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ГЕОЛОГО-МИНЕРАЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
SOME GEOCHEMICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL REGULARITIES OF FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL WATERS OF AZERBAIJAN
Babayev Nariman Ibadullah
Doctor of sciences, professor;
Tagiyev Islam Ibrahim, the real member of the International Academy of Sciences on mineral resources.
SUMMARY.
The territory of Azerbaijan has considerable stocks of mineral waters. These waters encountered in the Azeri part of the Greater and of Small Caucasus, on the extensive Kura depression in various formations of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Mineral waters are distinguished by their features runoff, chemical composition, temperature and healing properties. For example, within the of Small Caucasus Development Zone mineral and thermal carbonic waters with temperatures of 36-74 0C, flow rate of 5-15 l/s, with a dry residue of 4-7 g/l, hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium composition, which, above all, containing radon, boron, bromine, strontium and other elements in high concentrations.
The article talked about the features of the distribution of mineral water, the need to develop programs for strict control over the implementation of complex works for their protection, accounting and production.
Key words: mineral water, borehole, flow rate, zonation, source, chemical composition.
Introduction. The country is rich not only large reserves of oil, gas, solid minerals, but also unique fields of mineral waters. These water flow rate of 100 thousand m3/d. In day, have a variety of temperature, chemical and gas composition are analogues of the world-famous carbon dioxide, arsenic, nitrogen, methane, radon and other waters.
The increasing need of the Republic for alternative energy sources demands deep studying of hydrogeolog-ical conditions of formation of expected and operational reserves of underground waters of perspective regions of the territory.
Thermal energy of natural thermal sources, and also the deep waters opened with thousands which are earlier drilled on oil and gas of empty wells can be used with success in various industries and Republic agriculture.
Hot and warm springs meet in a number of regions of Greater and Small Caucasus, the Talish.
On the vast territory of the Kur River valley thermal waters revealed numerous wells in various formations lithology of sedimentary, igneous and meta-morphic rocks. In the mountain regions of Azerbaijan folded mineral and thermal waters are associated with major breaks and have a local distribution, unloaded at the intersection of breaks with the river valleys. On the plains of mineral waters have a wide area distribution and confined to water-bearing complexes of Meso-Ce-nozoic sediments.
Problem definition. These drilling of numerous oil wells indicate that the flat part of Azerbaijan's thermal water with a temperature above 50 °C have a regional development at depths exceeding 500 m. In the deep basins, carried a thick layer of Neogene and Paleo-gene rocks, the water temperature at a depth of 3000 meters or more in exceeds of 100 0C.
In most cases the water have a positive thermal head (in some cases 100 m above the surface) and high flow rates (40-50 liters/sec) [1].
Zonality and chemical specifics of mineral waters are brightly expressed on Southwest and Northeast slopes of Greater Caucasus where the greatest development was gained by clay slates of flishevy character, sandstones and Yura's limestones and swept, and in the lowered (plunging) parts - clay deposits of the Paleo-gene and Neogene.
The area of food of underground waters begins on water separate part of Greater Caucasus. Scaled and shirring folds, as well as numerous cracks of tectonic fractures cause intense infiltration of surface water and precipitation, which nourish and mineral springs, related primarily to the hydro-carbonate-sodium type. Among thermal waters are noteworthy sources Haltan temperature 47-49 0C, Hashi - with temperature 37-40,8 0C, with a temperature Jimmy 42,8 0C and others. The mineralization of water from 0,8 to 1,7 g/l, the composition is sodium hydro carbonate sodium [2].
Other, Ilisu-Bumski thermal zone has a big extent, but owing to geostructural conditions thermal sources settle down only on separate sites here. These include, in Gakh district Ilisu springs with water temperature of 40 0C and Kurmukh a temperature of about 30,5 0C, in Gabala, Bumski sources with a temperature of 39,4 0C, in the knuckle area - Khalkhal sources with a temperature of 32 0C, in Shamakhi region - Chagan sources with a temperature of 32 0C. Waters of this geothermal zone are poorly mineralized (about 1 g/l) and are characterized by hydrocarbonate sodium characterized composition.
In Gusar piedmont plain thermal waters with a temperature of 20 to 50 0C encountered in depth range of 240 to 1400 m in the Upper Pliocene sediments. Pi-ezometric water level is set from 40 to 122 m above the surface; well production rate varies from 3 to 18 l/sec. Thermal waters here fresh or poorly mineralized, the dry rest doesn't exceed 0,8 g/l. Water hydrosulphate, calcium-magnesium, sodium-calcium (at the value of
mineralization up to 0,5 g/l), sometimes sulfate-chloride sodium composition.
In underlying Maikop educations underground thermal waters are opened in regional parts of the plain at a depth of 460-2000 m, with a temperature of 25-55 0C. The average size of a geothermal step makes 32,5 m/s. Thermal waters are characterized by a weak pressure and low productivity (an output from 0,2 to 0,5 l/sec.). The waters mineralized with the size of the dry rest of 8,7-43,3 g/l, the chloride and hydrocarbonate sodium. Gases, are generally presented by methane. Deep wells drilled for oil and gas, met thermal waters in Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments at a depth of 2500-4500 m. The water temperature reaches 105-122 0C and 3052 0C in the spout. Debit wells varies from 0,3 to 5 l/s. Water strongly mineralized, with a dry residue up to 6695 g/l. On the composition of water is sodium chloride. [3]
In Khudat - Khachmaz zone wells opened thermal water with temperatures up to 90 0C. In this zone a subsoil conceals in themselves inexhaustible quantity of thermal energy which with success can be used in central heating of numerous sanatorium establishments.
On the territory of Absheron peninsula thermal waters are confined to deposits of Absheron tier and productive thicker [4]. Underground waters of the Absheron deposits belong to two temperature zones: poorly thermal with a temperature of 20-50 0C and thermal, with a temperature of 50-75 0C. The average size does not exceed the level of geothermal 28 m/0C. Waters of the first temperature zone meet at a depth from 1200 to 1400 m. Second water zone located more deeply, this water flow rates, can vary from 1,2 to 2,6 l / sec. Piezometric level is set above the earth surface. Here waters meet a mineralization from 1 to 100 g/l. Highly mineralized waters have a chloride-sodium composition - noted the high content of iodine and bromine.
Productive stratum formation water are almost everywhere thermal. The following temperature types of waters are allocated: poor thermal (20-50 thermal (50-75 0C), high-thermal (75-100 0C).
The solution of the problem. Within of Small Caucasus province's development of mineral and thermal carbonic waters. The waters are confined to individual break zones. The largest groups of thermal sources are known within the Kalbajar district. Here two large troupes of thermal waters are allocated: Kal-bajar (Lower and Upper Istisu, Baghirsagh and Kalba-jar area) and Minkand-Ahmadli. In the first of these groups of thermal waters are confined to tectonic breaks dissecting tuffaceous Neogene sediments, Eocene, Upper Cretaceous and Jurassic. These deposits are opened with wells at a depth from 70 to 710 m [3].
Temperature of thermal waters of Kalbajar group changes in the following limits: Upper Istisu 36-74 0C, Bagirsagh - 28-66 0C, Lower Istisu 56-62 0C, the Kal-bajar area 45-52 0C. Well production rate changes accordingly, from 0,3 to 10,3; 6 to 20; from 4 to 15 and from 5 to 7 l/sec. The waters which are poorly mineralized with the dry rest of 3-7 g/l, hydrocarbonate-chlo-ride-sodium; contain radon, strontium, the titan, bromine, etc. elements.
Minkand Ahmadli-group sources of carbonic waters in Lachin region is characterized by a low water temperature (22 to 29,5 0C), low mineralization (2-4 g/l), hydrochloride sodium composition. Flow rate springs varies in the range of 2 to 18 l/ sec.
In the Small Caucasus the most widely developed intrusive igneous rocks and effusive magmatism, inter-bedded with calcareous, sandstone and shale formations. Most selected hydro geochemical zone is confined to the lines of tectonic fractures with anti Caucasian direction, except for the area Shirlan-Turshsu, which coincides with the thrust line of the northwest prostration, where in the same direction passes ophio-lite formation of Small Caucasus, timed to deep break.
During the formation of the chemical composition of mineral water a big role belongs to carbonate rocks. In Nakhchivan AR strong carbonate strata characteristic for Devonian, the Upper Jurassic (Oxford Kim-meridgian, Tithonian) Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) and Paleogene (middle Eocene-Miocene). In connection with this, here is dominated by hydro carbonate carbonated mineral water.
Mineral water temperature in the area of quaternary lavas is high. Mineral water usually come directly from the zones of tectonic breaks, in process of removal from which their temperature gradually goes down. In areas where quarternary lavas are absent, carbonic mineral waters usually cold. The chemical composition of the mineral waters there are variations depending to some extent on water temperature and composition of the rocks from the petrochemical, in which they circulate.
According to a geological structure of the region and tectonic conditions of unloading of underground waters on Small Caucasus it is possible to allocate the following three folded areas rich with fields of mineral waters: Dashkesan-Gadabay, Sevan-Akera and Nakhichevan.
Dashkesan-Gadabay folded region covers the north-western part of Small caucasus, the formation and discharge of mineral water mainly occurs within the areas of development of intrusive, volcanic and de-trital and partially sedimentary breeds relating to Yura.
Sevan-Akera folded zone represents Synclinorium north-westerly direction, which is in the central part of of Small Caucasus. There are widespread derivatives intrusive and effusive magmatism, particularly quaternary lava complex, which is essential in the formation of mineral waters. The layers were collected in the second-order folds and broken with transversal cuts.
The area is divided into three subzones hydro ge-ochemical: Istisu-Kalbajar, Minkand Ahmadli and Turshsu Shirlan.
Istisu-Kalbajar hydrogeochemical subzone, in which a resort area Istisu covering a large area in upper reaches of Terter. It adjoins to Tuthun hydrogeochemical area. Within the first subzone four groups of mineral water deserve special attention. (From south to north): 1) Bagyrsagh, 2) resort Istisu, 3) Lower Istisu and 4) Kalbajar area. The rock complex composing in a resort area Istisu participate mainly igneous rocks Paleogene and Neogene. [5].
In the basis of these thicknesses cretaceous educations, in particular limestone and marl Senonian, volcanic rocks of Santon or strongly positioned shale and sandstones Senoman and alba.
All this complex, beginning from Istisu resort, in the direction of Kalbajar village, forms the southern wing of the Kalbajar syncline extending in a northwesterly direction along Dalidagh intrusion.These structural educations even more complicated between Dalidagh mountain, Istisu resort and Kalbajar village, where anticlinal raisings appears in anticaucasus (north-east) direction.
The important tectonic elements are marked discontinuous line of north-east and north-south direction, which are associated with the outputs of mineral water.
In the resort of Istisu the most noticeable (places gaping) the crack has northeast pro-deleting (35-40 0C when falling on the northwest at an angle 75-80 0C. This crack and some others are cut by boreholes in a depth of 360 m. Similar cracks are revealed on other areas. Water of all mineral sources of resort district Istisu belongs to type of thermal carbonic hydrothermal-chlo-rine-calcium waters with a temperature from 21,6 to 62 0C and mineralization within 4,3 - 6,7 g/l. The total output of sources exceeds 2 thousand m3days [6]. Na-khchivan folded zone covers southern part of Lesser Caucasus. Mineral sources are concentrated in its east and central parts, in development areas the Paleogeno-Neogen of volcanic-sedimentary rocks and subordinated to them the upper cretaceous deposits.
In the western part of the area where Paleozoic and Mesozoic educations are widespread, mineral sources are almost absent. Outputs of most mineral sources in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic are confined with hinges of anticlinal folds.
According to placement of sources and hydro-chemistry mineral water, two hydro chemical two subzones - Central Nakhchivan and Ordubad-Araks are allocated here. In Central Nakhchivan hydro geochemi-cal subzone is marked line along the crest of the anticline, in which the sources of Badamli, Vayhir, Sirab are located. This line gravitates to Suramalyk and Nagadzhir sources.
All sources Badamli-Sirab lines are confined with upper cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene marls, sandstones, conglomerates, andesine and tuffs (tuff breccias).
The lasts are underlined by powerful Senonian marls, plays a significant role in forming composition of water. Water of this line is hydrocarbonate-chloride. But, a ratio of cations are changed in various groups of sources. So, in Nagadzhir and Sirab sources from cations there is a basic of sodium, calcium is added to the West to Vayhir and in Badamli source calcium prevails over sodium, and appears a magnesium. To the east, near the area where there is considerable sulphide and manifestations, genetically connected with subvolcanic formations increases the content of sulfate ion in water. It is necessary to pay attention to composition of waters of the Nagadzhir source in which chloride is much more, than carbonates.
The second line of mineral sources passes in a northwesterly direction, in the mountainous part of the
area along the border of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and Armenia. This line is located or gravitated to her sources: Batabat, Gemyurskie, Amethyst. Along this line, the tectonic stress area is marked with frequent breaks, cracks and dislocations.
This band is composed of andesites, their tuffs and tuff breccias, marl and sandstone of Eocene and Pliocene. As a part of waters along with hydro carbonate ions there are also sulfate. Calcium cations predominates over sodium present in appreciable amounts and magnesium. The third line passes through Dalidagh sources where sandy rocks of the upper cretaceous and Eocene are collected in a large anticline fold north western strike, complicated by secondary folds.
The waters of this band chloride-hydrocarbonate with a significant content of sodium. Mineral water circulating in the area realgar-orpiment new mineralization at a shallow depth (of the order of tens or hundreds of meters) and are enriched in arsenic. Masalli-Lanka-ran-Astara group dated for to the line conjugation foothill and lowland areas.
Here, sources are hot and warm, with many children. They consist mainly of rocks paleogene submitted tuff sandstones, alternating with argillites and siltstones tufa, lime-sandy clay, calcareous tufa siltstones et al., Which in some places are covered by young or anticline andesitic intruded by garb intrusions. The first line of the terminal is located just on the eastern edge area folded these rocks, then merges with a depression area, which is composed of quaternary sediments.
Regularity of distribution of groups of mineral waters of this thermal line is observed in meridional direction. In the north the group of sources highly mineralized (about 17 g/l) thermal waters, with a temperature of 64 0C settles down Masalli (Arkhevansk). In the eastern part of the mineral waters of the area of Gorno-Lat-vian groups are chloride type, and in the north they are accompanied by hydrogen sulfide and methane gases, and in the south of the gas stream composed mainly of nitrogen. In northwest part of the area the group of the mineral sources of sulfate-carbonate type which are followed by hydrosulphuric gas acts. This distribution is explained by geological and structural conditions in the area of groundwater discharge.
Conclusion. Despite the measures taken in recent years, there is still contamination and depletion of mineral water, as a result of neglect of basic guarding activities, the most important of which are the prevention, prognosis and monitoring of rational use of these waters.
It is necessary to develop the specific program on strict control over implementation of complex works on protection, the account, production of mineral waters for the prevention of pollution, damage and premature exhaustion of mineral sources. In this regard, development of projects of mountain and sanitary protection for the main fields of mineral waters, improvement of forecasting of influence of anthropogenous factors and the accounting of all possible consequences is necessary action.
Analysis of actual data on the distribution of mineral and thermal waters, their chemical and gas composition, flow rate and temperature, gives us confidence
that in the coming years they will be widely and more intensively used for recreational and environmental sick purposes for heating in the settlements, as well as for valuable chemical elements. There is no doubt that in this important public business will play a large role previously drilled water, but unused oil and gas wells.
This work was financially supported by Science Development Fund under the President of Azerbaijan Republic - Grant number EIF/MGM/Universities 2014-5(20)-11/04/2
References
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3. Askarov A.G "Mineral sources of Azerbaijan". Baku, Azerbaijan State. University, 1954.334 p.;
4. Babayev N.I "Forms in the water of mud volcanoes in Absheron Peninsula and Gobustan» Proceedings of the universities, the journal "Oil and Gas", Baku, №3-4,1997, p.p 9-12;
5. Tagiyev I.I, Ibragimova I.Sh., Babaev A.M "The resources of mineral and thermal water of Azerbaijan, Баку, publishing house of "Chashigoglu", 2004, 168 pages.;
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