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SOME FEATURES OF PLAYING THE DUTOR INSTRUMENT
Abdullaeva N.Sh.
Abdullaeva Nilufar Shamsiddinovna - Teacher. REPUBLICAN COLLEGE OF MUSIC AND ART, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: many people know that the Uzbek people have been familiar with music since time immemorial, and folklore is very ancient and rich. After all, the Uzbek people, like other peoples, have their own musical heritage and centuries-old history. From Alisher Navoi's ghazals we know that since his time professional musicians have worked in palaces. We see that Uzbek music is very colorful, and musical instruments are widely developed. We would like to talk about the role of the dutar instrument in the development of Uzbek music and its performance. Keywords: music, performance, instrument, art, dutor, history, range, heritage.
НЕКОТОРЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИГРЫ НА ИНСТРУМЕНТЕ ДУТОР
Абдуллаева Н.Ш.
Абдуллаева Нилуфар Шамсиддиновна - преподаватель, Республиканский колледж музыки и искусства, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: многим известно, что узбекский народ знаком с музыкой с незапамятных времен, а фольклор очень древний и богатый. Ведь узбекский народ, как и другие народы, имеет свое музыкальное наследие и многовековую историю. Из газелей Алишера Навои мы знаем, что со его времен во дворцах работали профессиональные музыканты. Мы видим, что узбекская музыка очень колоритна, а музыкальные инструменты развиты широко. Нам хотелось бы поговорить о роли дутарного инструмента в развитии узбекской музыки и ее исполнения.
Ключевые слова: музыка, исполнение, инструмент, искусство, дутор, история, диапазон, наследие.
We can know that the Uzbek people have been familiar with music since time immemorial, and the folklore is very ancient and rich. After all, the Uzbek people, like other peoples, have their own musical heritage and long history. We can know from Navoi's ghazals that since the time of Alisher Navoi, professional musicians have been working in the palaces. We can see that Uzbek music is very colorful and musical instruments are developed on a large scale. We would like to talk about the role of the dutor instrument in the development of Uzbek music and its playing.
Dutor is considered one of the ancient instruments, which is still preserved and revered today. You must have heard Dutor's juicy and nationalistic voice. The reason is that the dutor instrument is playing on television and radio. This instrument is not only well-known, but also widely popular and used in life.
As I mentioned above, let's take a look at its antiquity.
Dutor is a traditional two-stringed musical instrument widely used in Central Asia, Iran and South Asia. The name is translated from Persian as "two strings". However, the dutor of Herat will be fourteen tori. There are estimates that Dutor appeared around the 15 th century. It is common among the Uzbek, Tajik, Uyghur, Turkmen, and Karakalpak peoples. The Uzbek dutori is distinguished from other instruments by its gentle, elegant and juicy sound. There are also modern types of dutor, such as dutor-alt, dutor-contrabass, dutor-bass. Dutor is a soloist and chornavoz instrument, which requires great performance skills from the musician. Dutor has single stroke, double stroke, wrist stroke, bidartma, reverse stroke.
Dutor alt is a 1930s reworking of traditional dutor. Strings are made of kapron (or other polymer threads). Wooden or bone curtains arranged in chromatic order are glued to the handle. Dutor's performance repertoire mainly includes folk tunes reworked (harmonized) by Uzbek composers, works performed with piano accompaniment. Dutors of different sizes (dutor-bass, dutor-contrabass) were made based on this dutor (adapted to the orchestra of Uzbek folk instruments).
For example, Usta Usman Zufarov (1892-1981), who became famous for making musical instruments in the first half of the 30s of the 20th century, made his suggestions for creating a kindred family of dutor and gizjak, and academician Yunus Rajabi, the head of the national ensemble of folk instruments under the Radio of Uzbekistan, along with Usta Usman Zufarov in collaboration created the dutor bas (big dutor) type.
As a result of this work, the dutor's range and family were created, and it took an important place in polyphonic ensembles and orchestras. Prima, alto and dutor bass types of dutor instruments occupy an important place in orchestras. For example, these types of instruments are used in the "Large Orchestra of Uzbek Folk Instruments" under the State Philharmonic of Uzbekistan. This instrument has been improved and modernized even at the level of organizing an orchestra from the family of the dutor instrument. Of course, in such improvement and modern dutars being so perfect, popular and popular, not only the researches of sozgar masters on instruments, but also great works and researches in the processing of these instruments under the leadership of A.I. the result, as well as the
appropriate use of experiences, contributed greatly to the recognition of this instrument not only in our country, but also throughout the world.
Modern dutor not only expanded its range, but also increased many performance lines. The most remarkable aspect of Dutor is that it gives the performer unlimited possibilities. This instrument is supposed to give great pleasure to the performer, and every time it inspires the performer to play in new ways and lines.
The history of Uzbek folk music art is very ancient, it has a huge cultural heritage and rich musical instruments. Based on archeological findings and various written sources, we can say that in the territories of our country, several centuries before our era, in the ancient lands of Khorezm, Bactria and Sogd, there was an extremely rich and colorful art of music. Small stone figurines, samples of fine art and dust (harp) in the hands of musicians found in the excavations of these state cities (for example, a two-stringed instrument found in the regions of Ayritom, Afrosyab, in particular, Tuproq Qala - IV-III centuries BC) , the fact that it is depicted with lute-like, flute-like and circular instruments confirms the above opinion. Although we do not know what the musical tones of those times were, we can imagine them based on the structure of the instruments in these images.
There is no doubt that the musical instruments such as tanbur, dutor, gijjak, nay, rubob, ganon, which exist in our time, have been improved and developed over the centuries. Among them, the dutor, which is distinguished by its range of tones and its own style of performance, is one of the instruments widely used among Uzbek, Tajik, Uyghur, Turkmen, Karakalpak and other Central Asian peoples, and has been serving people with spiritual and spiritual nourishment since ancient times. The Dutor instrument is still popular among young musicians today.
Dutor is one of the oldest musical instruments, and it was popular among the common people due to the wide range of performance possibilities compared to the tanbur. It is especially common among women because of its characteristic raspy and low voice. There are even some legends about the history of its appearance among the people.
As we know, the dutor is considered to be its predecessor, and has a close resemblance to the dombira instrument, which is widely used by the Bakhshi people living in the Kashkadarya-Surkhandarya oases. This similarity between them is shown by the appearance, performance style and tone freshness, and we can say that it is an improved type of dutor drum instrument. In his book "Uzbek classical music and its history", the famous scientist Abdurauf Fitrat, who was one of the first to scientifically base Uzbek classical music, believes that the dombira instrument is the same as "tanbur", one of the mature instruments of Uzbeks.
In the memoirs and correspondence of a number of tourists and diplomats (ambassadors) who came to Turkestan in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, we can find some opinions about dutor. It should be noted that this information consists of general impressions, and the principle of a special and comprehensive approach to the issue is not felt in them.
The European musicologist August Eichhorn, who recorded the tunes of the peoples of Central Asia during his folklore expeditions, wrote down several versions of Dutor music. These samples are of great importance for the study of undergraduate music. While describing the traditional Uzbek musical instruments, the author draws attention to the dutor's tone, sound, and distinctive two-voiced sound. At this point, we touch on the specific intervals that appear in the process of creating sound in the performance style, and define the most characteristic intervals for the vocabulary of Uzbek music as fourths and fifths. On the contrary, the third assesses that it is not typical of Uzbek music and shows it as a dissonance interval.
Many pieces of music collected by the composer Viktor Uspensky during his research of Turkmen music in the beginning of the 20th century were recorded to the accompaniment of the dutor instrument.
V M. Belyaev's work "Musical Instruments of Uzbekistan" ("Музыкальные инструменты Узбекистана") is an important contribution to the study of dutor as an instrument. In this work, the author sheds light on the role of dutor among other musical instruments in Uzbek instrumental studies, the sphere of influence and issues of performance.
At the same time, in the book "Uzbek classical music and its history" by Abdurauf Fitrat, who was one of the first in the field of Uzbek musicology, to scientifically base the structure of national instruments, and in the "Musical History of Khorazm" by Mulla Bekjon Rahmon son, Muhammad Yusuf Devonzodalar, the capabilities of the dutor instrument, the musical tunes played on it and brief information about the musicianship is provided. In his treatise, Fitrat informs that "Dutor is easier to play than tanbur, so this instrument is played more than tanbur among the people...", and in the musical history of Khorezm valuable opinions such as "...dutor is more difficult to be played than tanbur" are expressed.
The information presented above was a glimpse into the history of the modern university. We have a lot of information about the history of the dutor instrument until now, and the information about its development would take many pages. Dutor's place in Uzbek music is very important, the brilliance of his strings and delicate expressions are recognized in every field.
References / Список литературы
1. Fitrat. Uzbek klassik musiqasi va uning tarixi. T., 1993.
2. M. Ziyayeva. Dutor. Faxriddin Sodiqov ijro uslubi. T., 2011.
