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SPATIAL FORMS OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS MANIFESTATION
Yu.S. Sizova, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor
S.Kh. Sherapova, Student
U.A. Malkova, Student
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
(Russia, Moscow)
DOI:10.24412/2411-0450-2021-2-2-96-101
Abstract. Nevertheless "The strategy of spatial development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025" was adopted the problem of territorial-spatial development remains relevant and seen to be relevant in today's conditions. In view of this consideration, the problem of spatial development on the territory of Russia is topical. This paper examines the key problems of territorial and spatial development that are typical for all subjects of the Federation in general, and in particular for the Karachai-Cherkes Republic. A comparative analysis was made between the indicators for the Russian Federation, the North Caucasus Federal District and the Karacharn-Cherkes Republic on the following indicators: investment in fixed assets, unemployment rate, share of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum. Based on this comparative analysis, it is concluded that the situation in the region with regard to the spatial forms of regional development problems has serious shortcomings, which are manifested in the form of the poor quality of socio-economic development of the Republic, and the existing problems of the region require urgent state intervention aimed more at the development of various sectors of the economy. Certain measures are suggested to eliminate the identified shortcomings.
Keywords: spatial development, problems of regional development, unemployment, socioeconomic problems.
Over the last few decades, different approaches and new methods and ways of the regional development and spatial planning and troubleshooting were created using various strategists of the economy development, modernization of public administration and other means of regulation of territorial development.
Spatial planning is largely a function of the public sector that influences the future spatial distribution of activities. It is aimed at creating a more rational territorial land management and relationship between regions, balancing between the development of the industrial sector at the territories and needs to protect the environment, achieving socioeconomic goals and developing society. Spatial planning includes measures to coordinate and improve the spatial impact of strategies in order to achieve more even distribution of economic development within the state that cannot be carried out by market forces. Therefore, spatial planning is an important leverage to promote sustainable development
of the country's population life and improving its quality.
Due to the geographical location and availability of resource base, territorial development of the Russian Federation has a strong interregional differentiation, accompanied by the presence of mix of various advantages and problems in the regions. Thus, the regions' economic potential that has been formed over many years creates disproportions in their territorial development that leads to certain risks of the country's spatial development. Currently, an urgent strategic task is the development of domestic high-tech industry, the development and implementation of new high-tech and information technologies aimed at obtaining competitive products and ensuring the interests of national economic security by preserving and developing the industrial and scientific and technical potential of Russia.
Based on the foregoing, it is possible to stress several terms and conditions that affect and determine the spatial forms problems of regional development. Firstly, the development of the modern world and economic rela-
tions between countries is taking place in the context of anti-globalization, when each country is interested in strengthening its own sovereignty and strives for internal self-sufficiency in the most important strategic resources. Secondly, the main obstacle in the development of international economy became the introduction of sanctions policies that restrict trade between countries and lead to damage to national economies.
Internal preconditions that lead to the emergence of regional development issues to be assumed the resource-based model of our economy that has developed over the past decade, and the low efficiency of public administration, that is reflected in issues such as high differentiation of regions, negative growth of the main economy indicators, negative socio-economic situation of regions and their weak investment attractiveness.
To reveal the topic of manifestation of the problems of spatial regional development a specific region with its features, negative aspects of territorial development and ways to overcome the problems has to be investigated.
The current state of the Russian economy shows that in real political practice, consistent and effective territorial planning of regions is far from being achieved. The most important problem is considered to be the uneven development of regions, characterized by specialized distribution of resources in different regions of the Russian Federation, which is formed not only due to natural and climatic conditions, but also as a result of available human resources quality. So, the largest part of qualified human resources prevails in the Central Federal District, where most of the educational and scientific organizations are concentrated, and the infrastructure is developed, respectively, these components affect the development and growth of the regional economy.
The next form of manifestation of the problems of spatial development that in any way is connected with the previous one, is a small number of economic growth centers that ensure stable and rapid economic development of the country as a whole. The creation of high-tech structures in the regions provides an opportunity for the development of scientific and industrial potential, the
growth of innovation economy, attracting investment and, as a result, strengthening the national security of the country by its own potential.
One of the existing problems is the unrealized potential of interaction between regions, lack of coordinated regional cluster organization for realizing the competitive potential of the combined entities. If local authorities could refuse further mutual competition and could cooperate on a number of vital issues, high rates of economic growth and economic diversification, not only the region, but also the country as a whole could be reached [1].
Our country is also characterized by a large share of low-productivity and low-tech enterprises in the structure of regional economies [2]. This is due to the moral and physical deterioration of production factors that do not meet the requirements of a modern developing society. The economy of many regions is in a vicious circle: due to the low profitability of production, they cannot provide sufficient income to attract investments and renew their own capital.
There is a problem of intra-regional differences in the socio-economic level of development, as well as in the standard of live. The rural population is experiencing big problems in the development of agricultural production accomplished by underdeveloped infrastructure that can lead to a migration outflow of the population, loss of development of the area [3]. This problem is most typical for northern territories, such as the Northwestern Federal District and the Ural Federal District. In 2018 the share of the rural population in these regions was 15.5 and 18.5%, respectively [4].
The listed problems relate to the general spatial development of our country, affecting the versatility and vastness of its territories. All of them are described in the Strategy of spatial development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025. However, in some regions that have their own spatial characteristics of development, there are other problems that affect the growth of the economy of both the subject itself and the Russian Federation.
Let's consider the manifestation of the problems of spatial regional development on
the example of Karachai-Cherkes Republic. This region is part of the North Caucasian Federal District, that consists of 7 regions. This region has significantly worse indicators of economic development relatively to the all-Russian ones, but this district is of great strategic importance for the country. It has great development potential in agro-industrial complex, in the recreational and tourism spheres, in power engineering, in manufacturing and extractive industries. Due to its investment unattractiveness, the potential of this region remains unrevealed, and the unstable crisis situation does not make it possible to organize long-term projects.
Karachai-Cherkes Republic has one of the lowest gross regional product (GRP) among the regions of North Caucasian Federal District. It gained only 77 046 million rubles in 2018, while the whole district indicator was 1 941 857 million rubles. Thus, the contribution of this region to the GRP of the Federal district was only 3.97%, although this region has a great natural resource potential. The reserves of copper, coal, marble, limestone and tungsten were explored in the Republic, besides this the region is rich in vast forests, water resources and mineral waters. The climate of the region and the presence of chernozem soils create a favorable potential for the development of the agricultural industry with the possibility to provide products both to the
Russian and foreign markets. The region also has a large share of employed people with higher education and in 2018 ranked second in the federal district for this indicator, yielding only to North Ossetia- Alania (In 2018 the share of the employed population with higher education in the Karachai-Cherkes Republic was 43.7%, in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania - 44.8%, on average in the federal district - 36.9%) [4].
Speaking about the manifestation of the problems of spatial regional development, this region has many vulnerabilities that affect its national security. Among them, two broad categories can be distinguished: economic and social problems. In any way both of them arise from the peculiarities of the territorial development of the region, it's demographic situation, industrial potential and other factors of spatial development.
The first group of problems of regional development of the Karachai-Cherkes Republic is economic problems. First of all, the region has a very low competitiveness of products produced within the region, and low sophistication of enterprises with high-performance equipment. To a greater extent, this is due to the fact that the region has lower investment activity and a lack of financial resources in relation to the regions not only in the North Caucasian District, but in Russia as a whole, that can be observed in table 1.
Table 1. Investments in fixed assets in the Russian Federation, the North Caucasus Federal District and the Karachevo- Cherkess Republic (in actual prices, rubles) in 2010-2018
Regions of the Russian Federation 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Russian Federation 64 068 77 194 87 891 93 725 95 165 94 922 100 555 109 146 119 832
North Caucasian Federal District 33 356 36 711 42 326 46 617 51 357 49 116 49 862 50 624 55 959
Karachai-Cherkes Republic 19 218 28 591 38 195 45 777 47 256 41 944 44 004 45 098 53 642
In 2018 the region ranked 68th among all federal subjects in terms of investment in fixed assets per capita. For comparison, the table also gives national indicators and indicators for The North Caucasus Federal District. It is shown that the region's indicators lag significantly behind the presented ones, this difference is especially noticeable with the all-Russian data. Thus, from the presented
data, it is seen the evidence that the region is acutely feeling investment hunger.
The next economic problem in this region is the underdevelopment of financial mechanisms and the banking system. The limited number of banking organizations and independent banks are located at the territory of the region. The banking system has a low level of popularity and usage among the individuals and companies. The region's domestic
market is also characterized by a high cost of financial resources and a low level of efficiency of banks' credit policy so there are no incentives to save and accumulate funds.
One of the common problems of the North Caucasian Federal District is the high unemployment rate among the population of economically active age. The modern labor market in the Karachai-Cherkes Republic resulted from the decline in agriculture and industry in
the '90s, as well as the region's labor surplus. The labor surplus is stemmed not from large number of manpower, but a model of productive forces, created during the Soviet period, and the presence of industries with products, not enough focused on the completion of the regional consumer market and incomes of the regional budget. As a result, the regions did not form their own production and financial base [7].
Table 2. The unemployment rate of the population aged 15-72 in the Russian Federation, the North Caucasus Federal District and the Karachai-Cherkes Republic (in percent) in 2010-2018
Regions of the Russian Federation 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Russian Federation 7,3 6,5 5,5 5,5 5,2 5,6 5,5 5,2 4,8
North Caucasian Federal District 16,5 14,5 13,1 13,0 11,2 11,1 11,0 11,0 10,6
Karachai-Cherkes Republic 10,3 9,8 8,9 9,8 13,0 15,1 14,4 13,5 12,1
From this table, it can be observed that in almost every year under review the unemployment rate in the region exceeds the national average almost two times. A particularly difficult situation with the unemployment rate was observed in 2015-2016. In relation to the unemployment rate in the federal district, the Karachai-Cherkes Republic also has more unfavorable indicators, except for 2010-2013. Over the past four years, the unemployment rate in the Republic has been gradually decreasing, but not at a fast enough pace. Over
the past year, the unemployment rate has not been the lowest as it was in 2012.
The social problems of the region are mainly associated with a low standard of live and a high degree of differentiation of the population in terms of income. This leads to economic instability in the region, the growth of contradictions in society, thereby repelling investment growth with an unfavorable image of the region [5]. For a clearer consideration of the problem, let us turn to the dynamics of the share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level.
Table 3. The share of the population with money incomes below the subsistence level in the Russian Federation, the North Caucasus Federal District and the Karachai-Cherkes Republic (percentage of the total number of the district) in 2010-2018_
Regions of the Russian Federation 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Russian Federation 12,5 12,7 10,7 10,8 11,3 13,4 13,2 12,9 12,6
North Caucasian Federal District 8,8 8,3 7 10,2 10,2 11 13 14,5 14,7
Karachai-Cherkes Republic 17,7 18,8 16 20,3 19,2 22,8 23,8 23,2 22,9
From the data in table 3, we see that the Karachai-Cherkes Republic has a large share of the poor population living on incomes below the subsistence level. This indicator does not have an even downward trend that indicates the problem of ineffectiveness of state policy in this area. The lowest indicator was achieved in 2012, and the highest - in 2016. Compared to the average indicators all over Russia, the republic has a significantly larger share of the population receiving income below the subsistence level.
In addition, there is a problem of low housing provision in the Karachai-Cherkes Republic, part of the population is in dire need of improving housing conditions. A great influence on the social sphere and the development of the region as a whole is influenced by the problem of the discrepancy between the system of primary and higher professional education and the needs of the labor market, the low contribution of the region's funds to research and development.
Thus, the current situation of manifestation of the problems of spatial regional develop-
ment in the region has serious shortcomings, which are manifested in the form of a low quality of socio-economic development of the Republic. The existing problems of the region require urgent government intervention, aimed mainly at the development of various sectors of the economy.
Firstly, it is necessary to promote the development of industry, agriculture, transport system, energy sector, increasing the share of high-tech industries and the development of the technological base of the region based on the attraction of investments.
Secondly, special attention should be paid to the creation of a sustainable tourist and recreational complex that meets international standards to attract tourists from all regions of our country and foreign citizens [5].
Thirdly, great attention should be paid to the development of entrepreneurship and increasing investment activity in the region, by reducing the tax burden on start-up entrepreneurs, as well as by subsidizing high-tech industries. This will create new jobs in the Republic, thereby reducing the unemployment rate and social tension.
Fourth, it is important for the state to create favorable conditions for the development of the labor market, assistance to unemployed citizens through their retraining and support in difficult life situations, thereby ensuring an increase in the efficiency of employment of the population and an increase in the quality of life of citizens of the Karachai-Cherkes Republic.
Fifth, the region requires development of a complex State policy concerning the development of the social sphere, culture and sports, as well as rural areas and infrastructure in it, which should lead to a reduction in migration outflows of young people [6].
This region has a great potential for economic growth due to the favorable natural and climate features of the territory and the tourist sector is something that should be paid special attention during forming a further strategy of socio-economic growth. This area can contribute to the creation of new jobs in the tourist sector, increase investment activity due to the inflow of tourist capital. The natural and cultural heritage of the North Caucasus region, and in particular the Karachai-Cherkes Republic, can form a unique offer in the world tourism market. Nevertheless, the region will have to solve existing problems that lead to low domestic demand and demand in the international tourism market. The solution of these actual problems together with the implementation of development strategies will lead to an improvement in the living conditions of the local population and make the North Caucasus an attractive resort for both Russian and international tourists.
Accumulating all the above, we can conclude that there are serious socio-economic problems of regional development in the Karachai-Cherkes Republic due to spatial reasons. The most acute problems in the economic sphere are the investment hunger of the region and the technical and technological backwardness of the industry, and social problems are the strong differentiation of the population by income and the outflow of the young population from the republic, which affects the development of the region as a whole and ensuring its national economic security. The state policy for the development of the region should actively promote the attraction of investment resources and promote the development of small and medium-sized businesses by lowering the tax burden of business entities.
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ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО
РАЗВИТИЯ
Ю.С. Сизова, канд. экон. наук, доцент С.Х. Шерапова, студент У.А. Малкова, студент
Российский экономический университет им. Г.В. Плеханова (Россия, г. Москва)
Аннотация. В сегодняшних условиях проблема территориально-пространственного развития остается актуальной даже несмотря на принятие стратегии пространственного развития РФ до 2025 год. Ввиду этого рассмотрения проблемы пространственного развития на территории России является актуальным. В данной статье рассмотрены ключевые проблемы территориально-пространственного развития характерные как в целом для всех субъектов федерации, а в частности для Карачаево-Черкесской республики. Проведен сравнительный анализ между показателями по Российской Федерации, Северо-Кавказскому федеральному округу и Карачаево-Черкесской Республикой по следующим показателям: инвестиции в основной капитал, уровень безработицы, доля населения с доходами ниже прожиточного минимума. На основании данного сравнительного анализа сделан вывод, что сложившаяся в регионе ситуация пространственных форм проявления проблем регионального развития имеет серьезные недостатки, которые проявляются в виде низкого качества социально-экономического развития Республики, и существующие проблемы региона требуют неотлагательного государственного вмешательства, направленного в большей степени на развитие различных секторов экономики. Предложены меры по устранению выявленных недостатков.
Ключевые слова: пространственное развитие, проблемы регионального развития, безработица, социально-экономические проблемы.
