CC BY
90
UDC 634.711:631.527
SPECIES DIVERSITY OF A SORT RUBUS L. AND ITS UTILIZATION IN RASPBERRY SELECTION
Evdokimenko S.N., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences All-Russian Selection and Technological Institute of Horticulture and Breeding Nursery
Bryansk Region, Russia
Jakub I.A., Post-graduate student Bryansk State Agricultural Academy, Bryansk, Russia
E-mail: serge-evdokimenko@yandex.ru
ABSTRACT
The article presents review information about species variety of Rubus. L., morphological and biological peculiarities of raspberry wild species have been presented; their indication and properties which are worth selecting.
KEY WORDS
Raspberries; Wild species; Breeding; Interspecific hybridization; Yield; Adaptation.
Development of the crops species meeting up-to-date demands is possible only on the basis of a profound knowledge of their biology, genetics, systematisation, and also ownership of methods of development, a host material takeoff and appraisal. N. I. Vavilov noted a great value of a remote hybridization in development and plant selections, including fruit plants [1]. It is known, that cross of generically distant types contributes in formation of a various stem of mutations, developing process of duplications of genes, results in the intrachro-mosomal and interchromosomal respeed keys changing linkage groups and layout of genes in a genotype. At interspecific crossings possibilities of genetic divergence of hybrid breed that allows creating a unique material for taking off of types with a wide spectrum of econom-ically-biological tags considerably expand. It is fixed, that at an appraisal of a recombinational variability in breed it is necessary to note possibilities of straight and indirect agency abiotic and biotic factors of medium on frequency and a spectrum of recombinations [2]. Interspecific hybridization is the major method of increasing of adaptive potential and, first of all, an ecological stability of quality in up-to-date and future selection.
The raspberry refers to the set Pink (Rosaceae Juss.), to sort Rubus L., which one includes multiple bushes, sub shrubs and herbaceous plants, numbers 12 subgenuses and 740 separate aspects. It refers to subgenus Idaeobatus merging about 120 aspects. The majority of representatives of this subgenus - diploids (2n=14) though there can be triploid (3n=21) and tetraploid (4n=28) types[3, 16]. The species Idaeobatus are centred in northern Asia, but there are also in Africa, Australia, Europe and the North America [11]. The largest diversity is in southwest China which one is a probable focus of origin of a subgenus.
The representatives of natural aspects of a raspberry are hardly discriminated on morphology, starting from stunted or humifuse types (R. chamoemorus L. and R. crassifolius) less than 0,25 m high to the types with thick blackcap caulises, such as R. corchorifolius, and also the large expanded types(R. ellipticus) which grow up to 4-6 m. high, their caulises have width up to 10 sm [7]. There are species that are very much strait-growthy(bole), especially cultivated in northern latitudes, other species are sprawling or groveling. Strait-growthy types adapted for a temperate climate often become sprawling, at cultivation in warmer conditions of subtropics. Leaves differ from continuous to wing and decompound with a diameter from 5 mm. 20 sm.
The majority of raspberry species are biennial or perennial plants which produce innovation shoots of a current year from a perennial sinner in the first year and fructiferous suckers on them in the second year and then caulises deteriorate and dry up. Some sorts, such
as R. odoratus, are completely perennial. Their caulises remain unchanged and yield fruit year after year without drying up. When R. odoratus was used for raspberry selection, the takeoff has not been routed on saving of a perennial growth form that is why cultivars of a raspberry with perennial overground system do not exist. Other species are completely anno-tinous, their fruits come up on the last annual shoots or on fructiferous suckers which grow from land (as for R. arcticus), but the plant substructure is perennial, as for biennial species. Some species form biennial caulises, but have small fruit brearing on last annual shoots. This tag has been used for cultivated species R. idaeus to gain the sorts with primary fruit brearing on last annual shoots.
Raspberry species considerably differ on a size of flowers and fruits, the type, colour, taste, frame and architecture. R. idaeus and R. strigosus derivate small flowers with white tabs and calux lobes from small to medium-sized, it is routine on 5 for each of them. However, some raspberry sorts have large flowers with a lump and larger tabs, forming over 500 ovules on a torus, like R. sumatranus. Colouring of flowers of natural species is different, so R. odoratus is purple- lilaceous, R. parvifolius - pink, R. spectabilis - red-purple, and some Chinese species - bright dark red colour.
Fruits of many species and sorts are tender,they mussed in transit. Nevertheless, some wild-growings pecies, such as R. pileatus differ in strong baccas with a small lumen inside and high elasticity. A radiant of tightness for many sorts in programs on raspberry selection in Ist-Mollinge, Scotland, Russia was sort Cumberland (R. occidentalis) [10].
Wild-growing raspberry species are essentially discriminated in extent separability of baccas from a torus. Fruits of one species are removed very easily, can slough spontaneously when they will attain a full maturity. The brake-off extent can differ very much even in one species.
Raspberry cultivars are hardly subject to infection contaminations of a caulis, leaves and fruits. The sensibility to diseases is also generic in wild-growing raspberry spesies, but some of them, such as R. pileatus are largely independent against a grey mould of fruits (Bo-trytis cinerea).
The taste and aroma of raspberry fruits varies very greatly - from "uneatable" to very tasty. In the presence of demand for high-quality fruits in the market of green commodity, the utilisation in selection as the capacity of radiants of true "raspberry" aroma and dessert taste of such wild-growing species, as R deliciosa and R. niveus is perspective [10].
The genetic diversity of a raspberry is very weakly probed and in selection the bounded quantity of species has been used. The major part of genoplasma Idaebatus still should be sized up and used in hybridization to add new properties to the future sorts.
The majority of existing raspberry species has originated primarily from a raspberry ordinary or european red (Rubus idaeus L. subsp. vulgatus Arrhen, 2n=14) and from a raspberry setaceous American (Rubus idaeus L. subsp. strigosus Michx., 2n = 14). Moreover, the appraisal of genetical baseline of summer raspberry species has displayed, that they are derivatives only of 25 basic clones [6].
At the same time, as professor H.Hall notes [10], the majority of programs on raspberry selection actively include a new genoplasma of wild-growing species Rubus. in their probes. So in Europe at least 16 species have been sized up and used in the capacity of radiants of new tags. In the North America not less than 58 species are in learning and applied in hybridization. In the program of the research station in Ist-Mollinge new genes of the European species were more often attracted though a number of species from Asia [15] were occasionally used. The selection programs USDA-ARS in Oregon and Maryland, both state and regional programs in Northern Carolina (the Washington state university) and British Columbia (the Canadian research centre of agriculture and the food) have concentrated their attention on the Asian species[8]. Here wild-growing species Idaeobatus - R. biflorus, R. cockburnia-nus, R. coreanus, R. crataegifolius, R. ellipticus, R. eustephanos, R. flosculosus, R. ha-waiensis, R. hirsutus, R. innomatus, R. kuntzeanus, R. lasiocarpus, R. lasiostylus, R. leuco-dermis, R. mesogaeus, R. niveus, R. parvifolius, R. phoenicolasius, R. pileatus, R. pungens Oldhami (the moulding box W yellow fruits R. niveus), R. rosifolius, R. sachalinensis, R. spectabilis, R. sumatranus and R. trifidus have been successfully crossed to a raspberry setaceous American and the prolific breed was gained. Complementary crosses are effected
with R. deliciosus, R. odoratus and R. parvifolius from subgenus Anoplobatus; R. arcticus and R. stellatus from subgenus Cylactis; R. trivialis and R. ursinus from subgenus Rubus; and R. chamaemorus from subgenus Chamaemorus [9]. These species have a wide spectrum of valuable tags for developing of more perfect raspberry species (table 1).
In selection programs of Russia basically infraspecific crosses within R. idaeus were used. In some cases for obtaining species with strong and amicably maturating baccas R. occidentalis. species were used. As a result of intensive hybridization the rich gene pool with a larger kit of valuable economic-biological tags, including remontant phylum of fruit brearing has been created. However, remontant parent forms of R. idaeus. species and especially its European subspecies passed the breed, along with many valuable tags, such unwanted properties, as sprawling phylum of a tod, soft, nonsimuitaneous maturating baccas, a sensibility to a number of dangerous diseases. The remontant raspberry species created on this genetical ground is not capable to form in the conditions of Central locale of Russia a valuable crop before autumnal frosts. In breed of a red raspberry it was not possible to designate and large-fruited remontant forms. Only genotypes which pulp of baccas is checked by oligo-gene L1, however, for them the small allowed band of autumnal fruit brearing dominating and in succeeding generations is characteristic.
It was possible to make the selection burst in developing new remontant forms on the basis of interspecific hybridization with utilization along with a raspberry red (R. idaeus L.), raspberries black genoplasma (R. occidentalis), hawthornleaf (R. crataegifolius Bge.), fragrant (R. odoratus L.), remarkable (R. spectabilis Pursh.) and Arctic brambleberries (R. arcticus L.). Utilisation of genetic resources of a raspberry natural aspects has allowed to avoid developing process in remontant breed of unwanted qualities of a raspberry red [5].
Raspberry ordinary, or European red (R. idaeus L. subsp. vulgatus Arrhen, 2n=14) which is widely spread in Europe and Northwest Asia - the producer of multiple bunch of sorts. The representatives of this subspecies have sprawling bush with direct or slightly inclined acanthceous caulises. A surface of annotinous increments is green, after wintering -grey-brown. Fruits are red or yellow, routinely oblong-conic, with /or glandular fuzz, soft, tasty, with particular "raspberry" aroma.
Raspberry American setaceous (R. idaeus L. subsp. strigosus Michx., 2n = 14) is distributed in the North America, differs from European red in more direct outgrowths, rare, but chalybeate tongues. A current season's increment is green-purple, hibernate. Fruits of the semi ball-shaped type, light-red and yellow, tight enough frequently with multiple glandular fuzzes, mediocre taste. A raspberry the European red and American setaceous are crossed well among themselves and on this bases many quality and perspective hybrid types were gained.
Raspberry black, or blackcap raspberry (R. occidentalis L., 2n = 14) in nature grows in the North America. This is sub shrub with accurate outgrowths coated with thick, seamed tongues. Last annual shoots green, with grey or nearly so lilac scurf, hibernate - dark brown, with dense lilac scurf. Fruits black-violet, sometimes yellow, semi ball-shaped, tight, fresh-sweet, are easily abjointed from fruit-stalk. Propagates rootage of cops of annotinous increments. In selection uses as the donor of an amicable maturation of baccas, their heightened tightness, and also nonshattering baccas at fruit sleepiness.
Raspberry hawthornleaf (R. crataegifolius Bge., 2n = 14) is spread in Far East of Russia, China, Korea, Japan. It differs rigid, straitgrowing, often with the branching caulises coated with rare, but acute tongues. Leaves are similar to aglet leaves, from an underside with tongues. The berries are roundish, bright red, nitidous, is fresh-sweet, with fragile clutch of drupes.
It merits utilization in selection for sustainability to a number of fungous diseases, attractiveness of bright red ("diamond") baccas, capable a long time (till 7 days) not to dote after a maturation, and also for rigid strait growing sprouting, that is relevant at developing of the sort for not espalier cultures.
Mulberry (R. odoratus L.) is the donor of sustainability to a number of fungous diseases, high winter-hardiness, early fruit brearing on annotinous outgrowths. Some hybrids of a raspberry fragrant with a raspberry red give back a crop from annotinous outgrowths earlier, than remontant hybrids of a raspberry red [13].
Table 1 - Valuable features of breeding of wild species of the genus Rubus
Species Characteristics
Subgenus Idaeobatus
R. biflorus Buch. Drought-resistance, to a heat, a leaf spot, a caulis spot
R. chingii Hu. Size of fruits, taste and quality, straight growth, thornlessness
R. cockburnianus Hemsl. High load of a caulis generative educations, late-ripening fruits on caulises of the second year
R. ellipticus Sm. Extremely heavy-lift bush, nitrogen fixation
R. eustephanos Focke ex Diels Very much a lump of drupes, a heavy-lift bush
R. flosculosus Focke High load of a caulis generative educations, straitgrowy mien, disease resistance of a caulis
R. hawaiensis A. Gray Very large fruits, drupelets, sustainability to heat and strong moisture, colour from dark red to the magenta
R. hirsutus Thunb. Large fruits, drupelets, sustainability to heat and strong moisture, oscillation of temperatures tolerates in the winter, an attractive bright red fruit, a high contents of vit.C.
R. illecebrosus Focke. Fruit brearing of last annual shoots, tolerates heat and moisture, tolerates oscillations of winter temperatures, is disease-resistant leaves and a caulis, large fruits, drupelets
R. innominatus S. Moore Sustainability to a root rot, phytophtore, early fruit brearing of last annual shoots, late maturation, tolerates heat and moisture, is vibration-proof winter temperatures, high productivity, diverse colour and taste, large fruits, straitgrowy mien
R. kuntzeanus Hemsl. Drought-resistance, to a heat, a leaf spot, a caulis spot
R. lasiostylus Focke. Large size of fruits, Good coupling of drupes, sustainability to sheet mottles
R. leucodermis Douglas ex Topp Productive, large size of fruits, sustainability to a virus of bosky dwarfism, very heavy-lift, early-ripe, later a breaking
R. mesogaeus Focke. Sustainability to gray mold wilt of a caulis, an ulcerative spot of caulises
R. niveus Thunb. Syn., R. Albescens Rob., Tolerate heat and moisture, black fruits are disease-resistant cau-
R. distans D. Don., R. lasiocarpus Sm., R. pauciflorus Wall., R. pinnatus D. Don, R. rosaeflorus Roxb. lises and leaves, a magenta spot, a wet fungous rot of fruits, straitgrowy mein, strength of fruits, good taste, a lump of fruits on 1 outgrowth, fruit brearing on biennial caulises and on last annual shoots
R. parvifolius L. Syn., R. triphyllus Thunb. Drought-resistance, to heats, a leaf spot, a spot of a caulis, a root rot, diseases of the caulis, some tolerance 2 oscillations of winter temperatures, a productive, heavy-lift, good size of fruits, bright fruits, sustainability to the web tick
R. phoenicolasius Maxim. Sustainability to a true mildew, root rot, very sticky plant
R. pileatus Focke. Sustainability to an ulcerative spot of caulises, gray mold wilt , a purple spot, a wet fungous rot of fruits, a root rot; good taste of fruits
R. pinafaensis Levl. Large tasty fruits; drupelets
R. pungens Oldhamii (Miq.) Early-ripe with fruit brearing of caulises of the second year, winterhardiness, sustainability to a purple spot, colour of fruits is yellow
R. rosifolius Sm. Leaches a heat, a straight caulis, disease resistance of a caulis
R. sachalinensis H. Lev. Cold resistant, very heavy-lift, large size of a drupe, excellent taste and colour
R. sumatranus Miq. Large fruits, it is independent to Phytophthora ,repeated blooming
R. trifidus Thunb. Large fruits, with acanthas or without them, is disease-resistant leaves and caulises, heavy-lift, yellow or black fruits
Subgenus Anoplobatus
R. deliciosus Torr. It is adapted for a drought, cold resistant
R. odoratus L. Early-ripe, sustainability to an ulcerative spot of caulises
R. parviflorus Nutt. The large, eumorphic fruits similar to a raspberry, genetic diversity
Subgenus Cylactis
R. stellatus Sm., R. arcticus ssp stellatus Aroma, winter-resistance
Subgenus Chamaemorus
R.chamaemorus L. High contents of an ascorbic acid; the winter-hardy; taste; thornless
Subgenus Rubus
R. trivialis Nlichx. The early-ripe; it is independent against heat, high humidity and oscillations of winter temperature
R. ursinus (Cham. & Schltdl) Outstanding quality of fruits, productive, large size of fruits
Salmonberry (R. spectabilis Pursh.) is the valuable donor of permanent flowering capacity, early ripeness, a harmony of a maturation of a crop, multiplicity of sweet branchlets on a caulis, and also bright colouring of baccas. In itself speciesR. spectabilis is not remontant. In 1973 on the Ist-Mollingsky experimental station separate types of this species have been included in crossing a raspberry red early ripeness for magnification of summer types of a raspberry. Unexpectedly in first backcrossing breed of hybrids there were nurselings with exclusively early aestivo-autumnal fruit brearing on annotinous outgrowths [12, 14]. These donor tags of a salmonberry are widely used and in our selection job.
Wineraspberry (R.neglectus Peck., 2n =14) and Korean raspberry (R. coreanus Mig.). These species are spread on the Korean island and in Japan. They differ in strongly thorned, hanging down and routinely branching outgrowths, orange-red baccas of mediocre taste. Some types of these species are perspective in utilization in selection with high stability (im-munodefence) to a number of fungous diseases, to a transmitting agent of virus infections - a plant louse (A. idaei), raspberry to a midge. The wineraspberry, besides, has immunode-fence to a raspberry bug.
Nagoon-berry (R. arcticus L.) is the donor of permanent flowering capacity and excellent taste of baccas with exclusive aroma. However it gives low yielding ability to the breed.
The utilisation of some donors and radiants mentioned above in selection job of Ko-kinsky base station has allowed to create a unique gene pool of a perpetual raspberry with a wide spectrum of economic-valuable tags. Among breed of interspecific remontant types a number of the early ripening varieties completely completing a maturation of a crop more narrow in the first half of September (Indian summer -2, Eurasia, the Penguin, Snezhet’, the Sorcerer, the bow to Kazakov) is secreted.
By step hybridization of the most large-fruited quality of a raspberry red with a number of interspecific types high-yielding genotypes with pulp of a bacca to 6-12 g (quality the Atlas, the Bryansk miracle, Gerakle, the Orange miracle, Snezhet’, the Sorcerer, Ruby necklace) are created, that in 2-3 times exceeds pulp of baccas of the most wide-spread not remontant quality of a raspberry.
A large diversity of remontant typesof a raspberry under the quality indicators of baccas which are switching on such tags as taste, biochemical makeup, attractiveness of appearance, transportability and others is determined, that creates real possibilities for takeoff of the necessary genotypes. On this bases types with dessert taste of baccas and true "raspberry" aroma - the Firebird, the Atlas, the Orange miracle, Snezhet, the bow to Kazakov were gained.
The interspecific hybridization was perspective and in raspberry selection on crop mechanical harvesting. The species Eurasia, the Penguin, the Atlas, and also selective types 6230-1, 17-200-1, 23-173-1 has heightened tightness of baccas, their good compartment from fruit-stalk and rather amicable mellowing of a crop which one can be cleaned for 3-4 dues.
The weight of evidence suggests that further perfecting of parent forms of a raspberry on a wide interspecific ground will allow creating even more productive type with high-level of ecological stability and quality indicators of fruits.
REFERENCES
1. Vavilov N.I.meaning of intergeneric and interspecific hybridization in selection and evolution of plants//the Selected compositions. Genetics and selection. - M: "Ear", 1966. - p. 238-253.
2. Zhutchenko A.A.ecological genetics of cultivated plants: the theory and prac-tice//Agricultural biology, №3, 1995, p. 24.
3. Cossacks, I.V.selection of a raspberry in an average strip of RSFSR / I.V. Cossacks. -Tula: Prioksky book publishing house, 1989 - 217 p.
4. Cossacks, I.V. A raspberry remontant/I.V. Cossacks, S.N.Evdokimenko. - M, the All-Russia selektsionno-institute of technology of gardening and transplant nursery of Russian Agricultural Academy- 2007. - 288 p.
5. Dale, A., P.P. Moore, R.J. McNicol, T.M. Sjulin, and L.A. Burmistrov. 1993. Genetic diversity of red raspberry varieties throughout the world. J. Am. Soc. Yort. Sci. 118:119129.
6. Darrow, G.M. Blackberry and raspberry improvement/Darrow G.M.//Yearbook of the U.S. Departament of Agriculture. - 1937. - P. 496-533.
7. Finn, C. Whats going on in the world of the Rubus breeding?/Finn C., Knight V.H.//VIII International Rubus and Ribes Symposium. Acta Horticulturae 585. - 2002.
8. Finn, C. Use of 55 Rubus Species in Four North American Breeding Programs - Breeders Nores/Finn, C., Swartz H., Moore P.P., Ballington J.R., Kempler C.//[Electronic resourse]. 2005. - Mode of access: http://www.scri.sari.ac.ur/assoc/progWebs.doc.
9. Harvey K. Hall. Raspberry breeding and genetics/Plant breeding reviews V. - 32/-Edited by Jules Janick Copyright, 2009 John Wiley. - P. 67.
10. Jennings, D. L. Raspberries and Blackberries. Their Breeding, Deseases and Growth//Academic Press., London, New York, 1979 - 1988. - P. 1-230.
11. Keep, E. Breeding Rubus and Ribes crops at East Malling/Keer E.//Saentific Hort. 1984.V. 35.-P. 54-71.
12. Keep, E. Use of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) and other Rubus species in breeding red raspberries/Keep E., Knight R. L.//Rep. of E. Mall. for 1967. - 1968. - P. 105-107.
13. Knight, V.H. Recent progress in raspberry breeding at East Malling/Knight V.H.//Acta Hort., 1986 V. 183. - P. 67-97.
14. Knight, V.H. Review of Rubus species used in raspberry breeding at East Malling/Knight V.H.//Acta Hort., 1993. 352:363-371.
15. Moore, J.N. Blackberries and Raspberries in the Southern United States: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow/Moore J.N.//Fruit Varieties Journal V. 51 (3), July, 1997 - pp. 148157.
