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SOME FEATURES PHYTOGENIC INFLUENCE IN COMMUNITY PARK
Koba V.P.
Federal State Budget Institution of Science "Nikita Botanical Garden - National Scientific Center", Doctor
of Biological Sciences, Professor Spotar E.N.
Federal State Budget Institution of Science "Nikita Botanical Garden - National Scientific Center", Junior
Researcher Sahno T.M.
Federal State Budget Institution of Science "Nikita Botanical Garden - National Scientific Center", research engineer
ABSTRACT
The questions bioecological compliance features of plant growth and development as part of the park communities. The characteristic of the specifics of the growth of vegetative organs of different species of ornamental plants under joint growth in the pack communities. Evaluation of the interaction of plants due to the nature of their impact Phytogenic showed that plant species can have both positive and negative effects on the processes of growth of vegetative organs in the zone of their phytogenic fields. Three types of influence phytogenic field on the growth of vegetative organs: depressing, neutral and stimulating. Suppression of growth processes of vegetative structures within range of phytogenic field of neighboring plants is obviously determined by the competitive relations in the struggle for the use of environmental resources. The opposite situation - increase in the growth of vegetative organs may be associated with a positive effect of volatile substances emitted by plants, which manifests itself through biochemical stimulation, as well as a factor in rehabilitation of air space around the plants.
Keywords: community park, synecology, transbioticheskie koaktsii, Bioecological conformity, vegetative organs, growth dynamics.
The interaction of plants in the park communities, as well as in nature, carried out at different levels of competition in connection with the influence of various factors of the environment, primarily light conditions, humidity and trophic. In the formation of bioecological individual plant space plays an important role phytogenic field that determines the effect of multi-vector index of an individual on the composition and structure of the local volume of plant community [1, pp. 137141; 3, pp. 1462-1465]. Influence of phytogenic fields occurs not only through active resource consumption environment, but through a variety of effects, including allelopathic currently the most studied [2, pp. 33-39].
To park communities to study and analyze alle-lopathic influence is of great importance not only in terms of the normal development of plants, but also the realization of decorative properties, increasing the stability and longevity of garden and park art. The most labile sign of assessing the level of external influence on the growth and development of the plant is the indicator of the dynamics of the leaf blade of biometrics [4, pp. 109-118].
Bioecological study of the interaction of ornamental plants as part of the park communities studied in the territory of the Arboretum of Nikitsky Botanical Garden (NBG). On separate clumps were identified three sites with different types of plants, which means phyto-genic field in varying degrees, can affect the growth and development of vegetative organs in the area abutting the outer parts of their crowns (intersection phytogenic fields). The dynamics of biometric characteristics of the leaf blade and shoots synecological due to the interaction of these types of plants. Measured length and width of the lamina 30, the seasonal growth of shoots in 10 parts of plant species studied crown disposed toward each other, as well as 30 and shoots lamina disposed on opposite sides of the crown [6, 100 p.]. Each site was evaluated particular orographic conditions of growth, described dendrometric characteristics of the studied plants. Qualitative observations were processed using variation statistics methods [5, 352 p.].
In the formation of the structure and composition of park communities as the most important in the first place the importance of creating aesthetically pleasing
decorative compositions in combination of different plant species. This question bioecological compliance features of plant growth and development as part of the park communities are not always fully taken into account. For the introduced plants that usually make up a large part of the cultural phytocenoses park landscapes, climate and soil conditions are the most important factors determining the specificity and the possibility of successful completion of all phases of ontogenesis. Under the new conditions of growth outside the natural range, in most cases the plants observed marked changes in growth and development dynamics, age limits longevity, reduced level of resistance to pests and diseases. Of particular importance in this regard is the problem of the mutual influence of different types of plants Flora individual geographic areas.
It is now believed that emit volatile chemicals are one of the elements that ensure the formation Phyto-genic plants of the field. Park communities often have a dense structure and greater richness of species diversity that does not always meet the needs of the constituent Bioecological plants. The cultural phytocenoses competitive relationship between the consumption of resources in the soil environment in varying degrees, can be adjusted by the crop care. In the aerial part in the crossing conditions phytogenic fields optimization park community structure should take into account the peculiarities of direct contact or relationships of organisms in plant communities, as well as indirect trans abiotic relationships of organisms in plant communities. To park communities, this problem is significant not only in terms of the normal development of plants, but also the realization of decorative properties, increasing the stability and longevity of landscape gardening compositions reduce their maintenance costs.
Nikita Botanical Garden geographically located in the central part of the southern coast, which climatic conditions refers to the dry subtropics. The hot, dry summers, relatively mild winters, the bulk of the precipitation falls in the autumn and winter. Most of the area of the park is characterized by a relatively flat terrain, the slope of the individual sections varies from 2 to 10%, southern, south-eastern and south-western exposure.
The first observation area was the south-western exposure, slope steepness 2°. She studied the interaction of the three species. Common Oleander (Nerium oleander L.). Natural area: Mediterranean. Evergreen shrub or small tree height of 2-6 m. The leaves are 8,514 cm long and 1-2,5 cm wide, lanceolate, leathery, 23 in whorls. Rather thermophilic shrub: the young who have not completed growth shoots, are damaged at 60C, with a frost -120C to the root, and sometimes the roots freeze adult specimens. Model plant: a bush, height -3,0 m, diameter of the crown - 3,0 m.
Yew (Taxus baccata L.). Natural area: the mountainous regions of Europe, the Mediterranean and the Caucasus. Conifer dioecious tree up to 25 m. Crohn's wide-sprawling very thick needles 1,5-2 cm long and 0,1-0,2 cm wide, soft, flat, dark green located on the branches in two rows. Yew belongs to the shade-tolerant, wind resistant and moisture-loving species. It
grows slowly. Model plant: a molded multi-stemmed tree, height - 3,2 m, diameter of the crown - 4,1 m.
The results of the research of biometric characteristics of leaves and seasonal growth of shoots, which are widely used in landscape gardening construction on the southern coast of Crimea, revealed a certain level of interaction between types of plants with a joint growth as part of the park curtains. From the crown portion disposed in the direction of the neighboring plants, marked dimensional changes and surface area of the leaf blade, seasonal growth of shoots.
Biometric characteristics of vegetative organs T. baccata and N. oleander when sharing a part of growing a green curtain in the zone of their mutual influence Phytogenic T. baccata significantly reduced leaf size of N. oleander, the average (106,6 ± 2,7 mm), for compared to control (116,3 ± 2,4 mm), the length of the sheet decreased by 9,7 mm, or 9,1%, the width of 1,8 mm or 9,3%. Even more significant reductions bio-metric characteristics were noted for the seasonal growth of shoots. The average value of N. oleander shoot growth in T. baccata impact zone was 19,0 ± 0,3 mm, 7,1 mm, or 27,2% less compared with the control (26,1 ± 0,5 mm ). Biometrics T. baccata in impact zone phytogenic field N. oleander not undergone significant changes, marked a slight tendency to increase the size of the leaf blade length and width.
The second pair of plants, whose interaction was studied evergreen viburnum and yew on this site. Evergreen variegated form of Viburnum (Viburnum tinus L. 'variegata'). Natural area: Mediterranean. Evergreen shrub up to 3 m with bare, sometimes pubescent shoots, golden-variegated leathery leaves are 5-10 cm long and 1,5-4 cm wide. It prefers a sunny location, but makes the penumbra. Braves - 13-140C frost, but the winter is often freeze slightly inflorescences. Model plant: a bush, height - 2,0 m, diameter of the crown - 2,8 m.
The phytogenic field zone V. tinus size of T. bac-cata leaves significantly decreased. The average length of the leaf blade (22,6 ± 0,9 mm) was reduced to 2,1 mm or 8,5% compared to the control (24,7 ± 0,6 mm), the width (2,3 ± 0,06 mm) by 0,8 mm or 25,8% compared to controls (3,1 ± 0,07). This seasonal shoot growth increased. Thus, unlike N. oleander V. tinus has had on the growth of vegetative organs of T. baccata depressing effect. At the same time biometric characteristics of vegetative organs V. tinus in T. baccata affected zone increased significantly. The average size of lamina length (68,2 ± 2,3 mm) increased by 7,4 mm or 10,8% compared to control (60,8 ± 1,4 mm), the average width dimension (34,2 ± 1 2 mm) by 5,1 mm or 14,9%. The average value of the seasonal growth of shoots (36,5 ± 2,7 mm) increased compared to the control (29,2 ± 1,9 mm) by 7,2 mm or 19,7%.
On another site south-western exposure, steepness of slope 5° observed quite distinct antagonism of the two species. Splayed Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster divari-catus Rend. Et Wils.). Natural habitat: China: Western Sichuan, Hubei West. Dome-shaped shrub with multiple shoots and openwork crown. The leaves are shiny, dark green. The plant prefers lit places, but tolerates
shade. Drought-resistant, not picky about soil conditions, frost hardy. Model plant: a bush, height - 2,5 m, diameter of the crown - 2,8 m.
Within the field of influence Phytogenic C. divar-icatus there was a significant reduction in size of the vegetative organs V. tinus. The average length of the leaf blade (51,9 ± 0,2 mm) decreased compared to control at 9,0 mm or 14,8%, the average width (25,9 ± 0,9 mm) - 3,2 or 10 mm 9% in comparison with the control (29,1 ± 0,9 mm). The average value of the seasonal growth of shoots (27,7 ± 2,2 mm) decreased compared to the control (29,2 ± 1,9 mm) by 1,5 mm or 5,1%.
Vegetative organs C. divaricatus in the impact zone V. tinus also, albeit to a lesser extent, decreased in size. The average length of the leaf blade (21,0 ± 0,7 mm) decreased compared to the control (22,8 ± 0,4 mm) by 1,8 mm or 7,9%, the average width (14,4 ± 0,5 ) of 0,7 mm or 4,6% compared to the control (15,1 ± 0,3 mm). The average seasonal growth of shoots (13,0 ± 0,6 mm) decreased by 1,1 mm or 7,8% compared to the control (14,1 ± 0,5 mm). Thus, data in cooperation with two kinds of plants growing in steam joint community inhibition observed relative growth of the vegetative structures. At the same time a dampening effect on the growth processes have plants C. divaricatus.
The third area was the south-western exposure and steepness of slope 1°.
Cherry serrate (Serasus serrulata Kvansan'). Natural habitat: Japan. Deciduous tree or shrub to 10 m with leaves 11-19 cm long and 4-9 cm wide, oblong-ovate, white, sometimes pink fragrant flowers, gathered in umbellate inflorescences. It grows quickly. Light-loving, drought-resistant, tolerates city conditions. It prefers fresh, nutrient-rich sandy loam soils, from neutral to strongly alkaline. Model plant: wood. Height -4,5 m, trunk diameter - 7,5 m.
Purple loosestrife Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster sali-cifolius French). Natural area: Eurasia, North Africa. Evergreen shrub with a low arched rejected or flattened branches. The leaves are 11-19 cm long and 4-9 cm wide, arranged alternately, oval, dark green, shiny. It tolerates partial shade. Cold-resistant and drought-resistant. Model plant: a bush. Height - 4,2 m, diameter of the crown - 2,5 m.
In the area of influence of C. salicifolius vegetative organs of S. serrulata (except for the width of the leaf blade) were characterized by a slight increase in size. For C. salicifolius phytogenic impact C. serrulata identified a significant increase in the biometric data of the vegetative organs. The length of the lamina (75,6 ± 2,1 mm) increased by 16,0 mm, or 26,8% compared to control (59,6 ± 1,4 mm). The width of the lamina (19,6
± 0,8 mm) increased by 5,4 mm or 27,6% compared to control (14,2 ± 0,5 mm). However, the observed reduction in average seasonal growth of shoots (26,4 ± 2,3 mm) to 4 mm, or 13,2% compared to control (30,4 ± 1,3 mm). These two plant species are characterized by a positive sign of interference, which is manifested in the intensification of the vegetative growth of structures in the zone of influence of phytogenic fields. This may be due to the favorable impact of volatile substances emitted by plants of these species as biochemical growth factors, as well as a factor in rehabilitation of air space around the plants, which reduces the negative effects of pathogenic organisms.
Conclusion
The characteristic of the specifics of the growth of vegetative organs of different species of ornamental plants under joint growth in the pack communities. For some pairs of plants identified three types of effect of phytogenic field on the growth of vegetative organs: depressing, neutral and stimulating. Suppression of growth processes of vegetative structures within range of phytogenic field of neighboring plants is obviously determined by the competitive relations in the struggle for the use of environmental resources. The opposite situation - increase in the growth of vegetative organs may be associated with a positive effect of volatile substances emitted by plants, which manifests itself through biochemical stimulation, as well as a factor in rehabilitation of air space around the plants.
This work was supported by RFBR grant № 1529-02596
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