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UDC 614.31: 546.36 https://doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2019.02.017
ДЕЯК1 АСПЕКТИ НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ЦЕЗ1Ю-137 ДО "БАЗАРНОГО КОШИКА" У м. КИЕВ1
Бузинний М.Г., Мeтельськi €.В., KiMypa С., Михайлова Л.Л.
SOME ASPECTS OF CESIUM-137 ENTRY INTO "MARKET BASKET" IN KYIV CITY
ild mushrooms and berries can make a significant contribution to the irradiation of the population after Chornobyl disaster due to their possible contamination by radionuclides [1, 2]. Our recent studies have shown that the consumption of mushrooms and berries at the places of their gathering gives the pronounced differences in the concentration of 137Cs in human body, both in local cohort and within one family [3]. Now we concern with the influence of forest products on "market basket" of big city. Wild berries, like blueberries and cranberries, and different species of mushrooms one can gather himself or buy at the market. In the ripening season, they can be a significant part of the diet, especially in gourmets. Wild growing foodstuff can be presented in the diet even in winter (dried and canned), harvested in autumn or bought at the market place.
Methods. We focused attention on several markets in the city of Kyiv near underground sta-
BUZYNNYI M.G., MIETELSKI J.W., KIMURA S., MYKHAILOVA L.L.
1 SI "O.M. Marzieiev Institute for Public Health, NAMSU", Kyiv, Ukraine 2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakiw, Poland 3 Dokkyo Medical University, Japan
Keywords: 137Cs, wild mushrooms and berries, "market basket", Chornobyl.
tions "Darnytsia", "Livoberezh-na", "Lisova", "Lukianivska" where purchases were made on weekdays as well as at a regular Sunday fair in Holosievo district. The volume of the work and the cost of the products were limited by the number of samples that was taken in the work at the same time. When sampling, we took into account the accompanying information: the volume of sales, the site of gathering of the products (as the vendors called it) etc.
All sampling was carried out by the same person (the same hands), which made it possible to accumulate information about the sellers and the relevant places of gathering of the products. The products were of individual or collective gathering as well as of individual, small, and large wholesale deliveries. Sale of the products took place at the individual working places of the market. The weight of the individual fresh samples were 250-500 grams, the weight of the dry samples were about 100 grams.
Characteristically, not all visits to the market were successful. It depended on weather conditions for the growth of mushrooms and berries, favourable transportation conditions. Sometimes, the purchases were made at one market, sometimes at the other, sometimes on several ones. Some sellers worked on the permanent seats throughout the season, some of them we met again, sometimes, we didn't ever meet some of them. This was
ДЕЯК1 АСПЕКТИ НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ЦЕЗЮ-137 ДО "БАЗАРНОГО КОШИКА" У м. КИ6В1 1 Бузинний М.Г., 2Метельськ G.B., 3KiMypa С., 1 Михайлова Л.Л.
1ДУ "¡нститут громадського здоров 'я '¡м. О.М. Марзеева НАМНУ", м. Ки/в, Укра/на 21нстиут ядерно/ фiзики, Краюв, Польша 3 Медичний унверситет Докк'ю, Японя
Мета. Вивчити особливостi надходження дико-рослих гриб'\в та ягщ на ринки, проанал'зувати та оцнити концентрашю 137Cs у диких грибах та ягодах, як продавалися на клькох ринках м. Киева.
Мaтеpiaли та методи. Ми вщбрали набори дикорослих гриб'1в: лисичка (Cantharellus cibar-ius), блий гриб (Boletus edulis), польський (Xerocomus badius), п'щосиновики (Leccinum aurantiacum), опеньки (Armillaria mellea), шддуб-ники (Lactarius deliciosus), маслюки (Suillus luteus), ягоди: чорниця (Vaccinium myrtillus), журавлина (Vaccinium oxycoccos), брусниця (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) i голубика (Vaccinium uligi-
nosum), як продавали на 5 ринках м. Киева про-тягом л'та-осен'12018 року. Концентрашю 137Ы оцнювали за допомогою гамма-спектроскопч-ного методу, усереднення проводили за типами продуктв та ринками. Було проведено опитуван-ня серед продавщв про зб'\р та доставку л'юово! продукцп на ринки.
Результати. У ход роботи на 5 ринках Киева було вдбрано 153 зразки - 87 гриб'\в та 66 ягщ. Визначали концентрашю 137Cs у продуктах та И вiдповiднiсть сантарним нормам. Було виявле-но, що сан'тарн'! норми за вмстом 137Cs переви-щено у 14,8% з 54 зразюв чорниц \ 25% з 80 зразюв гриб'в, зокрема 46,2% з 26 зразюв лиси-чок та 54,5% - з 11 польських гриб'\в. Найбльш забруднен '1 л'юов'1 продукти продавали поблизу станцп метро "Л'юова". Встановлено, що забруд-нення лсових продукт'в 137Cs залежало вд м'юць збору та прюритетних шляхiв доставки продукцп на ринок.
Ключовi слова: 137Cs, дикоросл! гриби та ягоди, "базарний кошик", Чорнобиль.
© Бузинний М.Г. Метельськ 6.В. KiMypa С. Михайлова Л.Л. СТАТТЯ, 2019.
17 Environment & Health № 2 2019
especially true in case of the individual gathering and sale of berries or mushrooms with the same hands. In the vast majority
the gathering and sale of the berries looked more organized.
We studied several spices of mushrooms, including: chante-
Table
137Cs (Bq/kg) in mushrooms and berries, and excess above sanitary standard of 500 Bq/kg [6]
Product N Average SD Median Min Max Excess , N %
Markets
Lisova 26 432 696 240 0.3 3411 9 34.6
en E Livoberezhna 17 684 1272 101 7.5 5196 7 41.2
o o Darnytsia 14 480 895 109 10.3 3278 3 21.4
sz U1 Lukianivska 12 34.5 53.3 4.3 0.5 153
Holosievo 1 5.4
All 70 20 28.2
Holosievo 19 69 137 24.5 8.5 609 1 5.3
> Darnytsia 13 162 303 31 6.3 1110 1 7.7
(D n. Lisova 13 766 965 183 20.9 2680 6 46.2
W Livoberezhna 6 95 90 85 8.4 260
m Lukianivska 2 192 127 192 102 281
All 52 8 15.4
tfi w Holosievo 4 127 110 114 13 265
w Darnytsia 3 121 67 122 54 187
.Q C Lisova 1 80
O Lukianivska 1 40
Bog bilberry Livoberezhna 1 170
Ling Darnytsia 1 130 33.9
onberry Livoberezhna 1 122 19.6
Kind of product
Chanterelles 26 726 1172 331 3.1 5196 12 46.2
King bolete 21 146 194 51 3.9 762 1 4.8
en E o or Bay bolete 11 772 946 546 16 3411 6 54.5
Aspen mushroom 10 147 246 55 2.2 808 1 10.0
in Honey agaric 7 0.7 0.33 0.69 0.3 1.3
Orange agaric 5 49 37 47 1.2 88.5
Slippery jack 3 217 306 76 8 568 1 33.3
All 83 21 25.3
Blueberry fl 54 257 563 53 0.8 2680 8 14.8
Cranber ries 9 117 84 101 13.2 265
Routes
Mushrooms Narodychi - 10 99 126 34 2.2 342
Blueberry Zhytomyr 2 8.6 11.0 0.8 16.3
Mushrooms Ivankiv- Kyiv 2 686 198 546 826 2 100
Mushrooms Chornobyl — Kyiv 2 2128 1846 823 3433 2 100
Krakow market
Mushrooms Boletus edulis 7 34.6 9.5 56.6 8.6 160
Xerocomus badius 4 173.9 75.4 205.6 62.9 482
relle mushroom (Cantharellus cibarius), king bolete (Boletus edulis), Bay bolete (Xerocomus badius), aspen mushroom (Leccinum aurantiacum), honey agaric (Armillaria mellea), orange agaric (Lactarius deliciosus), slippery jack (Suillus luteus), and berries: european blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos), lin-gonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and bog bilberry (Vaccinium ulig-inosum).
Direct gamma spectrometric measurements for the investigation of the concentrations of 137Cs and 40K were conducted with the help of semiconductor gamma spectroscopic system produced by ORTEC Inc., based on multichannel buffer model 919 and detectors, model GEM-40220 and GEM-50250, each was set into the iron shield of 20 cm thick. Time of Spectra acquisition set ranged from two to several hours. We used a source Amersham CO-570 and the derivatives to calibrate the gamma spectroscopy system. To check and ensure the quality of measurement system, the Laboratory has taken part in the IAEA comparative tests since 1990 [4]. One sample of a recent comparison was used for crosscheck measurements [5].
Results. Gathering and sale of the forest foodstuff were various: individual gathering and sale (with the same hands), organized gathering and sale with a division of labour, retail sale from the wholesale markets. A course of the accumulation of samples, mushrooms, in particular, was modified by weather conditions, that is, mushrooms could be taken from the sites with the favourable conditions for their growth, gathering, transportation. According to the information of the sellers, the investigated mushrooms and berries were gathered mainly in the northern regions of Ukraine: Chernihiv, Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Volyn, Khmel-nytskyi, and, in addition, in Vinnytsia and Zakarpattia regions. At the individual gathering and sale, individual preferences and convenient public transport routes were observed, for example: Nizhyn (Chernihiv Region) and Khmelnytskyi Region > Central Train Station > Lukianivska Underground Station; Zhytomyr and Volyn > Central railway sta-
SOME ASPECTS OF CESIUM-137 ENTRY INTO "MARKET BASKET" IN KYIV CITY 1Buzynnyi M.G., 2Mietelski J.W., 3Kimura S., 1Mykhailova L.L.
1SI "O.M. Marzieiev Institute for Public Health, NAMSU", Kviv, Ukraine
2 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakiw, Poland
3 Dokkvo Medical University, Japan
Objective. We studied the peculiarities of the entry of wild mushrooms and berries to the markets, analyzed, and evaluated the concentration of 137Cs in wild mushrooms and berries which were sold in several markets of Kyiv city.
Materials and methods. We sampled the sets of wild mushrooms: chanterelle (Cantharellus ciba-rius), king bolete (Boletus edulis), bay bolete (Xerocomus badius), aspen mushroom (Leccinum aurantiacum), honey agaric (Armillaria mellea), orange agaric (Lactarius deliciosus), slippery jack (Suillus luteus), and berries: european blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), cranberry (Vaccinium oxy-coccos), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) that were
sold at 5 markets of Kyiv in summer-autumn period of 2018. The concentration of 137Cs in the samples was estimated with the help of gamma-spectroscopic method, averaging was performed by the types of the products and by the markets. A survey on the collection and delivery of forest products to the markets was carried out among the sellers.
Results. 153 samples, including 87 mushrooms and 66 berries, were taken at 5 markets of Kyiv. 137Cs concentrations in the products and their conformity to the sanitary standards were determined. Sanitary standard of 137Cs content was exceeded in 14.8% of 54 blueberries samples and in 25% of 80 mushroom samples, in particular, in 46.2% of 26 samples of chanterelles and in 54.5% of 11 samples of bay bolete (Xerocomus badius) mushrooms. The most contaminated forest products were sold near "Lisova" underground station. 137Cs contamination of the products depended on the place of gathering and the prior routes of product's delivery.
Keywords: 137Cs, wild mushrooms and berries, "market basket", Chornobyl.
tion > subway > left bank of the Dnipro river, underground stations "Livoberezhna", "Darnytsia", "Lisova". Accumulation of the forest products (berries) in the hands of the distributors, who get them from different places for subsequent retail sale showed that often the information about origin of the products was distorted or masked (or substituted), taking into account the content of radionuclides for the convenience of its sale, because the majority of buyers ask first about the origin of the product, and then about its cost.
During our sample selection (purchases), the repeated contacts with the sellers took place. The reaction of the sellers to the repeated contact was individual and extremely diverse: they recognized us, didn't recognize (or pretended), were even interested in the purpose of the purchase, and so on. The vendors were mostly open to communication, especially when purchase had been already completed.
Averaged findings on the content of radionuclides are given in the table (mushrooms and berries by the markets and by species). Findings on the excess of sanitary standards are presented only significant (>0). The table (at routes section) shows the results of the investigations of the samples collected on the routes where the products were bought at the unorganized sale sites near the roads, there is no statistical
selection, but it is shown as a possible study variant of the entry to the food basket.
By the results of our investigations, the highest 137Cs contamination of the forest products is observed at the market near the underground station "Lisova" (excess of 137Cs concentration sanitary standard for mushrooms is in 34.6% of the samples, blueberries - in 46.2%), then the markets "Livoberezhna", mushrooms - 41.2%, "Darnytsia", mushrooms - 21.4%. As it is demonstrated in the table, other berries (bog blueberries and lin-gonberries) were rare at the market, only 3 samples and without excess of the standard. Later, when the cranberries were matured, there was no excess of 137Cs norm, which could testify about their organized gathering in the sites that gave a relatively clean product and/or about a need in the study of a larger sample set.
The table shows that 137Cs concentration in almost half chanterelles (46.2% of 26 samples) exceeds sanitary standard, 54.5% - of Xerocomus badius mushrooms, 10% - aspen mushroom, 4.8% - king bolete and 25% of all examined mushroom species (we didn't take into account the samples of two routes: Ivankiv and Chornobyl). The sample set of 7 honey agaric shows an extremely low 137Cs content, which first may be due to the different but cleaner sites of the gathering of mushrooms. 8
samples of the European blueberries demonstrated an excess of sanitary standard (14.8% of 54 samples).
Evaluating a contribution into "market basket", we collected some samples and compared the available information on some kinds of mushrooms in Krakow "market basket" (at the end of table). The dry mass of the samples makes up from 26 g to 45.5 g, assuming 10x factor for dry ones (with 7% uncertainty), however, it can be a bit more. According to this data set, only one sample is close to sanitary standard and doesn't exceed it.
According to our study, 40K concentration made up (140± 56) Bq/kg in 85 mushroom samples, (45±14) Bq/kg in 55 European blueberry samples, (29±6) Bq/kg in 8 cranberry samples. 40K concentration in different species of mushrooms made up (190±61) Bq/kg in 26 samples of chanterelles, (106± 33) Bq/kg in 20 samples of king bolete, (126±25) Bq/kg in 12 samples Bay bolete, (118± 30) Bq/kg in 10 samples of aspen mushroom, (166± 32) Bq/kg in 7 samples of honey agaric, (123±60) Bq/kg in 4 samples of Orange agaric, (96± 25) Bq/kg in 3 samples of slippery jack that can be explained with the peculiarities of their structure - soft and/or hard.
Conclusions
According to the results of the study, the concentration of 137Cs exceeds the current sanitary
19 Environment & Health № 2 2019
standard in 25.3% of 83 samples of wild mushrooms at the markets. The percentage of excess depends on the Kyiv's markets: "Livoberezhna" - 41.2% of 17 samples and "Lisova" - 34.6% of 26 samples and the type of mushrooms: bay bolete (Xero-comus badius) - 54.2% of 10 samples and chanterelles -46.2% of 26 samples.
□ The excess of the current sanitary standard of 137Cs concentration in the European blueberries, sold at the markets, were identified in 14.8% of 54 samples, and in 46.2% of 13 samples from the market place near the underground station "Lisova".
□ There was no excess of 137Cs current sanitary standards in cranberries (9), bog bilberry (1), lingonberry (2).
□ Some results obtained from a small set of samples require a confirmation, which concerns, first of all, the study of certain types of mushrooms and berries and their correspondence to the sites of their gathering.
□ We surveyed the situation only for some markets in Kyiv. We mentioned some other ways to be studied by which the wild berries and mushrooms fall in the food basket. High 137Cs concentrations may be presented at Krakiw market far from Chor-nobyl. Information from the vendors about the origin (sites of gathering) of mushrooms and berries is sometimes distorted, replaced, disguised because of the expected levels of radioactive contamination of the products.
Acknowledgement. Authors are grateful to sponsors A., D., O. for given funds for buying of samples of wild growing mushrooms and berries on the markets. .niTEPATyPA
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Hagrnwnago pegaK^i 14.03.2019
