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28УДК 94(477.75)
SOME ASPECTS OF DAILY LIFE OF THE CRIMEAN KHANATE CITIES
Elmira Abibullaeva
Ismail Gasprinsky Memorial Museum Bakhchisaray, Crimea, Russian Federation Crimean Research Center, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences Bakhchisaray, Crimea, Russian Federation shems-annur@mail.ru
Abstract. The article reveals some aspects of the daily life within the period of the Crimean Khanate. Studies of everyday life help to identify not only the objective sphere of human existence, but the scope of its subjectivity as well. There is the illustration of how the way of everyday life is determined by human actions that affect the course of history. The paper gives a study of libraries, medicine, social life, and handicraft business in the Crimean Khanate.
Keywords: Crimean Khanate, daily life, cities, medicine, libraries.
For citation: Abibullaeva E. Some Aspects of Daily Life of the Crimean Khanate Cities. Tyurkologicheskie issledovaniya =Turkological Studies. 2019; 2(2): 20-26.
After the formation of the independent Crimean Khanate in 1443, while the Giray dynasty being on the throne, some new cities appeared: Bakhchisaray, Karasubazar, Akmescit, Kezlev and others.
The administrative division of the Crimean Khanate was as follows. Bakhchisarayskoe kaymakanstvo included 6 kadylyks: Bakhchisaray, Mangupsky, Karakurtsky, Salgirsky, Mufti Arpalakskiy, Cachi Besh Peresy. Akmechetkskoe kaymakanstvo - 9: Akmechetsky, Yukari Ichkiyskiy, Ashaga-Ichkiyskiy, Dairskiy, Zuinskiy, Tashlysheykhelin Beshparesy, Tashlinskiy, Chounchinskiy Beshpare, Salgirskiy. Karasubazarskoe kaymakanstvo - 9: Karasubazar, Dipchongarskiy, Nasypskiy, Argunskiy, Burulchanskiy, Bochalatskiy, Orta chongarskiy, Kuchuk karasuvskiy, Tamakskiy. Kezlevskoe kaymakanstvo - 5: Kezlevskiy, Buinakskiy, Tarkhanskiy, Mangitskiy, Sheyhelskiy. Kefinskoe kaymakanstvo - 7: Kefinskiy, Sudakskiy, Shirinskiy, Tepe kerchenskiy, Orta kerchenskiy, Old-Crimean, Arabatskiy. Perekopskoe kaymakanstvo - 6: Perekopskiy, Kirk Baul, Karaul, Sakal, Samarchik, Cheterly. All in all there were 42 kadylyks in six kaymakanstv, including 7 kadylyks of kefinskiy kaymakanstvo [6, p. 36-39]. Kadylyks were divided into "shehir" (city), "karie" (country), "nahie" (village).
In turn, all the cities, countries and villages consisted of mahalla (blocks) -the smallest administrative unit of the town/city. In fact, each mahalla was a district and had a certain complex of public institutions (mosque, mekteb (school), madrasah, hamam, etc.), which formed an integral feature of any residential area of a medieval town/city, for everyday living. The connection between the mahalla and the settlement center was the network of countless narrow winding streets. There
was not any clear boundary between the quartets, but almost in each of them there was a mosque [1, p. 167].
The documents and sources of the Crimean Khanate period that have reached us show that the population had a high interest in reading. Certain layers (scientists, muderis, Cadi, mullahs) used libraries, and some had their own personal libraries. The largest collection of books was concentrated in the Palace library. Halim-Giray mentions the countless number of books in the library of Saadet-Giray I, who ruled in 1524-1532, noting the volume of the book "Hamse" by Alisher Navoi with the personal seal of Saadet-Giray [11, p. 27]. Omer Byyk, who studied the court registers of the Crimean khanate, in his work quotes the decree of Selim-Giray I on the registration of stored books in the Khan's library in 1692 [4, p. 123].
Among the assets of maderia and Mullah Seyid Abdunnabi, who lived in the quarter, Cami Kebir in the town of Bakhchisarai, specify the books from his personal library: Isagechi, Serb and Izzy, Lugat-tercuman, Lugat-jevbery, Tafsir and kadi, Tewarih, Shafie fi's-Sarf, Kaside and Burde, Risaleton fil, Mantic etc. (totally 82 books) [Gune§, 2006, p. 96]. Probably, muderis used these books in their professional activities.
There were the libraries at each higher education center (madrasah), stored in the collections of the Bakhchisaray historical-cultural and archeological museum and Russian national library of handwritten books from Zinjirli madrasah (built by Mengli Giray in 1500), one of the most prestigious educational centers of the Crimean khanate.
Considering daily life in the cities of the Crimean khanate, it is impossible to ignore medicine, as people at all times sought ways of treatment and relief from illness. Having studied the materials from the extant written sources, we can imagine medicine and its role in the life of the cities of the state.
Most of the references about the scientists-physicians are found in Evliya £elebi. For example, when describing the capital ofthe Crimean khanate, the traveler wrote the following: "This ancient city is a source of scientists and a collection of wise men, the residence of poets, so there are many medical scientists. A skillful physicians and surgeons-bloodletter - very great masters in the science of the pulse, similar to Galena" [9, p. 111].
The traveler mentions about surgeons-blood-letting in the description of the town Kefe (Pheodosia): "This ancient town - a collection of scientists and a source of knowledge, and since the climate is amazing, and scientists are fond of amazing sciences and have a lot of knowledge. Skilled sages-surgeons-blood-letting know no equal" [9, p. 190].
In these quotations we are talking about hijama or hajamat " in
translation from Arabic - the bloodletting. Probably, this method of treatment was popular among the population of the Crimean khanate, as it is a very simple and effective way to get rid of many diseases by removing dirty blood from the body.
Further on Evliya £elebi listed the names of the famous Khan's surgeons living in Bakhchisaray: Dede Masum, slave Tarkan, Alp Akai. Describing Gezlev (Evpatoria), the traveler writes that in this country patients are rare, as it is a big city, there are wise scientists-doctors - Alisha mirza and Dudus ata. There are also commendable comments about the master surgeons of the Hungarian blood living in the town Gezlev [9, p.57].
Concerning special institutions for patients, the author writes: "...all patients and the weak are under the supervision at home. The Tatar people, for fear of the plagues, avoid [hospitals]. Near the mosque of Sahib Giray Khan [in Bakhchysaray] there is a hospital of a couple of rooms, sick people are being cared there" [9, p. 113]. From the descriptions of Evliya £elebi it follows that in most cities of the Crimean khanate there were doctors specializing in certain areas of medicine.
New information about medicine was revealed during the analysis and study of the etymology of the nobles'names of the time. In defter for 1635 (in this context -list), compiled during the reign of Khan Inaet Giray, Maahlesh £elebi [18, p. 143] had been mentioned. In two other defteras for 1637/1638-s, during the reign of Bahadir Giray I, in the list of the men closed to the court Maahlesh Aga [18, p. 168, 210] had been referred. In all three documents, this man is in the list under the title "Zerdeve bashlik ton tiish verrelekelen kullarymizdir" or "Zerdeve jian" (zerdeve is translated as "marten"; tiish - "the awarded"). It is known that the fur of this fur animal has long been highly valued and presented as a gift only to a narrow circle of respected people for their merits and personal qualities. In this case we are talking about an expensive robe with marten fur. Maahlish Aga was given the following gifts: one bathrobe (sirt ton), coat (kharin ton), two long shirts (iki tahte sirt), two short shirts (tahte kharyn), one fox cloak (tilke burke) [18, p. 143, 168, 209-210]. Mentioning of this man's name also occurs in the Court registry in 1701 in the name of the quarter Maalish Aga mahallesi (quarter Maalish Aga) with the same Maalish Aga gamisi (mosque of Maalish Aga) [4, p. 121].
A detailed analysis of the etymology of the name "Maalish" the following facts had been revealed: in Arabic there is the word "mualij - is a physician
(doctor), derived from the word "lyag" - medicine. When you pronounce the letter "j" at the end of the word it is pronounced as" sh", i.e. "maalish". It is possible that in documents of 1635, 1637/1638 and 1701 the word "mualij" is written as it is pronounced, namely "maalish".
Therefore, we can assume that we are talking about the doctor, whose profession name eventually replaced his real name. Maalish Agha was probably a healer of the Khan's family and court nobility of the Crimean khanate. According to surviving documents it is difficult to determine under which rulers, in addition to Inaet-Girey and Bahadir Girey I, there lived and practiced as a physician Maalish Agha. The fact is that this physician built a mosque, most likely in the quarter where he lived. Later, the whole quarter was called Maalish Agha. From the old buildings of the quarter Maalish Aga only a few tombstones of the cemetery of the quarter had been survived, which can be seen today in front of the Museum of I. Gasprinsky in Bakhchysaray (Fig. 1).
Medical Affairs in the Crimean khanate had been done by the foreigners as well: a court physician of Gazi Giray III in 1706, was a Frenchman Ferran; Khan Krym-Girey was treated by the Greek Siropulo [3, p. 335; 13, p. 83-85].
The sister of Haji Selim Giray, Ulu khani, had the attending physician - a local Jew, who cured her from a deadly disease. Therefore, the Princess released living on the territory of the fortress (Chufut Kale) Jews from certain obligations, in particular the poll tax [15, p. 48].
Therapeutic mud, located in the village of Sah or Sak (now Saki), was known in the period of the Crimean khanate. The healers were really the masters in the art of mud treatment: they dug a deep hole, put a patient in it, buried him in the dirt in
such a way that he could move only his head freely, but his body was completely buried in the dirt. After lying in this position for an hour and a half, the patient passed into another pit, located not far and full of warm water, and washed there [5, p. 337]. After this procedure, the patient got rid of pain in the joints and muscles.
The town of Crimea (Solhat) was famous for its thermal springs. According to D'Ascoli in 1634 in the "Description of the Black sea and Tartary": ".. .in the suburbs of this town fragrant flowers and herbs grow. Every year, from spring until July, there is a big arrival of people from all parts of Tartary to use tubs of hot water with flowers and herbs, healing people from many ailments" [7, p. 106-107].
The picture of the relationship of people in everyday life has not changed since then: people got married and divorced, borrowed money, and then returned it, sold their homes as Sheikh Ali Efendi from the village of Aziz [10, p. 94]. The buyer of Sheikh Ali Efendi house was Hafiz Mehmed Efendi, for whom now it was comfortable and close to teaching at the quarter school, as it was located in the southern part of the quarter, next to his purchased house. Fatma Totai from Bakhchisaray also sold her house for 1000 gurusha to Mehmegany Mull Asenby [10, p. 94]. It should be noted that in Bakhchisaray most of the houses were one - and two-storeyed, had gardens with fruit and non-fruit trees. In some of the yards there were water sources, a ?e§me (fountain) [10, p. 95].
To resolve conflict situations, people went to court. For example, the inhabitants of the quarter Hadji, Esengeldi in Karasubazar complained about their neighbor Ummugulsum [14, p. 46]. The fence she built around her house prevented the outflow of water during heavy rains, therefore, the yards of all residents and the quarter mosque were constantly flooded. The way this lawsuit was resolved is unknown [14, p. 47].
On the pages of court registers in the recorded decisions a lot of details of daily quarterly life are revealed. For example, in Bakhchisaray in the quarter Shehre Custy Aisha Abay died. Her house and poor household equipment - an axe, a hoe, a small pot, two mattresses, two blankets, two pillows, a tripod under the boiler, etc. - were estimated at 7300 akche. She had no heir, therefore, spending 980 akche of the total for her funeral, the remaining part of the money the court in the presence of witnesses gave to muhtasib Maqsood Agha [al-sukuk al-Shariat va-s-sigilat al-mariyat, 17501751, vol. 72, l. 28 a]. E.V. Bahrevskiy explains the word "muhtesib" - the person, obliged to watch the prices at which artisans and merchants were selling their goods, the correctness of weights and measures. That man had the right to punish those who swindled in trade affairs, applying the wrong measures of weight or length [9, p. 246]. According to the dictionary by F. Develioglu, it is a municipal employee; a police officer, combining the position of a municipal employee [8, p. 676]. These minions of the law made the documentation, the account, for example: "According to the tarkhan book of muhtasiba agha, there are just nine thousand of the gardens of Paradise around the town of Bakhchisaray, like the garden of Irema. Grapes grown in the gardens on the banks of the rivers Kachi, Kazakly-ozen, Belbek and gardens Suren - tasty" [9, p. 114]. The position of a mukhtasib was almost in all major towns/cities of the Crimean khanate [9, p. 114, 136, 144, 173, 212]. In cases when a dead person had no heirs, the remaining money was transferred to the state Treasury through muhtasibes. Such solutions are found in Court registers (Kadiasker notebooks).
The theme of everyday life is also revealed in the epistolary heritage, which is represented in the work by V.V. Velyaminov-Zernov "Materials for the history of
Crimean khanate", published in 1864 in St. Petersburg. Of great interest is the letter of Suleiman Efendi, written in 1633/1634 (second reign of Janibek Giray; Smolensk war) to his wife. From the first lines it turns out that Suleiman Efendi treated his wife with love and respect, referring to her: "Dear and beloved, my companion. The most majestic woman... I am constantly riding, so not so often I am able to write to you ...". Suleiman, knowing that if the order to go further in the campaign, he will not soon return home, maybe in battle he dies, says to the wife: "Give my regards to Shami Mahmud £elebi. If we get the order to go on a hike, take kusur akche from him (deferred money. - E.A) and akche, which is stored at Eljas Bek, you can have it, asking to testify our Mahmoud Kethude. He will help you with this case. Give them my regards (selamlar) too". Next Suleiman Effendi sends greetings to many friends, acquaintances, neighbours and relatives, including the housework assistant Salykha kadyn and maids [18, p. 785-787].
The given information proves that the epistolary heritage reveals many facts, including the range of socio-cultural relations, the daily life of a certain segment of the population. It turns out that this couple was quite literate. The letters were sent by the postal service. By the descriptions of the French Consul Charles de Peysonnel, who was on a diplomatic mission in 1755 in the khanate, the postal service was free (free travel); cost of maintaining them was paid by Khan, donating the income per acre, derived from Nogai of Yanbolika. Postal stations of the khanate ended in Ochakovo. They were placed in different places: in Uluklukaram, Orkapy, Kadjanbak, Kezlev, Bakhchisaray, Akmechet, Karasu, Kaffe, where half of the cost was assumed by the khan, and also in Kersheni-Kale, Taman and Khaplu. At each station there were about sixty horses, and in general they were much better equipped than in Turkey [15, p. 38-39].
Everyday life would not be so bright and full without holidays, which were celebrated and observed with special attention. The main holidays of Muslims are the Day of Sacrifice (Kurban Bayram) and Ramadan. Evliya £elebi described the celebration of Ramadan as follows: "... the noble month of Ramadan came and we spent it with a highly resistant Khan and Royal companions kakzak-sultans, and especially with the Lord of generosity Selim-Giray-Sultan. I had not spend Ramadan in any of the countries in such a way before. Then came the blessed holiday, and all the noble people, agas and sultans visited each other in the houses " [9, p. 201].
Handicraft business in the towns/cities of the Crimean khanate played an important role. It is known that the basis of the urban population of the Crimean khanate were artisans. This was the most significant layer of society.
Qadi, who conducted the audit of Bakhchisarai in 1701, recorded 13 candle shops [17, p. 302]. They were all held by non-Muslims. There were eight bakeries -all of their owners or tenants were Muslims. Baking cakes of unleavened dough -cherik, sericulture, peddling, comber's craft, manufacturing maximy, mediation was a common practice. In addition to that, there were felts - kechegi, producing products such as tents-chadyrs and carpets-kilims; manufacturers-bezzazy, selling different fabrics; hatters-khalpakchi sewing hats-kalpak and putting them on the form; the potters-chemlekchi, producing different pitchers (desty, ibrik) and mugs (mashrapa); shoemakers-haffafi, currying goatskin, oxskin, cowskin and sewing mesty (soft shoes for men and women), boots-chizme, saddlebags sumy - haybe, sacks - chuval and torba; the smiths-nalbandi, giving grounding in horses, oxen; carders-hallaji worked with silk, brushed cotton, leather, fur ... fur dyers of fabrics,
etc. [17, p. 304] (Fig. 2). The way of handicraft life which was developed under the Crimean khanate was partially kept until the end of the XIX century.
Thus, the towns/cities in the Crimean khanate were social and cultural centers, and the population, in turn, played an important role in the development and growth of towns/cities.
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About the author: Elmira E. Abibullaeva, Director, Ismail Gasprinsky Memorial Museum, Crimean Republican Institution "Bakhchisaray Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-Reserve" (133, Rechnaya Str., Bakhchisaray 298405, Crimea, Russian Federation); Research Fellow, Crimean Research Center, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (57 «L», Basenko Str., Bakhchisaray 298405, Crimea, Russian Federation), e-mail: shems-annur@ mail.ru
Received February 18, 2019.
Accepted for publication March 14, 2019.
НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПОВСЕДНЕВНОЙ ЖИЗНИ ГОРОДОВ
КРЫМСКОГО ХАНСТВА
Э.Э. Абибуллаева
Музей Исмаила Гаспринского Бахчисарай, Крым, Российская Федерация Крымский научный центр, Институт истории им. Ш.Марджани АНРТ Бахчисарай, Крым, Российская Федерация shems-annur@mail.ru
Резюме. В статье раскрываются некоторые аспекты повседневной жизни в период Крымского ханства. Исследования повседневной жизни помогают выявить не только объективную сферу человеческого существования, но и сферу его субъективности. Существует иллюстрация того, как образ повседневной жизни определяется человеческими действиями, влияющими на ход истории. Статья посвящена изучению библиотек, медицины, общественной жизни и ремесленного дела в Крымском ханстве.
Ключевые слова: Крымское ханство, повседневная жизнь, города, медицина, библиотеки.
Для цитирования: Abibullaeva E. Some Aspects of Daily Life of the Crimean Khanate Cities. Тюркологические исследования. 2019; 2(2): 20-26.
Сведения об авторе: Эльмира Эбазеровна Абибуллаева - заведующая Мемориальным музеем Исмаила Гаспринского Государственного бюджетного учреждения Республики Крым «Бахчисарайский историко-культурный и археологический музей-заповедник» (298405, ул. Речная, 133, г. Бахчисарай, Крым, Российская Федерация); младший научный сотрудник Крымского научного центра Института истории им. Ш.Марджани АН РТ (298405, ул. Басенко, 57 «Л», Бахчисарай, Крым, Российская Федерация), е-mail: shems-annur@mail.ru
Дата поступления материала 18.02.2019.
Принят к публикации 14.03.2019.
