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9Решетневские чтения. 2018
УДК 336.512
МЯГКОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЕ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ СОХРАНЕНИЯ НИЗКОГО УРОВНЯ БЕЗРАБОТИЦЫ В НАУКОЕМКОМ СЕКТОРЕ ЭКОНОМИКИ
В. В. Иваницкая1, А. В. Цветцых2
1 Университет Корвинус Венгрия, 1093, г. Будапешт, Фовам тер, 8 E-mail: violetta.ivanitskaya@yandex. ru 2Сибирский государственный университет науки и технологий имени академика М. Ф. Решетнева Российская Федерация, 660037, г. Красноярск, просп. им. газ. «Красноярский рабочий», 31
E-mail: [email protected]
Дается объяснение понятия «мягкое бюджетное ограничение» и рассматривается на примере российской автомобильной промышленности. Проанализирована численность рабочего персонала, занятого в индустрии, выделены основные проблемы занятости, предложены пути их решения.
Ключевые слова: мягкое бюджетное ограничение, социалистические страны, предприятия, автомобильная промышленность, государственная поддержка.
SOFT BUDGET ^NSTRAINT AS A TOOL FOR PRESERVATION OF LOW LEVEL OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE SCIENTIFIC SECTOR OF ECONOMICS
V. V. Ivanitskaia1, А. V. Tsvettsykh2
1Corvinus University of Budapest 8, Fovam ter, Budapest, 1093, Hungary E-mail: violetta.ivanitskaya@yandex. ru 2Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]
In this article, the explanation of the term of the Soft Budget Constraint was given. The example of SBC was considered in case of Russian automotive industry, where the main mechanisms of state support were defined. Also there were considered the number of industrial personnel in automotive industry, and defined the importance of this industry for Russia. As a result of this analysis, there were determined the main problems of the industry and proposed the ways of solving these problems.
Keywords: soft budget constraint, socialist countries, enterprises, automotive industry, governmental support.
The soft budget constraint was a necessary tool for supporting of the economy of communist countries. The term soft budget constraint means the state support of enterprises. Janos Kornai is one of the first, who observed the SBC phenomenon in the Hungarian economy of the 1970's. He noticed, that state -owned enterprises were always bailed out with financial subsidies or other instruments. Firms could count on surviving even after chronic losses, and this expectation left its mark on their behavior. Since Kornai's first observations, the contention that softness of the budget constraint underlies the low efficiency of socialist economies has gained wide acceptance [1].
The soft budget constraint is very effective tool, especially in field of policy. Notably, that it is an effective political tool for government during the election process. In other words, the soft budget constraint creates the illusion of stability for citizens, but in other hand, it leads to large spending from state's budget. Due to soft budget constraint, many inefficient enterprises will still work, and as a result, it will be possible to save a lot of work
places and, in this case the number of unemployment people will be low, as it was in Soviet Union, for example.
There are a few main tools for implementation of soft budget constraint, they are:
- Soft subsidy;
- Soft taxation;
- Soft credit;
- Soft administrative pricing.
Notable, that the existence of soft budget constraint is possible to find not only in the socialist countries. It still exists in the modern market economy. The good example for this in case of Russia can be the automotive industry.
It is well known everywhere, that the best world producers of cars are Germany, USA, Japan, and South Korea. But still Russian government also tries to preserve automotive industry. And of course, one of the main reasons for that is preservation of work places on machinebuilding enterprises.
Организационно-экономические проблемы промышленных комплексов
Fig. 1. The number of industrial production personnel by industry in 2009th, %
Fig. 2. The dynamics of production of machine-building enterprises, thousands
Fig. 3. The governmental support of Russian automotive industry, billion rubles
As we can see from the fig. 1, the machine building industry is a leader in case of number of industrial personnel, it has 28 % of employees employed in the production sector. In 2009th the machine building industry consisted of 3618 thousand people. [2]
Of course, it is a huge number of people, so the Russian government is interested to save such enterprises.
During 2009th until now, Russian government uses all tools of the soft budget constraint.
The main reason for that can be economical crisis in 2008th, which significantly undermined the Russian economy. As we can see from the fig. 2, there was the significant decreasing in production of machine-building enterprises from 2008th year. The greatest reduction in the volume of production accounted for motorcycles (78.9 %), trucks (64.17 %) and passenger cars (59,21 %) [3].
As a result, the Ministry of industry and trade started to realize the program of industry support. It estimates the total costs for strategy of development of automobile industry in Russia until 2020 in the amount of 1.2 to 1.8
trillion rubles. From this amount, around 630 billion rubles will be invested on the Russian market players. In particular, 330 billion rubles will be allocated for production modernization projects [4].
From 2009th, the Russian government started realization of this program:
- It created the preferential crediting for consumers;
- About 130 billion rubles were invested to provide the direct support to the industry in 2009th;
- There were restructured loans of leading manufacturers, such as AUTOVAZ, KAMAZ, the cost of it was 7.2 billion rubles;
- Import duties were raised by 30 % for new cars and 100 % for second-hand cars.
On fig. 3 it is possible to see the amount of state spending on automotive industry in Russia from 2009th year.
The main role of the state in the strategy was to stimulate demand for the recovery of the domestic market, the adoption of a moderate tariff and non-tariff measures to restrict import's, increase of investment attractiveness of
PewemHeecKye umeHun. 2018
the industry, development of legislation in the field of automotive industry support for the export of products of the Russian automotive industry.
But nowadays, despite the strong support of automotive industry by the state, Russian cars still are unattractive for Russian car owners. The main reasons for that are:
- The lack of a number of necessary technologies, and as a result a big technological lag from world leaders;
- The moral and physical deterioration of equipment;
- The lack of accessories.
For solution of these problems, it is proposed to concentrate more on the field of research and development (R&D), in this case, the support of the state may be expressed in:
- Encouraging cooperation between Russian and foreign companies;
- The development of public - private partnerships in R&D;
However, it can be concluded, that state support cannot be the only way of problem solution. It is necessary to develop a set of measures which can help to enterprises
will be able to develop independently and overcome financial failure. One of such measure can be: the development of cooperation between Russian and foreign companies of automotive industry, for example. And maybe one day the Russian car industry will be more competitive and will not need the soft budget constraint from the government anymore.
References
1. Janos Kornai, Eric Maskin, Gérard Roland (2003). Understanding of the Soft Budget Constraint. Journal of economic literature, No 4, P. 1095-1136.
2. Federal state statistics service of Russian Federation Available at: http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B02_48/ IssWWW.exe/Stg/d010/i010060r.htm (accessed:20.03.2018).
3. Federal state statistics service of Russian Federation Available at: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/ busi-ness/prom/natura/natura38g.htm (accessed:25.03.2018).
© Ivanitskaia V. V., Tsvettsykh A. V., 2018
