33Samarkand branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University Theoretical and practical foundations of introduci^g^mmt^griculture in Uzbekistan
Volume 4 | SamTSAU Conference | 2023
O'zbekistonda aqlli qishloq xo'jaligini joriy etishningnazariyva amaliy asoslari
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SOIL MONITORING USING SENSOR NETWORK AND IOT TECHNIQUE FOR
AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM
R. K. Jain
AcSIR and CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India rkjain@cmeri.res.in; jainravikant@gmail.com (ORCID:0000-0002-8106-1256)
Arpita Mukherjee
AcSIR and CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India
Pratap Karmakar
CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India
Aishwarya Banerjee
AcSIR, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, India
Husan Akbarov
6Samarkand branch of Tashkent State University of Economics, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Shavkat Hasanov
Samarkand branch of Tashkent State University of Economics, Samarkand
ABSTRACT
In agriculture, water plays a vital role in growing plants/crops through the irrigation process. By implementing an intelligent and automated system, an irrigation process can be increased its efficiency considerably as better and faster because most irrigation systems are manually operated in traditional (conventional) methods. To cater to such needs, an Internet-of-thing (IoT) enabled soil monitoring system using the sensor network system for the automatic irrigation system is proposed for agricultural applications, especially for Lemongrass plants, where an automated control system using a wireless sensor network is developed for irrigation applications. This controls the water supply in the irrigation process using an IoT communication system. A system architecture for soil monitoring and controlling irrigation using IoT technique is designed where the different sensors and actuators like humidity, soil moisture, temperature, pump, etc are connected with a node MCU microcontroller. This wireless sensor network gives feedback to the system. This provides automation by the on/off pump system during drip irrigation. The sensor data is displayed on a PC or mobile phone through wireless communication and an IoT cloud platform. The soil monitoring data can also be stored in a cloud server for analytics. Thus, this kind of soil monitoring system for automatic irrigation enhances the farming process and overcomes the water crises in the agricultural system by reducing wastage of water.
Keywords- IoT, Automatic Irrigation, Sensor network, Control System, Cloud platform,
etc.
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1. Introduction
Nowadays, a smart farming process is necessary as the need for food production is estimated to enhance by approximately 70% by 2050 [1,2]. The rapidly rising world population will thus cause an equivalent rise in food demand. Thus to have an optimal farm system that uses optimal water and energy, the sights specific farming with the precision of water and energy used is provided to the farmers which helps them to take better decisions and improve the quality, and quantity, in turn increasing productivity. The advancement in technology with the modernization of farming through automation is an important for the efficient use of water which supports plant growth and the monitoring of environmental data, also reduces the need for manual (conventional ) irrigation [3,4]. Therefore, smart farming will be performed effectively using an automatic irrigation system which can reduce the cost of irrigation and crop cultivation. This can also handle optimal usage of water and electrical energy which can emphasize long-term sustainable solutions through automation of the agricultural irrigation process. The process of automatic irrigation can be executed using the acquired data through sensors which can be integrated through a sensor network system. These sensors can automatically evaluate environmental conditions such as air humidity, soil moisture, air temperature, etc for effective utilization of irrigation systems. To build a sustainable soil monitoring system using wireless sensor network (WSN), the Internet of Things (IoT) can also play a essential role to automate the watering process and collect information from the environment. Now-a-day, save of water is also a top priority because optimal utilization of water will save water resources effectively for reducing drought. IoT Cloud platform can also be used for analytics where a lot of data can be stored and analyzed for the futuristic requirement to manage the plants so that automated irrigation systems will effectively solve the problem of water crisis based on said sensor values. The data is represented to the users in a visual friendly manner. Considering these aspects, the objective of this paper is to design and develop a soil monitoring system using a WSN for an automatic irrigation system where IoT technique is applied to monitor and control the soil condition so that the appropriate amount of water can be given to the crop during cultivation which can save the water, time and money for the cultivation of the crop. The paper is focused as under
a) Soil Monitoring System using Wireless Sensor Network system and IoT Technique
b) Remote monitoring and controlling by farmers for automatic irrigation system
c) Evaluation of soil and crop conditions
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Samarkand branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University Theoretical and practical foundations of introducing smart agriculture in Uzbekistan
O'zbekistonda aqlli qishloq xojaligini joriy etishning nazariy va amaliy asoslari
This paper is structured as under : a brief state-of-the-art on different irrigation system and its applications is presented in Section 2. A novel IoT based smart soil monitoring system for automatic irrigation systems is proposed where soil conditions are monitored using a wireless sensor network system in Section 3. The system architecture is discussed in Section 4. An experimental testing setup is also built for implementing and monitoring the soil conditions which is discussed in Section 5. The summary is concluded in Section 6.
2. Brief state-of-art report on development of smart drip irrigation system In the past, several researchers have attempted smart drip automatic irrigation where different methods of control systems are used for such applications. Ososanya et al.[5] have designed sensor nodes for automated drip irrigation where the exact amount of water is required depending on the soil moisture and data is sent in the cloud. Parameswaran et al. [6] have explored an Arduino-based smart drip irrigation system using IoT which helps in the irrigation of the farmland in a resourceful manner with an automated system. Kavianand et al. [7] have attempted on an automated drip irrigation system using the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module where a feedback control system is implemented for monitoring and controlling drip irrigation in real time. Ghosh et al. [8] have attempted a remote control system for drip irrigation which reduces the manpower during supplying water to the crops in the field. The micro-controller sends the data to the server through a gateway communication system and the sensor data provides the updated conditions of the field in a PC/Smartphone. Caya et al. [9] have presented an automated irrigation system for the distribution of water and determines the rate of water for a particular area in the farm. Naik et al. [10] have attempted to automate irrigation systems using various sensors such as humidity, and soil moisture whereas Kathuria et al. [11] have proposed a smart irrigation system using IoT, automation, and cloud computing methods where irrigation scheduling work has been carried out to make sure adequate supply of amount water for healthy growth of crops and to reduce the wastage of water in fields. Karunakanth et al. [12] have developed an IoT-based smart irrigation system for organic gardening at Home where an irrigation scheduling algorithm has been applied for improving the irrigation patterns. Panchami et al. [13] have focused on smart IoT-based drip irrigation and disease detection processes which are combined with the help of ESP32 module and Raspberry PI. Blynk and DropBox apps are applied which update information on smart phones about environmental conditions and disease detection to the farmers. Avsar et al. [14] have developed a cloud-based drip irrigation system for strawberry cultivation where the irrigation steps are completed by providing solenoid valves and microcontrollers. A
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GSM module is used for sending the sensor data and data are stored in a cloud server. Math et al. [15] have focused on irrigating the plants using the smart drip irrigation system to achieve continuous monitoring of the health of plants where an open source platform is utilized along with the central controller of the system. Ogidan et al. [16] have focused on a water management procedure for optimization of the water available in the reservoir towards effective utilization of water usage solutions for the irrigation system. Hajibeigy et al. [17] have attempted to detect soil moisture levels by deploying an automated irrigation system where the sensor data are collected using Gateway point by LoRaWN. Muthukumarasamy et al. [18] have designed a WSN using the LoRaWAN technology with IoT for an irrigation system where the sensor parameters are controlled using LoRaWAN. Patel et al. [19] have discussed an automated sensor and cloud-based smart irrigation system where the device communicates among them and applies intelligence in irrigating. Anbarasi et al. [20] have explored an idea of a smart irrigation system with smart control of decisions for a multi-crop cultivation system in which decisions can be established by taking realtime data for appropriate land. Warkhedkar et al. [21] have focused on an automated system for irrigation and fertigation using IoT and WSN where irrigation scheduling is predicted by using WSNs for monitoring weather and soil properties in real time. Pathak et al. [22] have proposed modeling for predicting of crop yields using AI which can help in the allotment of water for farming under different conditions. Jena et al. [23] have attempted an Arduino-based integrated water system for optimization of water usage in a particular irrigation field whereas Shaikh et al. [24] have proposed an intelligent irrigation system using IoT which can be used for watering in flowering plantations whereas Kumar et al. [25] have attempted an IoT based drip irrigation system for farming where cloud computing is used for storing statics and data. These data provide water conservation methods for farming. Thakur et al. [26] have attempted a prototype for smart irrigation and detecting intrusion in an agriculture field which is developed with the help of various sensors integration for providing precise irrigation. Vij et al. [27] have attempted a distributed WSN along with IoT applications where various sensor modules are installed at crop fields for transmitting data on a server and machine learning (ML) algorithms are applied for the prediction of irrigation patterns towards different crops along with weather conditions. Debauched et al. [28] have optimized the usage of water quality for irrigation and the data are sent using edge cloud computing to process images and videos for the appropriate amount of the supply of water. Manimegalai et al. [29] have attempted on monitoring and controlling of irrigation systems using IoT whereby designing the variable rate irrigation, the controlling of an irrigation system is done using WSN and implemented in real-
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time. Tripathi et al. [30] have applied the ATmega328 microcontroller for analyzing the data which gives the information for the supply of exact water in the field. This helps in the reduction of wastage in rural areas. Tapia [31] has applied a smart drip irrigation system for Peruvian crop fields where the humidity and soil moisture data are monitored using Bluetooth communication. Garcia et al. [32] have presented the applications of IoT and WSN technologies for smart irrigation systems and summarized the brief state-of-art of different smart irrigation systems. Abioye et al. [33] have focused on modeling for environmental parameters which are influencing the irrigation of mustards whereas Amiri et al. [34] have attempted how to calculate a suitable position for the soil moisture sensor in a drip irrigation system for a particular application and an area in the soil profile representative in the root zone. Gayathri et al. [35] have attempted smart drip irrigation using IoT where the water is allowed to drip gradually to the roots of plants so that the water can reach directly into the root zones and reduce evaporation in the environment. Pradeep et al. [36] have attempted sensor-based IoT technology for smart irrigation which gathers the humidity, soil moisture, and temperature data, and transmits this information to the farmers of irrigation systems. Karar et al. [37] have attempted a system for monitoring the farmer's crop conditions through an Android mobile application remotely and to provide a solution to the farmers using UAV. The developed system demonstrated that IoT-based embedded systems can be effectively utilized to avoid unnecessary wastage of water for irrigation applications. Munir et al. [38] have done work on a machine learning algorithm for the decision of the ontology and the sensor values collectively where an edge server is also processed for communication between the main IoT server and the GSM module. Oukaira et al. [39] have evaluated the different technologies for estimating soil moisture to support a variety of applications and to aid the usage of drip irrigation. Badrun et al. [40] have attempted a smart irrigation system with the help of IoT, cloud computing, AI, and big data towards innovative simple semantic solutions for users or farmers to evaluate rainfall, humidity and temperature, soil condition, wind speed, and solar radiation in a synchronized way through a web application to the users. Patel et al. [41] have explored the task of automatic drip irrigation using IoT where the machine learning method is applied for crop prediction which will increase the productivity of the field for the benefit of farmers. Bhoi et al. [42] have proposed a trained system for resourceful water usage with the minimum intervention of the users/farmers in irrigation systems where IoT devices are utilized for collecting the environmentally trained data (like soil moisture, humidity, etc.) of the crop fields. Tace et al. [43] have focused on a smart and flexible irrigation system with low consumption and cost which can be used in
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different crop fields. During the development of the system, different machine-learning approaches are applied and data are collected with the help of an acquisition map using the Node-RED platform. Wang et al. [44] have applied AI along with IoT technologies for better-yielding crops, analyzing the soil, cultivation growing conditions, and coordination between the farmers for advancing agricultural aspects across the total food supply chain management at the worldwide level. Abioye et al. [45] have developed a machine learning model for a predictive control strategy that can save water during drip irrigation experimentation this can also adjust the soil moisture content and the scheduling of irrigation can be analyzed due to losses of water from the soil and plant due to environmental conditions. Aziz et al. [46] have focused on IoT cloud-based wireless communication systems where through cloud water requirement for paddy (rice) is estimated for a particular location. The optimality test is also carried out.
Based on the brief state-of-art, it is found that the research work on monitoring and control of soil conditions for automatic drip irrigation systems using multiple node systems and IoT is not carried out specially for lemongrass plantations. Therefore, the proposed research work is related to the design and development of an IoT-based soil monitoring system using multiple node systems. The different conditions of plants are examined for monitoring the crops.
3. Design and IoT enabled communication methodology of smart soil monitoring system for automatic irrigation system
To design an IoT-based smart soil monitoring system, a sensor network system is designed as shown in Figure 1. The system consists of one Node MCU controller as a master node and four sensor nodes. Each sensor node has one soil moisture sensor, humidity sensor, temperature sensor, and one NodeMCU microcontroller. The soil sensors provide the soil condition, relative humidity, and temperature conditions at particular places. According to the requirement of soil condition, the water pump is operated automatically by activating sensor nodes. In this system, data is collected from all the sensor nodes at the same time, and data is sent to the cloud. NodeMCU microcontroller controls the entire setup where an ESP8266 Wi-Fi inbuilt module is used for transmitting and receiving data wirelessly. To assemble the data simultaneously from more than one node the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol is applied. Different environmental sensors are used to collect the soil moisture, soil temperature, and humidity information of the environment. A water pump is connected to the controller node for supplying water in the field. The data sent by the sensor nodes
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are analyzed in the cloud and a decision is taken in the cloud on whether the soil needs water or not. Therefore the command is sent to the master for further action. The master turns the ON or OFF pump according to the command. It is helpful for farmers since the water requirement of the soil can be monitored worldwide. The sensor nodes are powered with the help of a solar panel. This system is designed for wireless monitoring and control of agricultural land from anywhere using a mobile Android device. The application user can monitor and control of irrigation process, cultivation of crop performance, collect soil data and send alert to the user, and store it for analytics. Therefore, the WAN system is applied for irrigation operations on the entire field and IoT enabled communication methodology is shown in Figure 2. This system can be allowed the farmers to monitor and control the fields 24x7 throughout the whole year.
I___
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the automatic irrigation system using WSN and IoT
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Figure 2. Communication methodology for IoT based automatic irrigation system
4. Material used
To build up the system architecture for the soil monitoring system using WSN, the following hardware materials are utilized as given below;
4.1 Soil moisture sensor: For observing the water content, soil moisture sensors are used which can be inserted in the soil. This provides an output level of moisture in terms of volumetric content.
4.2 Temperature and humidity sensors: The sensors are deployed for measuring temperature and humidity in terms of temperature in degree centigrade and relative humidity (%) .
4.3. AC Water Pump: AC water pump (0.5 hp) is used for supplying the water to the plantations from water resources.
4.4. Node MCU micro controller: Node MCU is intended that has an inbuilt Wi-Fi chip (ESP8266) for interacting with an open-source platform during the designing of the hardware system.
4.5. Solenoid valve: A solenoid valve is utilized for regulating the flow of water so that the pump can be automatically ON/OFF.
4.6. DC Power Supply: A DC power supply is also used for giving the DC electrical power to sensor nodes which can drive the sensors, microcontrollers, etc.
4.7. Router: The router is utilized for WAN connections which can send the data in small pockets. properly. By connecting to the internet, data can forward using the IoT method.
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4.8. Relay (Double Channel): The relay (Double Channel) is used for switching the appropriate action during the ON/OFF operation of the automatic irrigation system.
4.9. Android Studio: Android Studio is used which has the inbuilt capability for an integrated development environment (IDE). The code can be written in Java developer tools.
4.10. IoT Cloud platform: The IoT Cloud platform is utilized for storing and processing data. This can be shown in a massively scalable real-time event processing engine. Here, the thing speaks IoT cloud platform is used operation of automatic irrigation systems.
5. Results and Discussions
To develop a smart IoT-enabled drip irrigation system, a small pilot project plant for the cultivation of lemongrass is being developed as shown in Figure 3. The environmental sensors like soil, humidity, temperatures, etc are installed as per requirement. These sensors are integrated with a NodeMCU microcontroller and support items in a control box unit which send the signal by operating voltage of 5 VDC. A 0.5 hp AC pump is also installed for supplying the water as per requirement from the storage water source. The water supply to cultivated land through the drip pipe system. During the operation of the pump, the sensors acquire the soil, temperature, and humidity data which are processed to the IoT cloud using the ThinkSpeak platform via a web server. A web application is also intended to use an Android application for monitoring and controlling the smart automatic drip irrigation system especially lemongrass so that all data can be monitored and control processes can be done accordingly. AC pump is attached with a water pond arrangement for supplying the appropriate amount of water from the natural pond. The water pump will automatically begin and start to send water to the agricultural estate as per the soil conditions. The soil condition is identified using the different sensors which are inserted in soil closer to lemongrass plants where the threshold value of soil condition according to the environment is adjusted in Node MCU microcontroller through programming. Therefore, the water pump operates as per necessity time-to-time automatically. The information about the soil and environmental conditions is collected from different sensors like soil moisture, humidity and temperature in the cloud. The information is processed and accordingly, the micro controller, via the IoT cloud operates the water pump through a relay. The soil moisture senses the soil condition using two coated metal rods that can insert into the grassland. Further, the web application is linked with the Node MCU microcontroller for obtaining the soil and other parameters. These signals are identified using the Android application which supports the computer user interface. This IoT-enabled automatic
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drip irrigation system is developed by combining the hardware and software linked together with serial communication ports via the Node MCU microcontrollers to transmit data from one device to another wirelessly and monitoring can be done . The flow chart for automatic drip irrigation is revealed in Figure 4.
Figure 3. Testing setup for automatic irrigation system using IoT Technique
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Figure 4. Flowchart of the automatic irrigation system For building the web application app, an Android/web page is deliberated using a ThinkSpeak IoT cloud platform as shown in
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Figure 5. The ThinkSpeak is a viable IoT cloud platform that can be utilized for the progression of the data, visualization, storage, and analysis of real-time data. This can also provide massages to user mobile via web server management. During operation, the data is sent using NodeMCU in the web server. A login page is also designed within the web page which is integrated with the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and it opens by providing the appropriate credentials. After identifying the credentials, the operation of the smart drip irrigation page is opened and sensor data can be visualized after proper activation via Node MCU and gateways. As per the user instructions, an Android app is handled where the user/client can operate and control the water pump operation and handle the smart automatic drip irrigation system as per the requirement remotely. The data can be visualized accordingly. As a result, smart automatic drip irrigation systems can remotely be handled through an Android phone from anywhere.
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Figure 5. Real-time monitoring of data in the cloud, send by the sensor nodes from
the agricultural field
6. Conclusions
In this paper, a novel soil monitoring system using a sensor wireless network system for automatic irrigation systems is designed where IoT Technique is applied for sending and storing data in the IoT cloud. The node MCU microcontroller is used for wireless cloud network systems where communications have been done wirelessly using the MQTT protocol. This provides a faster response during uploading the data. During experimentation, the soil sensor data are successfully uploaded to the IoT cloud which is remotely accessed using a mobile phone. A suitable quantity of water is supplied to the lemongrass plants of the agricultural field using a pump automation process. The health of lemongrass plants is observed from anywhere using an Android mobile phone. This offers an affordable solution for supplying a sufficient amount of water to manage agricultural cultivation land effectively. By developing the testing prototype, it is demonstrated the use of such network systems/applications can facilitate a variety of plant harvesting processes. This kind of system can be employed in a variety of small land, open space cultivation, different plantations, crop cultivation, etc. Hence, it is concluded that soil monitoring using wireless sensor networks and IoT techniques can be effectively used for automatic irrigation systems which is a promising technique in the precision agriculture field.
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Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-CMERI, and Durgapur India for providing the permission to publish this paper. This research work is funded by Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi under Indo-Uzbek joint program (Grant No. INT/UZBEK/P-10) and Project No GAP234812 at CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur, India.
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