes interests of large social groups as well as various mass youth movements.
The modern youth are to provide social mobility of society, act as a source of sociopolitical and economic initiatives which provide full development of the society. Today the youth are on a stage of formation and development of new social and political roles.
Possibilities of political socialization of the youth are naturally connected with prospects of modernization of the current society. Significant contribution to the development of the Russian science in the specified range of problem was made by researches I.M. Ilyinsky, V.A. Lukov, P. A. Merkulov, O. M. Karpenko, etc.
It's becoming increasingly obvious that a lack of interest of the political elite towards the young citizens is a potential factor of strengthening tensions in the society. Globalization gives striking examples underlining " basic change of the system of international coalitions against the increase of conflictogenity of the world community has become a manifestationsof post bipolarity. The numerical structure of the interstate unions, and the functions which they are supposed to perform in the field of safety are changing " [8, c.167].
If we consider the youth generally as a special cohort of society, it is essential to reveal their overall functions and characteristics:
- the youth, inheriting the sociocultural and political experience of the previous generations and providing continuity of the reached level of social development, act as the main strategic resource of society reproduction;
- the youth possess essential innovative potential realization of which depending on social and economic conditions and influence of political forces can have either a constructive or destructive orientation. The uncertainty of ideological and political views of the younger generation creates favorable conditions for them to be manipulated by various political forces and promotes implementation of their imperious interests [1, c.6-7];
- the younger generation plays a significant role in ensuring necessary level of defence capacity, safety and protection of the state;
The new academic level reached by young people nowadays which significantly differs from that of the previous generations and their ability to adapt quickly to the changing conditions are in high demand in the modern market economy.
At the same time, the youth as a social and demographic group don't represent a certain integrity, and are characterized by internal social and political differentiation. The fact of belonging to a particular stratum in many respects determines the functional role of young people in the activities of society which defines their further participation in the political life of the country [2, c.93].
So, for example among young people coming from big and middle-sized cities democratic attitudes are better expressed (the difference is over 10% in relation to peasants). They are inclined to appreciate having opportunity to influence the situation in the country in order to display their public and civil energy. However, many scientists point out that the youth today in the majority are reluctant to invest their energy and strength in the political life of the Russian society - in politics, in elections, in the activities of the local community.
The younger generation is, as a rule, not capable to understand and analyse change of political process of their own accord. At different stages of development society imposes certain requirements on them in the form of norms, reference frame and values, and, as we know, political orientations and the reference frame of the younger generation
are unstable and subject to manipulation from various political forces. Therefore, the problem of studying mechanisms of their involvement in the system of political connections and relations in order to find ways and means of overcoming their political apathy emerges full blown.
One of the features of the socio-political self-determination of the Russian youth is in a varying degree their interest in political events: about 40% of young respondents declare it; those who are not interested in politics amount to 59%. The fact that policy and political life is the background for a considerable part of the youth, is quite natural, considering that at this age the main attention is concentrated on studies and family as well as work. Politics and community involvement is a priority only for 4% of young respondents.
With the increase of social involvement(university , army, work, etc.) there comes a marked shift of their priorities towards public and political participation. Thus, in the junior age group of 17-20 years the general interest in politics is demonstrated in a varying degree by 41%, in the middle group (21 -23 years) - 48%, in the senior (24-30 years) - 57%. And, in the senior group the share of those interested in politics surpasses the number of those who isn't interested in it (57% against 42%). Additionally, a considerably bigger interest in politics is displayed by the youth who are satisfied with their financial state (in comparison to those who estimate it negatively)[6, c.143].
It should be mentioned that the status of the youth in the circumstances of system transformation of Russian society has a contradictory character. Firstly, the youth form a social basis of public change and are more adaptive to new socio-political realities. Young people tend to show aspiration and individuality, and thanks to group factors of activity and their potential they have an opportunity to influence the political sphere of the state. Secondly, the younger generation as an object of the state youth policy, only starts logging in the public relations and therefore remains the most vulnerable community group requiring support of the state and public institutes.
It should be remembered that organizations of pseudo-patriotic and antisocial orientation can take advantage of them which often leads to their disorganization, destruction of mass culture, substitution of values and cultural codes, "'hyping" russophobia in their environment, as well as wiping off historical memory. "March of millions" across Big Yakimanka to Bolotnaya Square, Sunday march of memory of B. Nemtsov, etc. are examples of that.
In our opinion, one of the factors of young citizens', namely students' involvement in the protest movement is their understanding of the low extent of actual participation in the political life of the country. On the contrary, the opposition promises the youth such opportunities providing examples of common people who became known thanks to active participation in revolutionary movements: ranging from the Argentinian Che Guevara to Navalny.
Taking into consideration social and psychological features of the youth, lability of their consciousness, instability of their political orientations it is necessary to educate them in terms of politics so that they could be aware of the importance of their position in society and their political force. As E.N. Malik rightly notes, "without allocation of the youth as an independent political subject development of a stable society based on the principles of ravnopraviya and unrestraint management is impossible" [3, c.10].
We will refer to the demoscopic data obtained by the All-Russian Center of Studying of Public Opinion (ARCSPO) whether our fellow citizens welcome repetition of the events similar to the Ukrainian "Euromaidan", and how probable they consider similar mass political movementprotest . Being asked "would you like repetition of the Ukrainian Maidan-2014 in Russia", our fellow citizens respond 'no' almost unanimously: 94% said that they didn't wish actualization of the similar scenario in the country (in February, 2014 this answer was also given by 94%). Young people take sides with them (94% from
18 to 24 years) and the elderly (93% are older than 60 years). Three quarters of the respondents (76%) are sure - in the Russian state protest movement similar to "Euromaidan" is largely impossible (Over the year this ratio hasn't changed much : 75% in February, 2014) . This point of view is shared to a greater extent by the respondents with high income (80%) trained in HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (79%) rather than needy (71%) and poorly educated (65%). (VCIOM Press release No. 2791. Electronic resource).
Against this backdrop the highest priority of all the actors of political socialization of the youth is to deter them from being involved in the protest movement so that the desire of foreign political strategists will be put paid to.
Political education and political culture of the youth in many respects define their opportunity and capability to enjoy their civil rights and determine the orientation of their political activities. It is worth emphasizing that political enlightenment of modern Russian young people took place during the social and economic crisis and political instability. The contents and features of political socialization of the younger generation depend on such factors as:
- outcomes of political reforms of today and social stratification of the population in connection with the property ownership and levels of income;
- young people's employment, their position in the labor market as realm of youth policy of local governments and local communities;
- proactive attitude of the youth, their involvement in political process;
- weakening of influence on the youth of traditional agents of political socialization (family, education system and upbringing, groups of contemporaries, etc.);
- shortage of controllability of political socialization of the youth from local community and authorities.
Thus, political and public institutes have to create conditions for inclusion of the youth in the system of political life of society. The contents and orientation of this process in many respects will define further participation of the younger generation in transformations and improvement of public system.
Today it is vital to counteract the threat of "maidans" in Russia through creation of the all-Russian network of the organizations of a new format (youth, political, military and historical, sports, etc.) "loaded" with pronounced patriotic, "anti-Maidan" ideology [4, c.182].
Associations of this sort have to be aimed at carrying out extensive information and explanatory work with the youth concerning the specifics of technologies of revolutions and "color revolutions", their purposes, tasks, the historic background and scenario for Russia. Considering the specifics and creativity of the youth group, the main media platforms are blogs, groups in social networks, "publics", forums, etc.
In order to comprehend features of the development of Russian society and to take part in resolution of a set of political problems, citizens, especially the young ones , require sufficient political experience and knowledge. The extent of political and social performance of young people largely depends on their level of knowledge, political and legal culture. This tendency in many respects defines the capability of the society in general to life reorganization in line with conditions of radical reforms and social changes.
Institutes of education are to play a significant role in this area. modern higher education institution acts as an indisputable leader in involvement of young people in large projects, "which gives the chance to the most active part of students to get fulfilled and take a step further in their professional growth" [5, c.63].
In conclusion it is necessary to say that features of the circumstances and stages of society's development essentially define characteristics of lifestyle and a specifi c set of values of the younger generation. Today political actors as well as obshchestvenkny and commercial groups and associations seek to have an impact on the outlook, formation and
realization of political potential of the youth , to win younger generation over rather than strengthen their own position.
In this connection political socialization of modern Russian young people has to be carried out in order to achieve their full integration into public and political structures which could neutralize protest moods among the most active social groups of the population, students in the first place. After all one of the features of the youth is their openness and ability to lead civil dialogue which, in our opinion, is the most effective and fast means of reaching compromise on the way of building democratic state.
REFERENCES
1. Ilyinsky I.M., VA Onions. The state youth policy in Russia: philosophy of continuity and alternation of generations.//Knowledge. Understanding. Ability. 2008. No. 4. - Page 5-14.
2. Karpenko O. M., Lamanov I.A. Molodezh in modern political process of Russia. The monograph of M Publishing house of SGU of 2006 - 560s
3. Malik E.N. Features of inclusion of youth to the political sphere of society of modern Russia//Education and society. 2008. No. 4. Page 8-10.
4. Manoylo A.V. Counteraction to distribution of ideology of color revolutions in the youth environment.//Electronic magazine "World politics". 2015. No. 1. - Page 180-191.
5. Merkulov P. A. Realization of the state youth policy in the Oryol region.//Knowledge. Understanding. Ability. 2013. No. 4. Page 60-64.
6. Merkulov P. A., Malik E.N., Budarina K.A. Institutsionalization of the youth organizations and associations in modern Russia: problems and prospects//Power. 2015. No. 4. - Page 140-145.
7. "A Maidan in Russia: it is improbable and is undesirable". VCIOM Press release No. 2791//[Electronic resource]//wciom.ru. / Date of the address 12.03.2015.
8. Tsybakov D. L., Malik E.N. Modification of functions of the interstate unions in the conditions of increase of a conflictogenity of world politics//the Central Russian messenger of social sciences. 2014. No. 4. Page 167-173.
USE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF IFRS (IAS) 39 "FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS: RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT" FOR BANK FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Abstract
Accounting of credit unions significantly differs from accounting of other managing subjects. In this regard, the importance of preparation of financial accounting by credit unions according to requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) increases. The purpose of the paper is to use the principles of IFRS (IAS) 39, to consider features of financial assets and financial obligations regarding risks (hedging).
Keywords
International Financial Reporting Standards, financial asset, financial obligation, hedging
AUTHOR Svetlana Mullinova
PhD in Economics, Associate Professor Department of Accounting Kuban State Agricultural University Krasnodar, Russia [email protected]
