Научная статья на тему 'Современное состояние изучения некоторых растений рода ALLIUM L.'

Современное состояние изучения некоторых растений рода ALLIUM L. Текст научной статьи по специальности «Биологические науки»

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Ключевые слова
род Allium L. / химический состав / фармакологическое действие / систематика / AlliumL. genius / chemicalcomposition / pharmacological activity / taxonomy

Аннотация научной статьи по биологическим наукам, автор научной работы — Гулнара Кадырбаева, Зуриядда Сакипова, Калданай Кожанова

Цель. Проанализировать доступную научную информацию о систематике, химическом составе, фармакологической активности некоторых видов растений рода Allium L, произрастающих на территориии Республики Казахстан Методы. Проведен поиск литературных данных и отобраны материалы из международных баз данных PubMed, ScienceDirect, GoogleScholar, CochraneLibrary. Были включены работы, которые удовлетворяли критериям поиска. Глубина поиска составила 20 лет. Критериями включения являлись: систематические обзоры, статьи на английском и русском языках. Мы включили 35 статей по этой теме, которые были доступны в виде полного текста и прошли критический процесс оценки Результаты. Анализ зарубежных и отечественных источников литературы позволил нам установить, что серосодержащие соединения, такие как аллиин, аллицин, аджоены, винилдитиины и сульфиды, являются основными составляющими, выделенными из экстрактов растений рода Allium. Экстракты и изолированные соединения растений рода Allium обладают рядом биологических свойств, включая антиканцерогенное, антиоксидантное, противодиабетическое, ренопротекторное, антиатеросклеротическое, антибактериальное, противогрибковое, антипротозойное и гипотензивное действие Заключение. Выводы. Приведенные литературные данные позволяют сделать вывод, что многие виды из рода Allium, в том числе Allium galanthum и Allium turkestanicum, до сих пор остаются недостаточно изученными. Перспективны дальнейшие исследования химического состава и фармакологической активности

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Modern state of the study of some plants of the genus ALLIUM L

Objective. To analyze the available scientific information on the systematics, chemical composition, and pharmacological activity of some plant species of the genus Allium L growing on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan Methods. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the available scientific information about the taxonomy, chemical composition, and pharmacological activity of some plant species of the genus Allium L. growing on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. We searched for the required datain the international databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library.The search depth was 20 years. The inclusion criteria were: systematic reviews, articles in English and Russian. We included 35 articles on this topic that were available in full text and went through a critical evaluation process Results. The analysis of foreign and domestic literature sources allowed us to establish that sulfur-containing compounds, such as alliin, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins and sulfides, are the main components isolated from plant extracts of the genus Allium. Extracts and isolated compounds of plants of the genus Allium have a number of biological properties, including anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and hypotensive effects Conclusions. The given literature data allow us to conclude that many species from the genus Allium, including Allium galanthum and Allium turkestanicum, still remain insufficiently studied. Further investigation of the chemical composition and pharmacological activity is promising

Текст научной работы на тему «Современное состояние изучения некоторых растений рода ALLIUM L.»

IRSTI 76.31.31 UDC 615.014:635.25

MODERN STATE OF THE STUDY OF SOME PLANTS OF THE GENUS ALLIUM L.

G. Kadyrbayeva, Z. Sakipova, K. Kozhanova, D. Bakitzhan, N. Shulenova

NcJSC -S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University», Kazakhstan, 050000, Almaty,Tole bi 94

Gulnara M. Kadyrbayeva - lecturer, PhD student, NcJSC -S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University», Almaty, Kazakhstan

Zuriyadda B. Sakipova - doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, professor, dean of the School of Pharmacy, NcJSC -S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University», Almaty, Kazakhstan

Kaldanay K. Kozhanova - candidateof Pharmaceutical Sciences, docent, NcJSC, -S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University» Almaty, Kazakhstan

Dauletay Bakitzhan - master's degree student, NcJSC, -S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University», Almaty, Kazakhstan

Nazym. Shulenova - master's degree student, NcJSC -S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University», Almaty, Kazakhstan

Objective. To analyze the available scientific information on the systematics, chemical composition, and pharmacological activity of some plant species of the genus Allium L growing on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Methods. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the available scientific information about the taxonomy, chemical composition, and pharmacological activity of some plant species of the genus Allium L. growing on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. We searched for the required datain the international databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library.The search depth was 20 years. The inclusion criteria were: systematic reviews, articles in English and Russian. We included 35 articles on this topic that were available in full text and went through a critical evaluation process.

Results. The analysis of foreign and domestic literature sources allowed us to establish that sulfur-containing compounds, such as alliin, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins and sulfides, are the main components isolated from plant extracts of the genus Allium. Extracts and isolated compounds of plants of the genus Allium have a number of biologicalproperties, including anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and hypotensive effects.

Conclusions. The given literature data allow us to conclude that many species from the genus Allium, including Allium galanthum and Allium turkestanicum, still remain insufficiently studied. Further investigation of the chemical composition and pharmacological activity is promising.

Key words: AlliumL. genius, chemicalcomposition, pharmacological activity, taxonomy.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ РОДА ALLIUM L.

Г.М. Кадырбаева, З.Б. Сакипова, К.К. Кожанова, Д. Бакитжан, Н. Шуленова

НАО «Национальный медицинский университет имени С.Д. Асфендиярова», Казахстан, 050000, Алматы, Толе би 94

Г.М. Кадырбаева - лектор, PhD студенты, НАО «Национальный медицинский университет имени С.Д. Асфендиярова»

З.Б. Сакипова - доктор фармацевтических наук, профессор, декан Школы фармации, НАО

«Национальный медицинский университет имени С.Д. Асфендиярова»

К.К. Кожанова - кандидат фармацевтических наук, доцент, НАО «Национальный медицинский университет имени С.Д. Асфендиярова»

Д. Бакитжан - магистрант, НАО «Национальный медицинский университет имени С.Д. Асфендиярова»

H. Шуленова - магистрант, НАО «Национальный медицинский университет имени С.Д. Асфендиярова»

Цель. Проанализировать доступную научную информацию о систематике, химическом составе, фармакологической активности некоторых видов растений рода Allium L, произрастающих на территориии Республики Казахстан.

Методы. Проведен поиск литературных данных и отобраны материалы из международных баз данных PubMed, ScienceDirect, GoogleScholar, CochraneLibrary. Были включены работы, которые удовлетворяли критериям

поиска. Глубина поиска составила 20 лет. Критериями включения являлись: систематические обзоры, статьи на английском и русском языках. Мы включили 35 статей по этой теме, которые были доступны в виде полного текста и прошли критический процесс оценки.

Результаты. Анализ зарубежных и отечественных источников литературы позволил нам установить, что серосодержащие соединения, такие как аллиин, аллицин, аджоены, винилдитиины и сульфиды, являются основными составляющими, выделенными из экстрактов растений рода Allium. Экстракты и изолированные соединения растений рода Allium обладают рядом биологических свойств, включая антиканцерогенное, антиоксидантное, противодиабетическое, ренопротекторное, антиатеросклеротическое, антибактериальное, противогрибковое, антипротозойное и гипотензивное действие.

Заключение. Выводы. Приведенные литературные данные позволяют сделать вывод, что многие виды из рода Allium, в том числе Allium galanthum и Allium turkestanicum, до сих пор остаются недостаточно изученными. Перспективны дальнейшие исследования химического состава и фармакологической активности.

Ключевые слова: род Allium L., химический состав, фармакологическое действие, систематика.

ALLIUM L. Т¥ЦЫМЫНЬЩ КЕЙБ1Р 0С1МД1КТЕРШ ЗЕРТТЕУДЩ ЦАЗ1РГ1 ЖАГДАЙЫ

Г.М. Кадырбаева, З.Б. Сакипова, К.К. Кожанова, Д. Бакитжан, Н. Шуленова

«С.Ж. Асфендияров атындагы ¥лттык медицина университет! " КеАК Казакстан, 050000, Алматы, Теле би 94

Г.М. Кадырбаева - лектор, PhD студенты, «С. Ж. Асфендияров атындагы ¥лттьщ медицина университет! " КеАК

З.Б. Сакипова - фармация гылымдарыныц докторы, профессор, Фармация мектебшщ деканы, «С. Ж. Асфендияров атындагы ¥лттык медицина университет! " КеАК

К.К. Кожанова - фармация гылымдарыныц кандидаты, доцент, «С. Ж. Асфендияров атындагы ¥лттык медицина университет! " КеАК

Д. Бакитжан - магистрант, «С. Ж. Асфендияров атындагы ¥лттык медицина университет! " КеАК Н. Шуленова - магистрант, «С. Ж. Асфендияров атындагы ¥лттык медицина университет! " КеАК

Максаты. Казакстан Республикасыныц аумагында эсетш Allium L теки эамджтердщ кейб!р тYрлерiнiц жуйел!л!г!, химиялык к¥рамы, фармакологиялык белсендшп туралы колжетiмдi гылыми акпаратты талдау.

Эдiстерi. Эдеби деректердi iздеу журпзвд! жэне PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library халыкаралы; дереккорларынан материалдар iрiктелдi. 1здеу критерийлерiн канагаттандыратын ж^мыстар енгiзiлдi. 1здеу терецдiгi 20 жыл болды. Косу критерийлерi: жYЙелi шолулар, агылшын жэне орыс ттлдерщдеп макалалар. Б!з осы такырып бойынша 35 макаланы енгiздiк, олар толык мэт!н тYрiнде кол жетiмдi жэне сыни багалау процедурасынан эт.

Нэтижелер. Шетелд!к жэне отандык эдебиет кэздерш талдау аллиин, аллицин, аджоен, винилдитиндер жэне сульфидтер сиякты кYк!рт бар косылыстар Allium т^кымдас эамдж сыгындыларынан окшауланган нег!зг! компоненттер екен!н аныктауга мYмк!ндiк берд!ЛШиттектес еамдктердщ сыгындылары мен окшауланган косылыстары канцерогенд!к, антиоксиданттык, антидиабетикалык, ренопротекторлык,

антиатеросклеротикалык, Бактерияга карсы, антифункционалды, антипротозойлык жэне гипотензивт! эсерлерд! коса алганда, б!ркатар биологиялык касиеттерге ие.

^орытынды. Эдебиеттердщ келтiрiлген мэлiметтерi Allium т^кымыныц кэптеген тнрлер^ сонын iшiнде Allium galanthum жэне Allium turkestanicum элi де жеткiлiктi зерттелмеген деп корытынды жасауFа мкмкшдш бередi. Химиялык к^рамы мен фармакологиялык белсендiлiгiн одан эрi зерттеу перспективалы болып табылады.

ТYЙiндi сездер: Allium L. тег!, химиялык к¥рамы, фармакологиялык эсер!, систематикасы.

Corresponding author: Gulnara M. Kadyrbayeva - lecturer, PhD student, №JC «S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University», Kazakhstan, Almaty

Postal code: Republic of Kazakhstan, 050000, Almaty,Tole bi 94 E-mail: chilnara_k@mail.ru

Mobile phone: +77476750317 Recieved: 26.05.2021 Accepted: 31.05.2021

Bibliographic reference: Modern state of the study of some plants of the genus Allium l./ G. Kadyrbayeva, Z. Sakipova, K. Kozhanova, D. Bakitzhan, N. Shulenova//Астана мединалык журналы. - 2021. - № 2 (108). -С. 38-49.

Introduction

According to various sources,the genus Allium L. is one of the largest genera of higher plants, numbering about 900-930 species [1]. The flora of Kazakhstan is represented by 140 species of the genus, with 45 of them being endemic [2]. The genus Allium L. belongs to the monocotyledonous family Alliaceae, order Amaryllidales, class Liliopsida and division Magnoliophyta.This large and heterogeneous taxon has about 780 species. It is one of the 20 largest genera of flowering plants, the five largest genera of monocotyledons, and the third-largest among the genera with a predominantly holarctic distribution.

Materials and methods. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the available scientific information about the taxonomy, chemical composition, and pharmacological activity of some plant species of the genus Allium L. growing on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.We searched for the required datain the international databases PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library.Works that met the search criteria were included in the list of materials for study.

Taxonomy of the genus Allium L.

The description and differentiation of species and supraspecifictaxons of onions were initially based on a small number of morphological features, but gradually the number of characteristics used increased significantly. The results of molecular genetic studies,anatomical and cytological characteristics, in addition to morphological ones,began to be involved in systematization.To distinguish the species of the genus the authorsof the five most important taxonomic reviewsuse a total of 215 characteristics. For instance, in «Flora of the USSR» (Vvedensky, 1935), the author used 134 characteristics to distinguish 228 wild and cultivated species [3,4].

The first genus system was proposed by G. Don in the book «Monograph of the genus Allium L.» (Don, 1827). The author combined all onions into seven groups without specifying their rank and description.Later V. Koch (Koch, 1837) assigned the rank of sections to these names and became their author.Subsequently, the development of the genus system was continued.

According to N.V. Frizen (1988) systems can be divided into the following groups:

1) system of G. Don,almost unchanged (Kunth, 1843; Ledebour, 1852; Turczaninow, 1856; Regel, 1875 and etc.);

2) partially modified system of G. Don (Vvedensky, 1935; Stearn, 1944, 1980; Zahariadi, 1968ab and etc.);

3) alternative systems (Hermann, 1939; Traub, 1968; Wendelbo, 1969, 1971; Ekberg, 1969; Kamelin, 1973; Hanelt et al., 1992 and others);

4) new genus system based on molecular data (Friesen et al., 2006) [5].

One of the genus system, created without the involvement of molecular data, belongs to a team of German authors led by P. Hanelt(Hanelt et al., 1992 and etc.). The authors subdivide the genus into 6 subgenera: Bromatorrhiza Ekberg, Rhizirideum (G. Don) Wendelbo, Melanocrommyum (Webb et Berth.) Rouy, Allium, AmeralliumTraub, Caloscordum (Herb.) Fritsch. In contrast to the system of R. V. Kamelin, a different division into subgenera is proposed here and the sectional division is partially revised [6].

Modern genus system Allium L. is acombination of molecular and morphological approaches. The approaches to the division of the genuswere shown in a new light in a work published in 2006 (Friesen et al., 2006).According to molecular data(the ITS marker of ribosomal DNA was used, 196 species of the genus were studied), the genus Allium L. is monophyletic when the genera Nectaroscordum, Caloscordum, and Milula are included.It became necessary to recognize more subgenera, to describe several new sections, to abandon the broad interpretation of some sections.ITS data on species of the genus Allium L.showed a large genetic distance between some groups - up to 53% between A. haneltii (subgenreAllium) and A. bulgaricum (subgenreNectaroscordum). In addition to molecular and macromorphological characteristics, the authors of the Allium L. system used the anatomical structure of leaves, roots, peduncles, the structure of nectaries, seedlings, the morphology of the karyotype and ploidy levels, the structure of the seed coat, ovary and seeds, storage proteins of seeds, peculiarities of foliation and growth patterns.The new system of the genus Allium L. to the level

of subgenera is presented in the form of three evolutionary lines (Friesen et al., 2006) [7,8].

The first evolutionary line consists of three subgenera, 12-14 sections and 139 species (subgeneraNectaroscordum (Lindl.) Asch. et Graebn. (1 section, 3 species); Microscordum (Maxim.) N. Friesen (1 section, 1 specie); AmeralliumTraub (10 sections, 135 species)).

The second evolutionary line includes 5 subgenera, 19 sections, and 157 species (subgeneraCaloscordum (Herb.) R.M. Fritsch (1 section, 3 species); Anguinum (G. Don ex W. D. J. Koch) N. Friesen (1 section, 12 species); Porphyroprason (Ekberg) R.M. Fritsch (1 section, 1 specie); Vvedenskya (Kamelin) R.M. Fritsch (1 section, 1 specie); Melanocrommyum (Webb et Berth.) Rouy (15 sections, 140 species)).

And finally, the third evolutionary line is presented by 7 subgenera, comprising 39 sections and about 500 species (subgeneraButomissa(Salisb.) N. Friesen (2 sections, 4 species); Cyathophora (R.M. Fritsch) R.M. Fritsch (3 sections, 5 species); Rhizirideum (G. Don ex W.D.J. Koch)Wendelbos.str. (5 sections, 37 species); Allium (15 sections, 300 species); Reticulatobulbosa (Kamelin) N. Friesen (5 sections, 80 species); PolyprasonRadic (4 sections, 50 species); Cepa (Mill.) Radic (5 sections, 30 species) [9-11].

The objects of our research are Allium galanthumand Allium turkestanicum.

Allium galanthumbelongs to the second evolutionary line, subgenus and section Cepa (according to the traditional classification of the subgenus Rhizirideum).Its registration number in the reference book of the Taxonomic Collection AlliumIPK (Gaterslaben, Germany) is 1729.EMBL - AJ411905. The Place of originisthe Almaty region.

According to the modern classification, Allium turkestanicum also belongs to the second evolutionary line, subgenus Allium, section Medasia.Its registration numbers in the reference book of the Taxonomic CollectionAlliumIPK (Gaterslaben, Germany) are 3366and 5049. EMBL- AJ411968 и AJ412718 correspondingly. The places of originarethe Karatau Ridge, Ulken-Burul Mountain (Kazakhstan) and Malguzar Mts, Jizakh (Uzbekistan) [12].

Plants of the genus Allium L. are hardy perennials with underground parts consisting of bulbs or less developed vestigial bulbs attached to rhizomes, which are known as rhizomatous bulbs [13].

Allium galanthum Kar. et Kir. is a perennial plant 30-70 cm high, a summer geophyte.

The study of the ontomorphogenesis of A. galanthum was carried out by Baitulin I.O. Nurushevoy A.M. and Lysenko A.V. in the Shu-Iley mountains by collecting plants of different ages.The bulbs of the plant are conical-cylindrical, 1.5-2.5 cm thick, with red-brown thin-skinned whole scales. The stem is not inflated. The leaves are 3-10 mm wide, cylindrical, piped. The pedicels are equal, 2-3 times longer than the perianth. The leaves of a stellate white perianthare with an inconspicuous vein, 4-5 mm long. The filaments of the stamen are barely longer than the perianth, fused with the perianthat the base. The plant grows on rocky and gravelly slopes, in the areas from the desert lowlands to the middle belt of mountains [14].

The areas of distribution are Western Sibiria (along the Irtysh River), Central Asia and Kazakhstan (Zaisan basin, Central Kazakh Upland, Betpak-dala, the Tarbagatai, the Dzungarian Alatau, the Northern and Central Tien Shan, the Chu-Ili Mountains) [15,16].

Allium turkestanicum Reg.is a turkestan onion.

Its bulb is almost spherical, with a diameter of 1.5-3 mm, the outer shells are paper-like, grey, without noticeable veins. A quarter of the stem, which is 40-100 cm high, is covered with smooth or very rarely rough sheaths of leaves.

The leaves four to six in numberare 2-10 mm wide, linear, gradually narrowed from the baseto the top, flat, rough at the edge, much shorter than the stem, very quickly withering.The cover is equal to the umbrella, remaining.Theumbrellaisbox-shaped, spherical, multi-flowered, and thick. Pedicels are almost equal, two to four times longer than the perianth, with bracts at the base.The leaves of the wide-bell-shaped perianth are pink, with an inconspicuous darker vein, almost equal, obtuse, about 3 mm long, the outer ovate, boat-shaped, the inner elliptical, narrowed to the base.Thefilaments of the stamens are slightly or up to one and a half times longer than the tepals, fused between themselves and with the perianth at the base, subulate.The column protrudes strongly from the perianth. The plant

grows in clay, sandy and gravelly desert steppes.

The areas of distribution are the Kyzylorda region, Betpakdal, Balkhash, Turkestan, the Dzungarian and Trans-Ili Alatau, the Chu-Ili Mountains, the Karatau, in the Western Tien Shan15].

Chemical composition and pharmacological activity of plantsofth genus Allium L.One of the

most numerous and characteristic of the Alliaceae family is the group of sulfur-containing compounds, which is a complex mixture of more than 100 reactive sulfur-containing compounds.They determine the characteristic sharp and pungent smell of the plant and for its many The analysis of the literature data showed that the sulfur-containing compoundalliinis about 65-75% of the total amount of sulfur-containing substances.Alliin, present in the cytosol useful properties.

(intracellular fluid), is a relatively chemically inert sulfoxide convertible to the highly reactive thiosulfate allicin by the C-S-lyase enzyme alliinase [16].Allicin decomposes to form a large number of sulfur compounds. This group of compounds includes ajoenes (E- ajoene, Z- ajoene), thiosulfinates (allicin), vinyldithiins (2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin, 3-vinyl - (4H) - 1,2-dithiin), sulfides(diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and etc.), (table 1) [17].

Table 1 - List and structure of some sulfur-containing compounds isolated from plants of the genus.

Composition

mula

Molecularfor

Structure

Alliin

CsHnNOsS

Allicin

C6H10OS :

E-Ajoene

C9 H14OS 3

Z-Ajoene

C9H14OS 3

2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin

CsHsS :

Diallyldisulfi

de

C6H10S

Diallyldisulfi

de

C6H10S :

Diallyltrisulfi

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C6H10S :

de

Allylmethylsu

C4H8S

lfide

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Different classes of phyto compounds determine a variety of biological properties of these medicinal plants: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, regulated redox, pro-energy, anti-apoptotic and signalling abilities [18-21]. They exhibit antitumor activity, preventing the proliferation of cancer cells [22].

Allicin (allylthiosulfinate) is a thioester of sulfenic acid. Its pharmacological effect isexplained by its antioxidant activity, as well as its interaction with thiol-containing proteins [23-24].The genus Allium L. is also rich in steroid saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, which have antitumor, antioxidant, antiplatelet aggregation, anti-atherosclerosis, and antimicrobial activity. AlliumL. plant extracts exhibit antiproliferative effects on human cancer cell lines,including liver, colon,

prostate, and breast cells.Both invasion and migration are malignant behaviours of tumour cells [25].

As mentioned above, there are about 140 plants of this genus growing in Kazakhstan. Having regarded the whole group being too large for the analysis, we narrowed it to the 14 plants of the Alliaceae family of the genus Allium L. which are included in the annotated list of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan [26], and focused on the review of their phytochemical study.

In their scientific works T.I. Fomina, T.A. Kukushkina investigated the biologically active substances in the aboveground parts of some Allium L. species.As a result of the conducted studies, catechins, flavonols, tannins, pectin substances, sugars and carotenoids were found in the aboveground parts of Allium altaicum, Allium obliquum, A. schoenoprasum, Allium ramosum L., and Allium nutans L. [27]. The phytochemical composition of Allium altaicum and Allium ledebourianum was also studied by E. S. Vasfilova and T. A. Vorobyova: high- and low-molecular glucofructans were determined [28].

Japanese scientists Y. Mimaki, M. Kuroda, T. Fukasawa, Y. Sashida identified spirostanolsaponins, furostanolsaponins, and steroid sapogenin in the chemical composition of the species Allium karataviense [29]. In 2015 the same scientists continued the study of the plant material Allium karataviense and identified 6 new bisdesmoside steroid glycosides, and five typesof GK carataviosides [30].

Scientists Jan Kasterer, Reinhard M. studied onion species from Central and South-West Asia. Cysteine derivatives (marazmin) and other compounds were identified in the plants Allium altissimum and Allium suworowii [31].

Composition of flavonoids from the leaves of Allium microdictyon Prokh. (Amaryllidaceae)was first studied by D. N. Olennikov. It contained 14 compounds, two newflavonol glycosides 1 and 2 included.UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data showed that 1 was quercetin-3-O- (2 " -O-a-Lrhamnopyranosyl) -P-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-P-D- glucuronopyranoside (quercetin - 3-O-neohesperidoside-7-O-glucuronide). Compound 2 had the structure kaempferol-3-O - (2 " - O-a-Lrhamnopyranosyl) - P-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-P-D- glucuronopyranoside (kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside-7 - O-glucuronide) [32].

Twenty chemical components were detected in the Allium longicuspis extract by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GCMS). Six main components are shown in table 2. In the current study, Allium longicuspis extract successfully suppressed the growth of the parasitic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides-the causative agent of plant anthracnoses in vitro tests [33].

Scientists from Romania LavrianVlas, Marcel Parvu studied the chemical composition ofsome species of Allium.The analysis of sulfur-containing compounds was performed by LC-MS, identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds by HPLC-UV-MS, and the presence of five sterols was simultaneously evaluated by HPLC-MS-MS.As a result of the research, theyidentified the following polyphenolic compounds: in Allium obliquum p - coumaric acid,

149.59 mcg/100 gbefore and 163.71 mcg /100 gafter hydrolysis; isoquercitrin-123.38 mcg / 100 g; luteolin and apigenin (172.35 mcg/100 g and 149.03 mcg/100 g) before and after acid hydrolysis (280.74 mcg /100 g and 277.06 mcg/100 g); in hydrolyzed extracts kaempferol, quercetol;in Allium schoenoprasum, isoquercitrin - 363.78 mcg/ 100 g; rutin-128.95 mcg / 100 g; kaempferol-1563.46 mcg / 100 g, quercetol.The richest among kaempferol derivatives was A. schoenoprasum.

The results obtained for the quantitative determination of the sulfur-containing compounds allicin and alliin in extracts of Allium L. species proved that a higher extraction temperatureconverts alliin to allicin:the extracts prepared at a room temperature (extracts R) had a lower allicin content than the extracts obtained by heating at 60 ° C (extracts C). The richest alliin species was A. obliquum, and the allicin content was higher in A. schoenoprasum plants. In the analysis of phytosterols, P-sitosterol and campesterin were quantified in all species: A. obliquum 211.30 mg/100 g and 12.90 mg/100 g, and A. schoenoprasum 25.09 mg/100 g and 7.21 mg/100 g. The richest P-sitosterol species was A. obliquum [34].

The antioxidant activity of the leaves of A. nutans L. and other species was evaluated by J. D. Brunet, A. Kapor in their scientific works.According to the screening results, the accumulation of toxic oxygen forms and the main product of lipid membrane peroxidation are the highest in A. nutans L.,

(1611.9 nmol/mg of protein).Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol

peroxidase (GPX),; glutathione peroxidase, - OH, malonyldialdehyde, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamin, soluble proteins and fluorescent pigments of lipofuscin (LFS) 34.50% were also determined in the course of studies [35].The identified compounds are shown in table 2.

Table 2 - Identified compounds in some plants of the genus Allium L.

TypeofOnion IdentifiedConnections References

Alliumaltaicu m Catechins-0.12 %; flavonols-1.5 %; tannins-11.5 %; pectins-11.4 %; sugars-28.2 %; caratinoids-102.8 mg T. I. Fomina, T. A. Kukushkina,2019

Low-molecular 17,19 ± 0.37 percent, glucofructan High molecular glucofructan 21,60 ± 0,95% E. S. Vasileva, T. A. Vorobyova

Allium ledebourianum Low-molecular 12,95 ± 0.71%, glucofructan High molecular glucofructan 4,83 ± 0,07% E. S. Vasileva, T. A. Vorobyova

Allium karataviense Spirostanol saponins, furostanol saponins, steroid sapogenin (Y. Mimakiet- al., 1999)

6 new bisdesmoside steroid glycosides, carataviosides GK (1-5), which were identified as a furostanol glycoside (caratavioside G, 1), two spirostanol glycosides (caratavioside H and I, 2 and 3), and two cholestanol glycosides (caratavioside K and L, 4 and 5) M.Kuroda, et- al., 2015

Alliumaltissimum Derivative of cysteine amino acid S -(methylthiomethyl) cysteine- 4-oxide (trivial named maraspin, 1) the cysteine sulfoxides, Metin, propin, sulfoxide S- (2-pyrrolyl) cysteine, in the end, the sulfoxide 5- (2-pyridyl) cysteine and N-oxide, S- (2-pyridyl) -L-cysteine J.Kusterer et-al., 2011

Allium longicus pis Olejowej alcohol, methyl ether (42,04%), y-sitosterol (15,85%), 24-but URSA-3,12-acts (5,62%), 1- octadecanol methyl ester (of 4.23%), n-pentadecanol (3,95%) and 2- phenyl-4h-1 3-ditilin (3,76%). de Guzman Alvindia, D., Mangoba, M.A.A. (2020)

A. microdictyon Astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, 3 mg), isoquercitrin (quercetin- 3-O-glucoside, 6 mg) kaempferol-3-O-glucoside-7-O-glucuronide (21 mg), kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside (9 mg), kaempferol-3,7-di-O-glucoside (52 mg), quercetin-3-O-glucoside-7- O-glucuronide (20 mg) [7], quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside (15 mg) . D. N. Olennikov (2020)

Alliumo bliquum p - coumaric acid before hydrolysis-149.59 mcg / 100 g, after hydrolysis-163.71 mcg / 100 g; isoquercitrin-123.38 mcg / 100 g; luteolin andapigenin before (172.35 mcg / 100 g and 149.03 mcg / 100 g) and after acid hydrolysis (280.74 mcg / 100 g and 277.06 mcg / 100 g; in hydrolyzed extracts of kaempferol, quercetol; alliin -13.65 ± 0.23; allicin (extracts R) -272.80 ± 1.62; allicin (extracts C) 426.62 ± 1.88;Phytosterols: P-Sitosterol 211.30 mg / 100 g and campesterin 12.90 mg / 100 g. LaurianVlase, MarcelParvu,2012

Catechins-0.06 %; pectins - 6.2 %;

flavonols-1.9%; tannins-14.6%;

T. I. Fomina, T. A. Kukushkina,2019

sugars-20.9 %; carotenoids-70.0 mg.

Alliumschoeno prasum Isoquercitrin-363.78 mcg / 100 g; rutin-128.95 mcg / 100 g; kaempferol- 1563.46 mcg/ 100 g, quercetol; allicin (extracts R)-320.0 ± 1.71; allicin (extracts C) 947.22 ± 2.01; Phytosterols: ß-Sitosterol-25.09 mg / 100 g and campesterin-7.21 mg / 100 g. LaurianVlase, MarcelParvu,2012

Catechins-0.08 %; flavonols-1.7 %; tannins-4.2%; pectins-9.1 %; sugars-15.9 %; carotenoids-82.7 mg T. I. Fomina, T. A. Kukushkina,2019

Allium ramosumL. Catechins-0.07 %; flavonols-1.0 %; tannins-5.1%; pectins-7.4 %; sugars-10.9 %; carotenoids-131.9 mg T. I. Fomina, T. A. Kukushkina,2019

Alliumnutans L. Catechins-0.07 %; flavonols-1.3 %; tannins-3.3%; pectins-8.8%; sugars-15.8%; carotenoids-87.2 mg T. I. Fomina, T. A. Kukushki na,2019

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) - 20.27 ± 3.27 U / mg protein; catalase ( CAT) - 10.01 ± 5.1127 U / mg protein; guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) 10.46 ± 0.45 U / mg protein; glutathione peroxidase (GP) 0.018 ± 0.002 U / mg protein; - 1611.9 ± 619.6 nmol / mg protein, -OH 0.30 ± 0.046 nmol / mg protein, malonyldialdehyde (MDA) 12.40 ± 0.16 nmol / mg protein; chlorophyll a 1.65 ± 0.02 mg/g, chlorophyll b 0.80 ± 0.07 mg/g, carotenoids 2.24 ± 0.01 mg/g, flavonoids 53.87 ± 9.24 mg/g, vitamin C 0.011 mg/g, soluble proteins 3.68 ± 0.15 mg/g, fluorescent pigments of lipofuscin (LFS) 34.50%. D.I.Stajner, A.Kapor, 2006

Allium suworo wii Cysteine sulfoxide-2,251%; methiin-0,67%; KustererJ., FritschR, 2011

The table data demonstrate the rich chemical composition of the genus Allium. The identified chemical compounds belong to the following groups: flavonoids, catechins, saponins, tannins, polysaccharides, and caratinoids.

Conclusion

Basing on the studied materials we have made the following conclusions.

Scientists from different countries studied and described the biological properties of the plants belonging to the genus AlliumExtracts and isolated compounds of plants of the genus Alliumexhibit anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and hypotensive effects. Modern pharmacological studies in vivo and in vitro have confirmed the traditional use of Allium species.

Different phyto compounds determining these properties have been isolated and identified. Sulfur-containing compounds, phenols, saponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids are the main chemical components isolated from extracts of plants of the genus Allium.

In recent years, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of the genus Allium have been of increasing interest.However, the results of the literature study show that many species of the genus Allium, including Allium galanthum and Allium turkestanicum, are still insufficiently studied. We are convinced thattheir further research with a particular focus on the development of new medicinesis needed.

No conflict of interest has been declared.

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