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Международный информационно-аналитический журнал «Crede Experto: транспорт, общество, образование, язык». № 3 (10). Сентябрь 2016 (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru)
УДК 811.51 ББК 81.2-03 Н726
И.Н. Новгородов Якутск, Россия Н.Н. Ефремов Якутск, Россия А.Ф. Гайнутдинова Казань, Россия Л.К. Ишкильдина Уфа, Россия
К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ УСТОЙЧИВОГО СЛОВАРНОГО ФОНДА КРЫМСКОТАТАРСКОГО ЯЗЫКА*
В статье представлено исследование происхождения крымскотатарского устойчивого словарного фонда. Авторы пришли к выводу о том, что крымскотатарский язык обнаруживает большее сходство с турецким (огузскому), чем с башкирским, татарским (кыпчакским) языками. Ключевые слова: язык, сравнение, лексика, устойчивый словарный фонд, тюркский, огузский, кыпчакский, крымскотатарский, турецкий, татарский, башкирский.
* Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда (№ 14-0400346) в ФГАОУ ВПО СВФУ им. М.К Аммосова. Тема проекта: «Устойчивый словарный фонд тюркских языков».
SOME NOTES ON THE LEIPZIG-JAKARTA LIST OF THE CRIMEAN
TATAR LANGUAGE*
Innokentiy NOVGORODOV Yakutsk, Russia Nikolay Efremov Yakutsk, Russia
© Новгородов И. H., Ефремов Н. Н., Гайнутдинова А. Ф., Ишкильдина Л. К., 2016
Albina GAINUTDINOVA Kazan, Russia Linara ISHKILDINA Ufa, Russia
Abstract: Background. This article is about the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the language of the Crimean Tatars. Authors come to a conclusion that the Crimean Tatar language is more similar to the Oghuz Turkic languages according to the Leipzig-Jakarta list than the Kipchak languages .
Materials and Methods. Research materials are the most resistant words (the LeipzigJakarta list) of the Turkic languages. The most resistant words were written out of the dictionaries of the Turkic languages. In this survey, the comparative method is used as the main method.
Results. Words of the Leipzig-Jakarta list of Crimean Tatar in comparison with the Oghuz and Kipchak languages are revealed.
Discussions. Previously, the Crimean Tatar language was considered to have belonged to the Kipchak group of the Turkic languages that also included the Tatar, Bashkir and other languages. Authors disagree with this statement and consider the Crimean Tatar language to be more similar to the Oghuz languages than the Kipchak ones.
Keywords: language, the Leipzig-Jakarta list, Crimean Tatar, Oghuz, Kipchak.
*A research was prepared at North-Eastern Federal University within the framework of the project № 14-04-00346 on "The Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Turkic languages" theme supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation. 1. Introduction
As it is known, the modern Turkic languages are classified into different groups: the Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk and others. Each group has its own members. For example, the Oghuz languages include the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen and others.
Before discussing the classification status of the Crimean Tatar language, a few lines about the speakers of it should be written. According to the latest Crimean census (2014), 232,340 people identify themselves as Crimean Tatars (Crimean
Tatar: Qirimtatarlar or Qirim, Qirimli, Russian: Крымские татары, Ukrainian: Кримсъкг татары). About 150,000 remain in exile in Central Asia, mainly in Uzbekistan. The official number of Crimean Tatars in Turkey is 150,000. Crimean Tatars in Turkey mostly live in Eski§ehir Province, descendants of those who emigrated in the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. In the Dobruja region straddling Romania and Bulgaria, there are more than 27,000 Crimean Tatars: 24,000 on the Romanian side, and 3,000 on the Bulgarian side. The majority of the Crimean Tatars are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi School. Crimean Tatars (Qirimtatarca, Qirimtatar tili, Къырымтатарджа, Къырымтатар тили), also called Crimean Turkish or simply Crimean, is the indigenous language of the Crimean Tatars. It is a Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatars diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey, has Romania and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. The Crimean Tatars language has three dialects: the Tats, the Yaliboyu and the Nogay. The modern Crimean Tatars written language is based on the middle dialect because the Tats comprise about 55% of the total Crimean Tatar population. 2. Materials and Methods
To study the classification status of the Crimean Tatar language, the LeipzigJakarta list was taken into consideration. For the convenience of analysis, the Leipzig-Jakarta list was taken from open electronic sources rather than [Tadmor, 2009] due to the arrangement of the material in the former (e.g., the alphabetical order of vocabulary and a single lexeme for identifying each vocabulary sample).
The Leipzig-Jakarta list is a 100 words list to test the degree of relationship of languages by comparing words that are resistant to borrowing [Tadmor, 2009; Novgorodov, 2012; Novgorodov, 2014a]. The indicated 100 most resistant words are used to establish the relationship of Crimean Tatar among the Kipchak and Oghuz languages.
The Leipzig-Jakarta list has already been published on several Turkic languages [Novgorodov, 2014b; Novgorodov, 2014c; Novgorodov, 2014d].
It should be mentioned that we previously came to a conclusion that the Turkic languages are divided into two main groups [Novgorodov, 2015]. The first one is the
Yakut and the Kipchak languages, and the second one - the Chuvash and Oghuz languages.
In order to establish a relationship of the Crimean Tatar language among the Kipchak and Oghuz ones, we take into consideration the Turkish language (which belongs to the Oghuz group) and the Tatar and Bashkir languages (which belong to the Kipchak group).
In this survey, the comparative method is used as the main method. 3. Results
The result of this study is revealing the words of the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Crimean Tatar language in comparison with the Oghuz and Kipchak languages.
Before presenting the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Crimean Tatar language, it should be noted that 1 is a number of the Leipzig-Jakarta list item; 'ant' - meaning; (3. 817) - index number of World loanword database, available online at http://wold.clld.org/meaning; ktat. - abbreviation of the Crimean Tatar language; [KTRS, 1988 : 85] - indication of a source and its page; qirmiska - form of a word; (< tu. [ESTJ 2000: 140]) - indication of a word origin, information of a source and its page; tur. - abbreviation of the Turkish language; [TRS 1977: 515] - indication of a source and its page; karinca - form of a word; (< tu.) - indication of a word origin that was mentioned above; tat. - abbreviation of the Tatar language; [TRS I 2007: 703] - indication of a source and its page; kirmiska - form of a word; (< tu.) -indication of a word origin that was mentioned above; bash. - abbreviation of the Bashkir language; [RBS I 2005: 558] - indication of a source and its page; kirmidka -form of a word; (< tu.) - indication of a word origin that was mentioned above.
We reveal the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Crimean Tatar language in comparison with the Oghuz and Kipchak languages. Some items from a 100 ones of the Crimean Tatar language Leipzig-Jakarta list is presented below.
1 'ant' (3. 817) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 85, 79] qirmiska (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 140]), qarinja (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 323]); tur. [TRS 1977: 515] karinca (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 703] kirmiska (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005 : 558] kirmidka (< tu.).
2 'arm' (4.31), 'hand' (4.33) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 81, 157] qol (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 37]), el (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 260]); tur. [TRS 1977: 555, 265] kol (< tu.), el (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 649] kul (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 334] kul (< tu.).
3 'ash' (1.84) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 72] kul (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 137]); tur. [TRS 1977: 580] kul (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 628] kol (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 398] kol (< tu.) etc.
4. Discussions
First of all, it should be mentioned that synonyms are traced in the Crimean Tatar language, e.g.:
1 'ant' (3. 817) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 85, 79] qirmiska (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 140]), qarinja (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 323]); tur. [TRS 1977: 515] karinca (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 703] kirmiska (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005 : 558] kirmidka (< tu.);
8 'bitter' (15.37) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 12, 28] ayuv, ajji, (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 67, 89]); tur. [TRS 1977: 21] aci (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 150] act (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 244] ase, asi (< tu.);
15 'to carry' (10.61) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 121] tasimak (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 170]), [Suleymanova] alipkel- (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 127; ESTJ, 1980 : 14]); tur. [TRS 1977: 444, 831, 352] iletmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 267]), ta§imak (< tu.), goturmek (< tu. [ESTJ 1980: 86]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 685] kuterep yotu (yortu) (< tat. < tu. [ESTJ 1980: 86; ESTJ 1989: 229]); bash. [BRS 1996: 596] tashiu (< tu.), apariu- (< tu.) etc.
The majority of forms (79 items: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100) of the Crimean Tatar language are similar to those of the Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages and these forms are of the Turkic origin, e.g.:
3 'ash' (1.84) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 72] kul (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 137]); tur. [TRS 1977: 580] kul (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 628] kol (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 398] kol (< tu.);
6 'bird' (3.581) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 84] qus (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 180]); tur. [TRS 1977: 576] ku§ (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 624] kos (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 233] kos (< tu.);
7 'to bite' (4.58) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 127] tislemek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 242]); tur. [TRS 1977: 236, 419] di§lemek (< tu.), isir- [ESTJ, 1974 : 671]; tat. [TRS II 2007: 368] tesläü (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 549] tesläü (< tu.) etc.
Also, Persian, Arabian, Mongolian loanwords are revealed in the Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Crimean Tatar, Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages, e.g.:
9 'black' (15.65) ) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 111] siya (< pers. [Räs, 1969 : 421a]); tur. [TRS 1977: 781] siyah (< pers.);
16 'child (kin term)' (2.43) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 156] evlet (< ar. [Räs, 1969 : 52b]); tur. [TRS 1977: 283, 92] evlat (< ar.);
28 'far (adverb)' (12.44) bash. [RBS I 2005: 258] aliö (< mo. [Räs 1969: 17b]); 56 'name' (18.28) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 61] isim (< ar. ism); tur. [TRS 1977: 466] isim (< ar.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 136] isem (< ar.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 420] isem (< ar.);
68 'rope' (9.19) tur. [TRS 1977: 776] sicim (< mo. [Räs 1969: 420b]) etc. Forms of several words (7 items: 5, 8, 13, 15, 18, 69, 87) of the Crimean Tatar language are not found in the same meaning of the Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages, e.g.:
5 'big' (12.55) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 32] balaban (< tu. [ESTJ, 1978 : 49]); tur. [TRS 1977: 138] büyük (< tu. [ESTJ, 1978 : 288]); tat. [TRS II 2007: 94] oli (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 593]); bash. [RBS I 2005: 98] olo (< tu.);
8 'bitter' (15.37) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 12] ayuv (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 67]); tur. [TRS 1977: 21] aci (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 89]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 150] act (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 244] äse, asi (< tu.);
13 'breast' (4.41) ktat [KTRS, 1988 : 70] kökrek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 136]), köküs (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 54]); tur. [TRS 1977: 613, 88] meme (< tu. [Räs 1969: 324b]), bagir (< tu. [ESTJ, 1978 : 17]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 445, 447] imi (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 271]), imcäk (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 252] imsäk (< tu.) etc.
Words of the Turkic origin, which are not traced in the Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages in the same form and meaning reveal specifics of the Crimean Tatar language.
The Crimean Tatar language was previously considered to belong to the Kipchak group of the Turkic languages that also included the Tatar, Bashkir and other languages [Mudrak, 2002]. We disagree with this statement. Elicitation and comparative analysis of the most resistant words of Crimean Tatar demonstrates that the Crimean Tatar language is more similar to the Oghuz languages.
The analysis of the Leipzig-Jakarta list shows that from 100 items 81 ones (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100) are found in the Crimean Tatar, Turkish, Tatar and Bashkir languages simultaneously and these items are similar in form and meaning. This fact demonstrate that these languages have originated from the Prototurkic source.
25 items (1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 29, 34, 35, 41, 42, 51, 52, 57, 60, 66, 74, 76, 95, 96, 99) reveal that the Crimean Tatar list in form and meaning is more similar to the Oghuz (Turkish) languages than the Kipchak (Tatar, Bashkir) Turkic ones, e.g.:
1 'ant' (3. 817) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 85] qarinja (< tu. [ESTJ, 1997 : 323]); tur. [TRS 1977: 515] karinca (< tu.); tat. [TRS I 2007: 703] kirmiska (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 140]); bash. [RBS I 2005: 558] kirmidka (< tu.);
2 'arm' (4.31), 'hand' (4.33) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 157] el (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 260]); tur. [TRS 1977: 555, 265] kol (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 37]), el (< tu. [ESTJ 1974: 260]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 649] kul (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 334] kul (< tu.);
4 'back' (4.19) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 115] sirt (< tu. [ESTJ, 2003 : 418]); tur. [TRS 1977: 63, 206, 774] arka (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 174]), sirt (< tu.), dial. dal 'back, shoulder' [< tu. (ESTJ, 1980 : 131]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 117] arM (< tu.); bash. [RBS II 2005: 444] arM (< tu.) etc.
Only 9 items (1, 24, 34, 67, 68, 69, 76, 77, 87) reveal that the Crimean Tatar list in form and meaning is more similar to the Kipchak (Tatar, Bashkir) languages than the Oghuz (Turkish) Turkic ones. This fact and the Oghuz and Kipchak origin synonyms of Crimean Tatar show that the Crimean Tatar language was influenced by the Kipchak languages e.g.:
1 'ant' (3. 817) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 85] qïrmïska (< tu. [ESTJ, 2000 : 140]); tur. [TRS 1977: 515] karinca (< tu. [ESTJ 1997: 323]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 703] kïrmïska (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 558] kïrmïôka (< tu.);
24 'to eat' (5.11) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 28] asamak (< tu. [ESTJ, 1974 : 210]); tur. [TRS 1977: 921] yemek (< tu. (ESTJ, 1974 : 333)); tat. [TRS I 2007: 155] asau (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 313] asau (< tu.), eyeu (< tu.).
34 'to go' (10.47) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 33] barmak (< tu. [ESTJ, 1978 : 64]); tur. [TRS 1977: 938, 340, 325] yurumek (< tu. (ESTJ, 1989 : 229)), gitmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 49]), gelmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 14]); tat. [TRS I 2007: 200] baru (< tu.); bash. [RBS I 2005: 404] barïu (< tu.) etc.
One item (27: ktat. tusmek 'to fall') of Crimean Tatar is not found in the Bashkir language in the same meaning, e.g.:
27 'to fall' (10.23) ktat. [KTRS, 1988 : 133, 64] tusmek (< tu. [ESTJ, 1980 : 330]), yïkïlmak (< tu. [ESTJ 1989: 273]); tur. [TRS 1977: 255, 926] du§mek (< tu.), yikilmak (< tu.); tat. [TRS II 2007: 418] tosu (< tu.), [TRS II 2007: 368] egïlu (< tu. [ESTJ 1974: 69]); bash. [RBS II 2005: 9], yïyïlïu ( < tu.), auïu- (< tu.). 5. Conclusion
So, totally from 100 items 95 ones of the Crimean Tatar language match the Oghuz (Turkish) Turkic (items: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100) in form and meaning and 90 items (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62,
63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100) are cognate to the Kipchak (Tatar, Bashkir) Turkic ones in same way. Numerous facts of similarity of the Crimean Tatar and Oghuz synonymy (19 items: 1, 2, 4, 9, 11, 16, 20, 21, 24, 27, 29, 35, 41, 51, 66, 76, 95, 96, 99) instead of Crimean Tatar and a Kipchak one (1 item: 24) are also taken into cosideration. Also 25 items (1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 29, 34, 35, 41, 42, 51, 52, 57, 60, 66, 74, 76, 95, 96, 99) revealing the similarity in the form and meaning of the Crimean Tatar and the Oghuz (Turkish) Leipzig-Jakarta list instead of 9 items (1, 24, 34, 67, 68, 69, 76, 77, 87) of the Crimean Tatar and the Kipchak (Tatar, Bashkir) one should be taken into account.
Thus, we consider that the Crimean Tatar language is more similar to the Oghuz languages than the Kipchak Turkic ones. Acknowledgment
We sincerely thank the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation for the grant "The Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Turkic languages"; this publication was prepared within the framework of the research project supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation № 14-04-00346. Also we thank Zarema Seyarovna Suleymanova, staffer of Republic Crimea Ministry of Education, for a consultation on the Crimean Tatar language material. Abbreviations
ar. - Arabian bash. - Bashkir ktat. - Crimean Tatar mo. - Mongolian pers. - Persian tat. - Tatar tu. - Turkic tur. - Turkish
KTRS 1988 - Asanov S. & A. Garkavec & S. Useinov, (1988), Krymskotatarsko russkij slovar. Kiev: Radyanska shkola.
ESTJ 1974 - Sevortyan, E., (1974), Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskikh yazykov. Obshchetyurkskie i mezhtyurkskie osnovy na glasnye, Moscow: Nauka.
ESTJ 1978 - Sevortyan, E., (1978), Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskikh yazykov. Obshchetyurkskie i mezhtyurkskie osnovy na bukvu "B", (Ed. N. Z. Gadzhieva), Moscow: Nauka.
ESTJ 1980 - Sevortyan, E., (1980), Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskikh yazykov. Obshchetyurkskie i mezhtyurkskie osnovy na bukvy "V", "G", "D", (Ed. N. Z. Gadzhieva), Moscow: Nauka.
ESTJ 1989 - Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskikh yazykov. Obshchetyurkskie i mezhtyurkskie osnovy na bukvy "J", "ZH", "Y", (1989), (Ed. L. S. Levitskaya), Moscow: Nauka.
ESTJ 1997 - Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskikh yazykov. Obshchetyurkskie i mezhtyurkskie leksicheskie osnovy na bukvy "K", "Q", (1997), Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kultury.
ESTJ 2000 - Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskikh yazykov. Obshchetyurkskie i mezhtyurkskie leksicheskie osnovy na bukvy "K", (2000), Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kultury.
ESTJ 2003 - Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskikh yazykov. Obshchetyurkskie i mezhtyurkskie leksicheskie osnovy na bukvy "L", "M", "N", "P", "S", (2003), Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, RAN.
RBS I 2005 - Agishev, I. & A. Gindullina & G. Zaynullina & Z. Ishmukhametov & S. Mirzhanova & Sh. Nafikov & Z. Sirazetdinov & N. Sufyanova & Z. Urazbaeva & Z. Uraksin & R. Khadyeva, (2005), Russko-bashkirskiy slovar. Volume 1 (A—O), (Ed. Z. G. Uraksin), Ufa: Bashkirskaya enciklopediya.
RBS II 2005 - Agishev, I. & A. Gindullina & G. Zaynullina & Z. Ishmukhametov & S. Mirzhanova & Sh. Nafikov & Z. Sirazetdinov & N. Sufyanova & Z. Urazbaeva & Z. Uraksin & R. Khadyeva, (2005), Russko-bashkirskiy slovar. Volume 2 (P—YA), (Ed. Z. G. Uraksin), Ufa: Bashkirskaya enciklopediya.
TRS 1977 - Baskakov, A. & N. Golubeva & A. Kyamileva & K. Lyubimov & F. Salimzyanova & E. Yusipova, (1977), Turecko-russkiy slovar, (Ed. E. Mustafaeva, L. Starostova), Moscow: Russkiy yazyk. TRS I 2007 - Tatarsko-russkiy slovar. Volume 1 (A - L), (2007), Kazan: Magarif. TRS II 2007 - Tatarsko-russkiy slovar. Volume 1 (M - YA), (2007), Kazan: Magarif
Räs 1969 - Räsäsnen, M., (1969), Versuch einen etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen, Helsinki: Suomalais -
Ugrilainen Seura.
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