CC BY
41SRSTI 68.33.29
DOI: 10.51886/1999-740X_2022_2_88
G.B. Kaisanova1, B. U. Suleimenov *'2 SOYBEAN GROWING USING ORGANIC HUMIC FERTILIZER TUMAT ON IRRIGATED
MEADOW SOILS IN ANDIJAN REGION
1U.U.Uspanov Kazakh Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, 050060, Kazakhstan, Almaty, 75 B, Al-Farabi Ave., e-mail: gkaisa@mail.ru 2Research Center for Ecology and Environment of the Central, Asia (Almaty), 050060, Kazakhstan, Almaty, 75 B, al-Farabi Ave., e-mail: beibuts@mail.ru Abstract. The article presents experimental data on the study of the impact of organic hu-mic fertilizer "Tumat" on productivity of soybeans in the conditions of irrigated meadow soils of the Asaka district of the Andijan region. Meadow soils are characterized by a low concentration of humus, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, they are slightly saline, the granulometric composition is medium loamy, the depth of groundwater is 2-3 m. Liquid humic fertilizer "Tumat" is produced from brown coal (leonardite and lignite) and specially prepared water. Contains salts of humic acids, fulvic acids, amino acids, organic salts, organic acids, natural auxins, cytokinins and a number of essential macro- and microelements in a form which is available to plants. The working solution of humic fertilizer was used for pre-sowing treatment of seeds and foliar feeding of plants in the initial period of vegetation in the phases of formation of three true leaves and branching. Pre-sowing treatment increases stress resistance and seed germination. Double foliar feeding of soybean improves soil nutritional regime, increases growth and development, increases the yield of soybean grain from 50 to 90 % with combined use of a bacterial preparation on the background of mineral fertilizers. The use of Tumat fertilizer is considered as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to increase crop productivity, contributing to a more complete realization of natural potential. According to the results of production tests, the organic humic fertilizer "Tumat" is recommended for widespread use in the irrigated areas of Uzbekistan in growing leguminous crops.
Key words: meadow soils, fertility, soybeans, yield capacity, foliar feeding, humic and bacterial fertilizer.
INTRODUCTION
Long-term use of soils for growing crops leads to a change in natural properties and natural state. The main change is expressed in decreased soil fertility, which is due to a change in all soil properties: biological, chemical, physical, water, etc. [1].
Currently, more than 60 % of soil surface in Central Asia is degraded to varying degrees. Depending on natural conditions and their use, the decrease in soil fertility, deterioration of soil-reclamation state, and development of secondary sali-nization is observed. As a result, the yield capacity of agricultural crops is significantly reduced [2-4].
In Uzbekistan, protein problem has become especially critical in connection with organization of large livestock complexes and poultry farms, which need pro-
tein-balanced feed. This aroused interest in soybean crop and in 2016 the first experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of soybean biology in a hot climate on meadow soils.
In accordance with the resolution aimed to increase production of soybean grain on the irrigated lands of the republic in 2017-2020, soybean, as the main crop, was grown on an area of more than 40,000 ha. In the future, it is planned to expand soybean crop areas, create an association of producers, build a soybean grain processing plant and produce various products in the country. Soybean can be grown both as a main crop and as an intermediate crop in all regions of the country.
In Uzbekistan, soy is considered a new crop. Soybean grains contain 30-52 % protein, 18-25 % oil and 20 % carbohydrates. Diet dishes for diabetics are pre-
pared from soybean seeds. Soybean seeds are used in confectionery industry for preparation of soybean milk, kefir, cottage cheese, margarine, flour, various canned products, vegetarian sausages, and dietary oils.
In recent years, interest has increased in soluble drugs that can be used with greater production and economic effects through combination with other bio preparations or the latest technologies.
The use of biopreparations in growing various crops stimulates the growth and development of plants, improves nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition, soil humus state and, as a result, enhances the increased productivity and product quality, and also creates a favorable background for agriculture in general, and improves soil fertility.
In different soil-climatic zones of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the impact of non-traditional organic fertilizers, as well as bio preparations used in agriculture, is being studied. Based on the results of these studies, their positive effect on concentration of soil organic matter and nutrients was revealed.
Through joint efforts of scientists from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, production tests of the Tumat fertilizer were carried out in various regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan on an area of 80,681 ha. The results of these scientific studies are published in foreign and republican editions, as well as the proceedings of international conferences.
Organic humic fertilizer of the new generation "Tumat" can become one of the effective environmentally friendly fertilizers, which is produced from organic substances - leonardite and lignite. "Tumat" fertilizer of prolonged action in liquid form is convenient for dosing at the time of spraying, taking into account various conditions, rates and stages of plant development. This allows to control plant development, as well as to replenish
the needs of a particular crop throughout the entire growth process. "Tumat" is absolutely safe for soil, plants and human health. As practice shows, plants fed with organic fertilizer are of better quality and productivity [5-12].
Also, research works on the study of the effective use of liquid humic fertilizer "Tumat" for cereals, grain legumes and industrial crops in Almaty and Turkestan regions of Kazakhstan are being conducted [13]. In the south and southeast, a test of domestic liquid bioorganic fertilizer "BioEcoGum", which is produced from biocompost by enrichment with macro- and microelements in a form accessible to plants, was carried out.
According to the researches of the scientists of the U.U. Uspanov Kazakh Research Institute of Soil Science and Agro-chemistry, bioorganic fertilizer "BioEcoGum" increases stress resistance, stimulates plant growth, increases crop yields, and improves quality indicators. Biofertilizer is recommended for widespread introduction into production in growing grain and leguminous crops [1416].
The aim of these studies is to develop scientific basis for technology of soybean production on irrigated meadow soils of Uzbekistan using organic humic fertilizer "Tumat".
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Production tests were carried out in conditions of the "Uzbekistan Mus-takklighi" farm in the Asaka district of Andijan region. The object of the study is irrigated meadow soils, soybeans and organic humic fertilizer Tumat.
The climate of Asaka district of Andijan region is sharply continental. The average temperature in July is +26,10C, in February -2.90C. The growing season lasts 220 days. The average annual precipitation is up to 180-190 mm [17].
Soils are predominantly gray soils, irrigated meadow soils, which are tilled
and irrigated. In spring, adyrs are covered with ephemeral plants. Wormwood and quinoa grow in virgin areas. The rivers Ak-bura and Aravansai, the Big Ferghana channel, Shakhrihansai, the irrigated system Abikhayat, the Asaka skid, flow in the south of the region [18].
Irrigated agriculture has a key significance for livelihoods in Central Asian region, especially in Uzbekistan. In terms of arid climate irrigation is the basis of food security, rural population welfare, protection and improvement of land productivity, as well as the basis for rapidly growing agro-industrial complex development. When studying soil fertility, it is very important to take into account the impact of salinization processes. Loess and saz soils of Uzbekistan are characterized by natural and secondary salinization. Salinization in the republic has three main sources: salt concentration in irrigation water, initial salt concentration in soils, inflow of ground pressure water, and enrichment of the aeration zone with mineralized ground water [19].
In production experiments, a late-ripening soybean variety "Uzbekistan-6" was grown. Plant height is 115-160 cm, the lowest beans are located at a height of 1317 cm above ground. Vegetation period is 140-145 days. The protein content in grain is from 39 to 43 %, oil from 19 to 24 %, resistance to lodging and shedding is 4-5 points. The maximum yield capacity is -4.0-5.3t/ha.
Soybean sowing begins when the soil warms up to 18-20°C. Seeds of soybeans "Uzbekistan-6" were sown on April 15, at soil temperature of 200C, to a depth of 4-5 cm, in furrows with row spacing of 70 cm at the rate of 90-100 kg of seeds per 1 ha. Grain harvesting was carried out on September 20, when grain moisture reached 14-15 %. Harvesting was done by John Deere combines. Cutting height is 10-12 cm. Seed cleaning was done by the "Super-Pectus" machine.
Pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds was carried out with working solutions at the rate of 300 ml of Tumat fertilizer per 100 liters of water. The consumption of working solution is: 20 liters per 1 ton of seeds. Foliar treatment - spraying of soybean plants was carried out during the growing season in the phase of formation of three true leaves and branching. Preparation of a working solution - 1 liter of Tu-mat fertilizer is diluted in 200 liters of water. The consumption of working solution is 200 liters per 1 ha.
For pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar feeding of soybean plants, liquid organic humic fertilizer "Tumat" was used. Humic fertilizer is obtained from brown coal (leonardite and lignite) and specially prepared water, it contains humic acids, fulvic acids, amino acids, organic salts, organic acids, natural auxins, cytokinins and a number of essential macro- and microelements in a form available to plants.
Production experiment was conducted based on the following scheme on the background of application of mineral fertilizers N70P70 K30: 1) Control, without treatment; 2) Pre-sowing treatment of seeds; 3) Pre-sowing treatment of seeds and 2-fold spraying of plants in the initial phases of formation of three true leaves and branching. Before sowing, soybean seeds, along with the "Tumat" fertilizer, were treated with Nitrofix Zh bacterial fertilizer. Inoculant for treatment of soybean seeds on dry sterile peat. It is designed for the formation of nodules, providing plants with available nitrogen and its accumulation in soil. Content: living cells of nodule bacteria Bradirhizobiumjaponicum.
On irrigated lands in soybean crops, inter-row cultivation, plant fertilization, weed removal, watering, disease and pest control works are carried out. Inter-row cultivation is usually carried out every 1015 days, their number is determined by the condition of the crops. The first cultivation is carried out at a depth of 6-8 cm, the sub-
sequent ones at 10-15 cm. In growing soybean as the main crop, taking into account the depth of groundwater and soil mechanical composition, 4-6 irrigations are carried out, when soil reaches physical ripening, cultivation is carried out.
Field experiments aimed to study the effective use of organic humic fertilizer "Tumat" were carried out according to the method of F.A. Yudin.[20]
Soil analyzes were carried out in the laboratory of the Andijan branch of the "UZGIPROZEM" Institute according to generally accepted methods. Chemical composition of water extracts was determined according to the method described in the manual for general soil analysis [21] -preparation of water extracts from soils according to K.K. Gedroits, pH, CO3, HCO3 -potentiometrically, Cl and SO4 - by titration, Ca and Mg - on atomic absorption spectrometer, K and Na - on flame pho-
Table 1 - Chemical analysis of arable layer o
tometer. Total humus according to Tyurin, mobile phosphorus and potassium according to G0ST-26205-91, granulometric composition according to Kachinsky.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil and climatic conditions are one of the important factors determining productive state of soil surface, its features and prospects for use in agricultural production. Climate, as a factor of soil formation, has a direct effect on biological, chemical, and physical properties, as well as on water-thermal regime of soil surface [22].
Total humus concentration in experimental plot of meadow soil is 1.33 % (table 1). Low availability of mobile phosphorus (20.3 mg/kg) and exchangeable potassium (260.0 mg/kg) is observed. The degree of soil salinity is low (the sum of salts is 0.200-0.250 %). The depth of groundwater is 2-3 m.
eadow soil
Soil layer Total humus, % Mobile forms, mg/kg
0-30 1,33 20,3 260,0
According to table 2, granulometric mm (loess-like fraction) predominates -composition of meadow soil is medium sections 1-3, as well as medium dust - sec-loam. The coarse dust fraction 0,05-0,01 tions 2-3.
Table 2 - Granulometric composition of meadow soil
№ Of cuts Depth, cm Fraction content in % on absolute dry soil
Fraction size, mm Physical clay, % <0.01
sand dust silt
1-0,2S 0,2S-0,0S 0,0S-0,01 0,01-0,00S 0,00S-0,001 <0,001
1 0-30 0,1S 24,3S 3S,S0 10,2S 19,2S 10,S0 40,00
30-S3 0,17 18,33 37,00 16,S0 18,00 10,00 44,50
S3-70 0,03 10,22 S3,2S 9,S0 18,2S 8,7S 36,50
2 0-31 0,02 29,73 38,2S 32,00 - - 32,00
31-S3 0,03 19,72 37,7S 42,S0 - - 42,50
3 0-31 0,29 27,21 36,S0 36,00 - - 36,00
31-S0 0,68 34,32 28,00 37,00 - - 37,00
Producers consider soybean as one of the best and most demanded crops that contribute to resource saving and better environment formation, as it is able to fix air nitrogen and leaves up to 250 kg/ha of nitrogen in soil [23]. Currently, the intensity of soybean growing is gradually increasing. Nevertheless, the efficiency of its production in the districts of the region is not high. Therefore, it is relevant to study, in the conditions of crop production, soybean varieties, their productive and adaptive capabilities, reactions to the elements of agritechnics and realization of biological potential by plants [24].
Recently, in modern agriculture, much attention has been paid to organic and humic fertilizers, which are used to obtain higher crop yields [14, 15].
Organic humic fertilizer "Tumat" has a positive effect on the plant growth processes, soil biota development, which is suffering from the use of high doses of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products. New organic fertilizers, which are proposed for production, need
further testing and comprehensive verification [6-8]. The use of the new fertilizer "Tumat" in growing winter wheat promotes humus accumulation, improves nutritional regime and biological activity of soil, increases grain yield, which is a reliable guarantee for widespread introduction into production.
According to our data, seed treatment before sowing and spraying of soybean plants in the initial period of development has an impact on the growth, development, yield capacity and quality of grain. So, pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with working solution "Tumat" increases the height of soybean plants up to 100-110 cm, seed diameter up to 5.0-5.3 mm and the number of seeds on plants up to 25-30 pieces compared to control variant without treatment during seed filling (table 3). Pre-sowing seed treatment and 2-fold spraying of plants in the phases of formation of three true leaves and branching significantly increases the diameter of seeds (+47 %) and the number of seeds per plant (+117 %) (table 3).
Table 3 - Productivity of soybean in the seed filling phase
Variant Average plant height, cm Seed diameter, mm Number of seeds per 1 plant, pcs.
Control, no treatment 70-80 4,0-4,5 18-22
Seed treatment before sowing 100-110 5,0-5,3 25-30
Seed treatment and 2-fold spraying of plants 130-140 6,0-6,5 42-45
According to previous studies, humic fertilizers on light chestnut soils increase stress resistance to adverse environmental conditions, as well as seed germination, seed weight, and increase the yield gain by more than 33 % [25].
In the conditions of production experiment on meadow soils, the use of hu-mic fertilizer affected the growth and development, and ultimately the yield of soybeans. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with humic fertilizer increased the yield of soy-
bean grain by 10 c/ha, in yield 22 c/ha without treatment in control (figure 1). The most promising variant was with pre-sowing seed treatment and spraying of plants in the initial phases of formation of three true leaves and branching with the Tumat working solution mixed with Nitro-fix Zh bacterial fertilizer, which provides increased grain yield up to 44 c/ha, an increase in yield of 22 c/ha, which is 100 % compared with control.
Figure 1 - Soybean grain yield, c/ha
Figure 2 - Phenological observations and accounting of soybean yield
Figure 2 shows the process of conducting phenological observations and accounting for the soybean crop.
According to A.K. Imanbekova and M.B. Khusainov [26], bacterial bio preparations have a positive effect on seed germination and plant biomass, improve mineral nutrition, suppress the development of
phytopathogenic microorganisms, increase resistance to adverse conditions, and also regulate the accumulation of heavy metals, radionuclides, nitrates, and other harmful compounds. Also, bio preparations protect soils from depletion, restore natural fertility and maintain biological diversity of plant communities [27].
The results of experimental study showed that treatment of soybean variety "Dekabit" with bio preparations "BioEcoGum" and "Rizovit-Ax" had a positive effect on plant growth and development, contributed to the increase in yield. The plants treated with fertilizer were significantly taller with a more developed leaf apparatus and stable passage of the main phenological phases [28].
In production experiments on meadow soils, nodules formed on the roots on 12-14th day after germination. Later, as the plants developed, the number and mass of nodules on the plant roots increased. During the growing season of soybeans, development of nodule bacteria on soybean roots was monitored. Due to nodule bacteria soybean accumulates up to 150-250 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha per season. The accumulation of biological nitrogen depends on productivity of crops, and it increased as productivity increased. Of the total amount of nitrogen accumulated on 1 ha in the soil, 60-80 kg remains due to the decay of nodules, roots and crop residues.
The conducted studies of microflora of light chestnut soil during growing soybeans and safflower showed a positive effect of liquid fertilizers "BioEcoGum" and "Tumat" on concentration of ammonifiers and actinomycetes, which are activators of soil processes. At the same time, the predominance of actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces (from 20 to 30 %) was determined, the presence of which can serve as
an indicator of the entry of hard decomposable organic matter into the soil. The number of microscopic fungi in the studied soil remained low, which is typical when the processes of accumulation of organic substances predominate over decomposition. A lowering effect of fertilizer on this group of microorganisms was also revealed, which can positively affect the phytosanitary state of crops [13].
Thus, in soybean crops, soil water-physical properties, its ameliorative state improve, fertility increases, microflora that causes pathogenic diseases decreases, and the number of beneficial microorganisms increases, soil ecological state changes in a positive direction.
CONCLUSION
Due to its rich composition of organic, mineral, stimulating and bioactive substances, liquid organomineral humic fertilizer "Tumat" creates various independent mechanisms of impact on soil and plants, which give a positive total effect, due to their microbiota accelerate the process of humification of soil organic matter, increase humus concentration, improve soil nutritional regime, promotes absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, prevents the formation of nitrates, increase the resistance of plants to diseases and adverse weather conditions. This technology makes it possible to refuse from a large number of chemicals used in traditional technology, which allows to use its low concentrations in order to obtain a high effect in crop production.
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тушн
Г.Б. Кайсанова1, Б. У. Сулейменов1,2 СУАРМАЛЫ ШАЛFЫНДЫ ТОПЫРАЦТАРДА ТУМАТ ОРГАНИКАЛЬЩ ГУМИНД1 ТЫН,АИТК;ЫШЫН КОЛДАНА ОТЫРЫП МАИБ¥РШАК; 6С1РУ 1в.О.Оспанов атындагы К,азац топырацтану жэне агрохимия гылыми-зерттеу институты, 050060, К^азацстан, Алматы ц., эль-Фараби дацгылы, 75 В,
e-mail:gkaisa @mail. ru 2Орталыц Азия экология жэне цоршаган орта гылыми-зерттеу орталыгы (Алматы), 050060, Алматы ц., эл-Фараби дацгылы, 75 В, К^азацстан,
e-mail: beibuts@mail.ru Ма;алада Эндiжан облысы Асакин ауданыньщ суармалы шалгынды топырак;тар жагдайында майбурша; ешмдШпне «Тумат» органйкалы; гуминдi тыцайт;ышыныц эсерiн зерттеу бойынша жYргiзiлген тэжiрйбе мэлiметтерi келтiрiлген. Шалгынды топырак;тар к;арашiрiктщ, фосфор мен калййдщ жылжымалы тYрлерiнщ темен мелшерiмен, элсiз тузданган, орташа сазды тYЙiрелшемдiк ;урамымен, жер асты суларыныц 2-3 м терецджте жатуымен сйпатталады. «Тумат» суйы; гуминдi тыцайтк;ышы ;оцыр кемiрден (леонардйт жэне лйгнйт) жэне арнайы дайындалган судан ендiрiледi. Курамында гумйн ;ыш;ылдарыныц туздары, фульво;ышк;ылдар, амйн ;ышк;ылдары, органйкалы; туздар, органйкалы; ;ыш;ылдар, табйгй ауксйндер, цйтокйнйндер жэне есiмдiктер Yшiн ;олжетiмдi тYPдегi бiр;атар ;ажетп макро - жэне мйкроэлементтер бар. Гумйндi тыцайт;ыштыц жумыс ерiтiндiсi ту;ымдарды егу алдында ецдеуде жэне вегетацйя кезецшщ басында Yш на;ты жапыра; пен бута;тардыц пайда болу кезещнде есiмдiктердi тамырдан тыс к;оректенд1ру Yшiн ;олданылды. Егу алдындагы ецдеу ту;ымныц стресске тезiмдiлiгiн жэне енпштшн арттырады. Майбурша;ты екi рет тамырдан тыс к;оректенд1ру топыра;тыц ;оректж режймiн жа;сартады, да;ылдыц есуi мен дамуын арттырады, мйнералды тыцайтк;ыштар аясында бактерйялы; препаратты бiрге ;олданган кезде майбурша; дэншщ енiмдiлiгiн 50-ден 90% - га дешн арттырады. «Тумат» тыцайтк;ышын ;олдану табйгй элеуетт негурлым толы; iске асыруга ы;пал ететiн ауыл шаруашылыгы да;ылдарыныц ешмдШпн арттырудыц экологйялы; таза жэне экономйкалы; тйiмдi тэсiлi ретiнде ;арастырылады. 6ндiрiстiк сына;тардыц нэтйжелерi бойынша «Тумат» органйкалы; гумйндi тыцайтк;ышын дэндьбурша;ты да;ылдарды ейру кезiнде бзбекстанныц суармалы ал;аптарына кецшен енгiзу Yшiн усынылады.
Туши свздер: шалгынды топыра;тар, кунарлылык;, майбурша;, ешмдыж, тамырдан тыс ;оректендiру, гумйндi жэне бактерйалды тыцайт;ыштар.
РЕЗЮМЕ Г.Б. Кайсанова1, Б. У Сулейменов1'2 ВОЗДЕЛОВАНИЕ СОИ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОГО ГУМИНОВОГО УДОБРЕНИЯ «ТУМАТ» НА ОРАШАЕМЫХ ЛУГОВЫХ ПОЧВАХ АНДИЖАНСКОИ
ОБЛАСТИ
1Казахский научно-исследовательский институт почвоведения и агрохимии им. У.У.Успанова, 050060, Казахстан, Алматы, пр. аль-Фараби, 75 В,
е-mail: gkaisa@mail.ru 2Научно-исследовательский центр экологии и окружающей среды Центральной Азии (Алматы), 050060, Казахстан, Алматы, пр. аль-Фараби, 75В,
е- mail: beibuts@mail.ru В статье представлены эксперйментальные данные по йзученйю влйянйя органйческого гумйнового удобренйя «Тумат» на продуктйвность сой в условйях орошаемых луговых почв Асакйнского района Андйжанской областй. Луговые почвы характерйзуются нйзкйм содержанйем гумуса, подвйжных форм фосфора й калйй, слабо
засолены, гранулометрический состав среднесуглинистыи, глубина залегания грунтовых вод 2-3 м. Жидкое гуминовое удобрение «Тумат» вырабатывается из бурого угля (леонардит и лигнит) и специально подготовленнои воды. Содержит соли гуминовых кислот, фульвокислоты, аминокислоты, органические соли, органические кислоты, природные ауксины, цитокинины и ряд необходимых макро- и микроэлементов в доступнои для растении форме. Рабочии раствор гуминового удобрения применяли для предпосевнои обработки семян и внекорневои подкормки растении в начальныи период вечетации в фазы образования трех настоящих листьев и ветвления. Предпосевная обработка повышает стрессоустоичивость и всхожесть семян. Двукратная внекорневая подкормка сои улучшает пищевои режим почвы, повышает рост и равитие, увеличивает урожаиность зерна сои от 50 до 90 % при совместном использовании бактериального препарата на фоне минеральных удобрении. Применение удобрения «Тумат» рассматривается как экологически чистыи и экономически эффективныи способ повышения продуктивности сель-скохозяиственных культур, способствующии более полнои реализации природного потенциала. По результатам производственных испытании органическое гуминовое удобрение «Тумат» рекомендуется для широкого внедрения на орошаемых массивах Узбекистана при возделывании зернобобовых культур.
Ключевые слова: луговые почвы, плодородие, соя, урожаиность, внекорневая подкормка, гуминовое и бактериальное удобрение.
