CC BY
17
УДК 631.468: 911.375:628.5
T.A. Gordienko, R.A. Sukhodolskaya, D.N. Vavilov
Research Institute for Problems of Ecology and Mineral wealth use of Tatarstan Academy of sciences, t_a_gordienlo2015@mail.ru
SOIL MACROFAUNA VARIABILITY ALONG A GRADIENT
OF URBANISATION
The structure of communities of soil invertebrates of the Nizhnekamsk industrial hub has been studied. We identified 10 species of earthworms (Haplotaxida, Lumbricidae), 6 species of click beetles (Coleoptera, Elateridae) and 28 species of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Human activity has no significant effect on soil biota. The abundance and number of soil invertebrates varied in a big range. The type of vegetation and habitat affected the mesofauna more than urbanization. Keywords: soil mesofauna; earthworms; wireworms; ground beetles; urbanization.
Introduction
In a changing climate and anthropogenic pressure understanding of ways to prevent the negative impact of urbanization on species diversity, abundance and distribution of plants and animals is actual (Cameron, Leather, 2012). One of the indicator groups of anthropogenic transformation is soil invertebrates (De-gtyareva, 2011). This is a very diverse group (earthworms, beetles, larvae of other insects) by which one can assess overall biodiversity in the study area. They react quickly to short-term changes of anthropogenic nature in soil or vegetation due to the rapid alteration of generations. They are easy to collect, that does not seem unusual in the public eye. Soil biota has a direct effect on the functioning of ecosystems in urban areas.Moreover, the soil invertebrates are the food source for the representatives of the higher levels in soil food webs, and the change in their abundance can affect these organisms and plants as well (Fili-
monova, Gongal'skiy, 2011).
Thus, the aim of the work was to assess condition of soil invertebrates in a gradient of urbanization in a large industrial city.
Material and methods
Investigations took place in mid-June 2015, at 16 sites in different plant associations: meadows, pine, linden and birch in the sanitary protection zone (SPZ) of OJSC «Nizhnekamskneftekhim» (industrial area), in Nizhnekamsk city (residential zone) and its surroundings (recreation area) (5 5039'N 510'50E). The abundance of mesopedobionts was studied by taking the standard soil and zoological samples from 16 experimental plots and treating them by hand (table 1). Also 10 pitfall traps were exposed for 4-5 days within each biotope. Nine plots in different zones of anthropogenic press and various plant associations were examined by this method. Soil samples were collected
Table 1. Information about experimental plots in Nizhnekamsk city and its surroundings
№ Functional zone Biotope Coordinates Date
1 Industrial zone Meadow N 55°35'57.8", E 51°49'31.5" 16.06.2015
2 Industrial zone Meadow N 55°36'57.4", E 51°56'45.2" 19.06.2015
3 Industrial zone Meadow N 55°37'06.7", E 51°54'07.7" 19.06.2015
4 Industrial zone Pine forest N 55°37'02.2", E 51°54'05.7" 16.06.2015
5 Industrial zone Pine forest N 55°34'55.9", E 51°52'43.4" 19.06.2015
6 Industrial zone Linden forest N 55°35'05.9", E 51°53'47.9" 16.06.2015
7 Residential area Meadow N 55°37'11.6", E 51°47'15.7" 17.06.2015
8 Residential area Meadow N 55°38'58.6", E 51°49'36.5" 18.06.2015
9 Residential area Meadow N 55°38'58.63", E 51°49'31.67" 15.06.2015
10 Residential area Meadow N 55°39'44.5", E 51°50'28.3" 18.06.2015
11 Residential area Birch forest N 55°38'39.7", E 51°49'31.6" 16.06.2015
12 Residential area Linden forest N 55°39'44.0", E 51°49'01.6" 18.06.2015
13 Recreational area Meadow N 55°37'05.6", E 51°44'21.2" 17.06.2015
14 Recreational area Pine forest N 55°40'44.9", E 51°47'31.4" 17.06.2015
15 Recreational area Pine forest N 55°37'09.6", E 51°44'14.8" 17.06.2015
16 Recreational area Linden forest N 55°40'46.4", E 51°47'46.1" 17.06.2015
Table 2. Abundance of soil macrofauna of Nizhnekamsk city obtained from soil samples (ind/sq.m.)
Taxon Meadows Forests Meadows Forests Meadows Forests
Industrial zone Residential area Recreational area
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Lumbricidae 24 6 34 222 182 296 34 2 8 28 172 370 4 324 90 298
Pulmonata 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0
Isopoda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 3
Araneina 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 3 0 2 2 1 0 0
Opiliones 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Julidae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 0 0 0 7
Geophyllidae 1 1 4 2 15 16 13 3 5 33 14 33 0 16 19 32
Lithobiidae 0 0 0 0 29 16 0 0 0 0 7 27 0 13 6 7
Hemiptera 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 6 0 0 0 0 0
Lepidoptera 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0
Hymenoptera 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Diptera 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 4 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 1
Carabidae 2 7 1 3 5 5 8 3 1 14 0 3 2 9 6 0
Silphydae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Staphylinidae 0 1 4 1 5 1 5 2 0 12 0 0 0 2 3 4
Tenebrionidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Scarabaeidae 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 12 7 0 0 0 3 0 1 0
Cantharidae 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Elateridae 10 20 10 4 4 4 96 14 12 148 8 4 20 2 2 0
Crysomelidae 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Curculionidae 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 7 2 0 0 0 2 1
Dermestidae 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others beetles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others Insecta 0 0 4 2 0 2 4 2 4 6 0 0 2 2 0 4
Total 54 82 70 248 308 382 206 82 70 358 244 518 52 410 170 412
in all areas. Eight samples 0.0625 m2 with a depth of 15cm were taken at each plot. 380 trap-days have been worked out and 128 soil samples were taken.We captured 1805 and 1813 individuals respectively.The data were processed in Excel and Statistica 7.0.
Results and discussion
The fauna of soil invertebrates residential area of the city of Nizhnekamsk was diverse and included representatives of 3 types, 7 classes and 13 orders (table 2). They were Haplotaxida, Pulmonata, Isop-oda, Araneae, Opiliones, Julida, Polydesmida, Geo-philomorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera (21 taxa). In the industrial area taxonomic diversity was somewhat lower, there were no lice, bugs, carrion beetles (Silphidae) and darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) (19 taxa).
The abundance of soil macrofauna in Nizh-
nekamsk varied quite widely, from 54 ind/m2 in the meadow of industrial zone to 518 ind/m2 in linden of residential area. The greatest number of soil macro-fauna were marked in meadows and forest biocenoses of residential area (Fig. 1). In open areas of the city insects dominated (70.4%), millipedes (16.8%) and earthworms (10.1%) significantly gave them way. Earthworms (71.1%) and centipedes (22%) dominated in forest plots, among which predatory centipede Geophilidae (12.3%) and Lithobiidae (8.9%) were most numerous. The highest number of millipedes was noted in a residential zone, and the lowest in the industrial. Our results confirmed other studies (Mcin-tyre et al., 2001).
Previously, differences in population and structure of soil macrofauna between residential areas and industrial and recreational areas have been confirmed by means of multi-dimensional analysis (Sassen,
Fig. 1. Abundance of soil macrofauna in the meadows and forests of industrial, residential and recreation areas
Dotan, 2011). Industrial and recreational areas did not differ on these indicators.
The abundance of earthworms increased in linden of residential area that indicates favorable conditions of habitat (table 3). Apparently, spreading of the littered area (household and food waste, human waste) increased the number of potential food substrate for earthworms, thereby reducing the negative impact of recreation (soil compaction, draining its upper layers). Pollution of the city forest areas was not critical.
Mesofauna mean abundance in an industrial area was lower than in residential with no dependence on the type of phytocenosis. In general, that indicator in the meadows was 5 times lower than in the forest associations. Despite the high abundance of open habitat wireworms in comparison with forests ones,
Fig. 2. Biomass of pedobionts in opened and forest habitats
meadow associations macrofauna abundance became lower mainly due to the decrease in the number of earthworms in the soil.
The biomass of soil invertebrates varied in a big range from 4.4 g / m2 in the meadows to 149.3 g / m2 in linden forest. Those fluctuations were due to the low number of earthworms in open habitats (0,75,1 g / m2), but in forest areas they formed the main part of all macrofauna biomass (96,5-98,7% or 46,6144,3 g / m2). In the meadow plant communities insects dominated (16,8-79,5%). Alive weight of soil macrofauna in the residential area was slightly higher compared with that of industrial and recreational areas (Fig. 2), i.e. it had a similar trend with fluctuations in their abundance.
Species composition of earthworms, click bee-
Table 3. Abundance and species composition of earthworms in Nizhnekamsk city (ind/sq.m.)
Species Site number
1 2 3 4 5 б 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1б
Aporrectodea caliginosa f. typica Sav. б 2 4 2 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 28 0 20 4 12
Lumbricus terrestris L. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lumbricus rubellus Hoffm. 0 0 0 24 0 44 0 0 0 0 2б 3б 0 5б 18 14
Octolasion lacteum Orley 0 0 0 1б 42 42 0 0 0 0 18 4 0 4 б 20
Perelia tuberosa Svetlov 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dendrobaena octaedra Sav. 0 0 0 24 1б 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0
Dendrodrilus rubidus tenuis Eisen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
Eisenia nordenskioldi Eisen 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Immature 18 4 30 15б 94 204 34 2 8 24 124 302 4 238 54 250
Total 24 б 34 222 182 29б 34 2 8 28 172 370 4 324 90 298
Number of species 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 5 б 4
£2 Earthworms □ Click beetles H Ground beetles
_ c _
o c
§ s Recreati Area K § ea
< T3 •c -Ö rA
3 T3 e C§
r21
- 18 ; !
" 15 ! 12
a '
- 9 k
b ; ft ;
- 6 a i
- 3 I o ;
3 <
m
Fig. 3. Number of main taxonomic groups of macrofauna in meadow and forest habitats of the city
ties and ground beetles was defined. The diversity of earthworms was higher in forest habitats (Fig. 3), while the number of species of wireworms slightly increased in the meadow associations, where typical forest species joined meadow herbivorous species.
Diversity of earthworms did not exceed 4 species in the forests of industrial zone. In the recreational area it was maximum of 6 species (table 4). In forest habitats of residential area of the city it was lower than in industrial and recreational - three species. At the open areas of the city of Nizhnekamsk and its suburbs only one species Apporectode acaliginosa Sav. was recorded.
Diversity of click beetles larvae was presented by 6 species (table 5). Herbivorous was more abundant than predators amid wireworms collected in residen-
Table 4. Abundance of soil-dwelling species of click
(ind/sq.
tial area. The amount of the latter rose in recreation area. Total abundance of wireworms decreased in forests by the lack of herbivorous species. Genus Agriotes dominated in lawns and meadow associations. Similar data were obtained for the multi-storey building area of Ekaterinburg (Mcintyre et al., 2001; Sukhodol'skaya et al., 2015) and for the city of Kemerovo (Vershinina, 2011). In our case click beetles diversity decreased slightly in the recreational area.
Ground beetles fauna of meadows was represented by 8-11 species (Fig. 3), in the forests their biodiversity rose up to 20 species. The greatest number of species of ground beetles was noted in the recreational area.
Response of different taxa of invertebrates to urbanization and recreation were not the same according to recent researches (Vorobeychik, Yermakov, 2013). The number of earthworms and spiders, for example, remained virtually unchanged. Redistribution of the abundance from litter to mineral soil horizons was observed for some groups. Trophic structure had not significantly changed by urbanization and recreation (Mcintyre et al., 2001; Vorobeychik, Yermakov, 2013). The degree of contamination of the site was a parameter that formed the spatial structure of soil macrofauna communities according to other authors (Vorobeychik et al., 2012). Some researchers indicated a positive effect of urbanization on macro-fauna (Sukhodolskaya et al., 2015).
The structure and population of soil macrofau-
beetles larvae (wireworms) in Nizhnekamsk city m.)
3
2
1
o
Species Site number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Athous subfuscus (Mull., 1764) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
Athous haemorrhoidalis (F., 1801) 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
Athous vittatus (F., 1792) 2 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dalopius marginatus (L, 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Selatosomus aeneus (L, 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Selatosomus cruciatus (F., 1801) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Prosternon tesselatum (L., 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ectinus aterrimus (L, 1761) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agrypnus murinus (L, 1758) 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Selatosomus latus (F., 1801) 0 8 0 0 0 0 66 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agriotes sputator (L, 1758) 8 12 10 0 0 0 26 8 12 148 8 0 18 0 0 0
Total 10 20 10 4 4 4 96 14 12 148 8 4 20 2 2 0
Table 5. Abundance and species composition of ground beetles obtained from pitfall traps at the experimental plots (No. of individuals/40 traps/day)
Species Site number
№4 №б №7 №8 №13 №14 №1б
Carabus schoenherri Fischer-Waldheim, 1822 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Carabus cancellatus Illiger, 1798 11 5 0 0 1 12 10
Carabus granulatus Linnaeus, 1758 0 0 0 0 0 3 2
Carabus arcensis Herbst, 1784. 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Cyhrus caraboides Linnaeus, 1758 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Poecilus versicolor Sturm 1824 0 0 0 бб 0 0 0
Poecilus craenuliger Chaudoir 1876 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Pterostichus niger Schaller, 1783 19 1 0 0 0 10 4
Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, 1798 12 22 0 2 0 2 б
Pterostichus oblongopunctatus Fabricius 1787 3б 17 0 0 25 42 10
Pterostichus nigrita Paykull, 1790 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
Pterostichus mannerheimi Dejean, 1831 0 2 0 0 0 15 7
Pterostichus magus Mannerheim, 1825 0 2 0 0 0 5 0
Pseudophonus rufipes Degeer, 1774 1 0 1 1 11 2 4
Harpalus affinis Schrank, 1781 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
Harpalus quadripunctatus Dejean 1829 2 б 0 1 0 1 0
Harpalus latus Linnaeus, 1758 0 0 0 3 0 12 1
Harpalus tenebrosus Dejean, 1829 0 0 0 3 0 1 0
Harpalus smaragdinus Duftschmid, 1812 0 0 0 0 3 1 0
Harpalus serripes Quensel, 1806 0 0 0 0 5 0 0
Amara aenea DeGeer, 1774 0 0 0 4 0 0 0
Amara spreta Dejean, 1831 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Amara ovata Fabricius 1792 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
Amara communis Panzer, 1797 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
Agonum assimile Paykull, 1790 0 3 0 0 0 0 1
Stomis pumicatus Panzer 1796 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Calathus erratus Sahlberg, 1827 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Badister bipustulatus Schrank, 1798 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Notiophilus Duméril, 1806 sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Bembidion Latreille, 1802 sp. 3 0 0 0 1 2 0
Carabidae Latreille, 1802 sp. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Total 84 б1 3 87 48 119 49
na was closely dependent on a variety of both plant and soil parameters (Mcintyre et al., 2001; Vorobey-chik, Yermakov, 2013). Type of vegetation was the main factor that affected soil macrofauna abundance and structure. The type and degree of anthropogenic stress were less significant factors and their influence was mediated through changes in the biogeochemical parameters (Yeremeyeva, 2011).These data agreed with our results of multivariate analysis. Multivari-ate analysis showed that type of vegetation affected macrofauna structure more greatly than anthropogenic press (Sukhodolskaya et al., 2015).
Abundance of soil invertebrates in Nizhnekamsk was significantly higher than the average in the phys-icographic zone (Sukhodolskaya et al., 2015). That indicator was significantly higher in the pine forests of both industrial and recreational areas than in natural pine forests of the Republic of Tatarstan. That
was apparently due to non-typical type of soil (grey forest soil) and undergrowth vegetation. In this regard, the abundance of saprophagous component in coniferous forests was high and comparable with the broad-leaved forests.
Thus, urbanization and industrial pollution of Nizhnekamsk industrial complex did not have a significant negative impact on the population and soil invertebrates communities structure in studied large city. Protective reaction to anthropogenic influence is manifested in increase in the number of soil invertebrate macrofauna. At the same time forests plants communities played a buffer role by preserving biodiversity of soil animals and their abundance.
References
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Т.А. Гордиенко, Р.А. Суходольская, Д.Н. Вавилов. Изменчивость почвенной мезофауны в градиенте урбанизации.
Исследована структура сообществ почвенных беспозвоночных Нижнекамского промышленного узла. Выявлено 10 видов дождевых червей (Haplotaxida, Lumbricidae), 6 видов жуков-щелкунов (Coleoptera, Elateridae) и 28 видов жужелиц (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Деятельность человека не оказывает значимого влияния на почвенную биоту. Обилие и численность почвенных беспозвоночных варьировала в широких пределах. Тип растительности и местообитания влиял на мезо-фауну больше, чем урбанизация.
Ключевые слова: почвенная мезофауна; дождевые черви; проволочники; жужелицы; урбанизация.
8
российский журннл ИМ! экологии
