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4SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS AFFECTING THE HOUSING ALLOCATION
SYSTEM IN THE CITY.
LOY ANASTASIYA ALEXANDROVNA
Student of the Faculty of Architecture, Kazakh Head Architectural and Construction
Academy, Almaty, Kazakhstan
ARAI SAMARKANOVNA SAYBULATOVA
Associate Professor, Kazakh State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Almaty,
Kazakhstan.
Abstract. The purpose of this article is to examine the main socio-economic indicators that influence the system of housing placement in the city and to identify the interrelationships between the specific and economic conditions of the population and the structure of urban housing.
Issues related to housing and housing construction often arouse strong emotions. The current housing policy in Kazakhstan, although it provides housing opportunities, is available only to a small part of the population. This is perceived as an injustice and an influence on the state ofpublic opinion.
Urban housing includes architectural, urban, social, social and other aspects. Although there is enough research on the issues, the new conditions of the economy and the growing number of these unresolved problems require a revision of approaches to the implementation of housing policy, especially in large cities, taking into account socio-economic factors.
The functional approach is based on the analysis of land use in a staged real estate market, as well as on territorial segmentation by geographical factors, which allows the housing market to be assessed down to the level of a micro-district of a large city. However, according to the participants, it is inappropriate to consider each city district as a separate market, as this may lead to distortion of information. Such small values do not reflect the overall situation in the local housing market.
Keywords: Housing construction, real estate market, socio-economic factor, land, cities
1. Introduction
In modern cities, the problem of housing allocation occupies a key place in urban planning and socio-economic development. Efficient distribution of housing stock and ensuring housing affordability are factors affecting the quality of life of the population. In this aspect of linkage, an important aspect is to understand the socio-technical and economic indicators that determine and calculate the housing allocation system under infrastructure conditions.
Socio-economic factors such as income levels, employment, demographic changes, migration and pricing policies in the real estate market have a decisive influence on the situation and affordability of housing. In addition, employment development, transportation accessibility and environmental condition of the neighborhood also play a significant role in the choice of residence. The study of these factors helps to identify inequities and disparities in the location of housing facilities, as well as to formulate recommendations for improving housing policy.
2. Materials and methods
Analyzing the objectives of the housing market development in the tenth region of socioeconomic growth (Figure 1), it follows the trend that the main thing in this market is to improve the quality of life of the population. This includes creating conditions for demographic reproduction and ensuring balanced development of both national and regional economy by reducing the existing territorial disproportions at the level of housing provision of citizens.
Goals of socio-economic development of the region
Improving the level and quality of life in the region
Sustainable socioeconomic development of -the region
Participation of the region
in the formation of a common economic space
Increasing the level of housing provision and improving the housing conditions of citizens
Increased demand for labor, material, land, technological resources
Reduction of interregional
and inter-municipal differences in the level of housing provision
Objectives of housing market development
Figure 1 - Goals of housing market development in the system of goals of socio-economic development of the region
In the course of consistent analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to the development of the housing market, we came to the conclusion that the local housing market should be considered through the prism of socio-economic development of the region.[1] The local housing market is a system of economic relations in which, on the basis of balanced thinking and proposals on the territory of a particular municipality and in accordance with legal norms, the transfer of property rights is carried out. It is like an agreement on the socio-economic development of the region as a whole, as well as the growth of the housing and construction sector.
The effect of the housing market has an impact not only on the economic development of the region, but also on the country as a whole. In this regard, it is important to utilize the main functions it performs. According to Y.V. Kataeva, the housing market of the region performs the following functions: economic, investment, economic, stimulating, informational, sanitizing and regulatory-corrective [2] . However, in our opinion, this period lacks one more important function - control-regulatory (Figure 2)
Functions of the housing market in the regional economy
i i i I i i i
Economic Investment Social Incentivizing Informational sanitizing ^gtTotanjd
Creation of new -housing stock to meet housing needs
Creation of related _commercial and retail infrastructure facilities
Development of related industries (production of construction materials, credit and financial sector)
Contribution of GRP, formation of housing
base and tax revenues of budgets
Preserving and increasing the value of capital invested in housing construction
Updating and expanding the production base of construction companies
Creation of accompanying social infrastructural facilities in mass residential development
Creation and renovation of engineering and communication infrastructure facilities
Stimulating the use of new construction technologies, materials and structures
Needs and possibilities of using
design software systems, information technologies
Ensuring employment and income generation
Ensuring reproduction of the
population. stimulating fertility
Generation and
transfer of information on construction projects being prepared for implementation
Communication of information on the institutional structure of the market
Ensuring interaction with other segments of the construction market
Providing information to potential home buyers about the quality characteristics of residential projects
under construction and the reputation of construction companies
Bankruptcy of
inefficient construction companies
Improving the competitiveness of construction companies
Formation of resistance to external and internal risks, formation of competitive immunity of the market
Decrease in the
number of construction in progress
Regulation of -effective utilization of the land fund
Formation of an efficient structure of the construction complex
Formation of effective demand and establishment of balance between supply and demand
Participation in social partnership projects
Figure 2 - Functions of the housing market in the regional economy
The economic function of the housing market plays a key role in the creation of new housing stock, industrial production and production of construction materials at the external level. As a result, it directly affects the increase of the gross regional product, the decrease of the tax base and income.
The investment function is aimed at preserving and increasing the value of capital invested in housing construction. It also introduced the renewal of production bases of construction companies, ensuring the growth and stability of the construction industry.
The social function of the housing market is focused on the creation of social employment facilities, such as kindergartens and hospitals, as well as the renewal of engineering and communal systems, including water, sewage and heating networks. This function ensures employment of the population, which in turn can stimulate the birth rate growth and increase the level of well-being of the region's residents.
The stimulating function is aimed at introducing new construction technologies, materials and designs, which allows for faster, more uniform and less costly construction, improving the efficiency of the construction process.
The information function is responsible for collecting and communicating data on upcoming construction projects and real estate market entry, which is important for market participants and risk.
The sanitizing function involves monitoring inefficient construction companies, which helps to ensure competitiveness in the market and reduce the number of unfinished construction projects. Thus, the market is "cleansed" from weak participants, which increases its stability and reliability.
The control and regulatory function, according to the Committee, should ensure the efficient use of existing land resources, form a structural scheme of construction activity and balance supply and demand in the real estate market. This function integrates all the aspects mentioned above, given their coordinates.
The study of housing market issues in the current socio-economic system of the region is particularly important during the recovery period after the 2008 financial crisis. The housing market, which emerged with road works and other organized works, performed a role in the transformation
It is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the local market, including the aggregate of housing stock in the primary and secondary markets. These features relate to construction, administrative, information and regulatory infrastructure, as well as profitability and investment. (Figure 3)
[1].
Primary market Local housing market Secondary market
Construction infrastructure
Service infrastructure Investors
Information Infrastructure
Regulatory infrastructure
Architectural and design organizations
Construction companies
Devoloper companies
Real estate companies
Appraisal companies
Individuals or companies
State authorities at the federal level
Insurance companies
Public authorities at the municipal level
Outdoor advertising
Public authorities
TV, radio advertisingv
Local government bodies
Printed publications
Law firms
Customer feedback
Notary offices
Financial and credit institutions
Figure 3 - Structure of the local housing market
Currently, the housing market is not fully supplied with financial and credit instruments, which leads to the fact that capital in real estate is usually directed by the following
• Institutional investors, such as banks, pensions, etc.
• Individuals seeking to purchase residential real estate for their own use.
• Legal entities operating in a variety of industries Local housing market investors
• Bodies authorized to manage state and municipal property
• City planners
• Enterprises and other legal entities
• Foreign individuals and legal entities, whole cities and towns
• The state participating in the realization of the nation
Given the current situation, it can be noted that the most accessible forms of attracting financial resources to the housing market are:
ОФ "Международный научно-исследовательский центр "Endless Light in Science"
Impact Factor: SJIF 2021 - 5.81 АРХИТЕКТУРА И СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО
2022 - 5.94 ARCHITECTURE and CONSTRUCTION
To date, the most accessible ways of attracting financial resources to the
• Equity participation in construction
• Issue of securities for attraction
• Short-term bank lending;
• Mortgage
There is a persistent imbalance between housing supply and demand in the external market. Although constant price growth stimulates an increase in housing commissioning, the market is increasingly targeting higher income groups. As a result, only 20% of citizens can afford to purchase housing on account.
Currently, the housing market plays the role of a "social stabilizer" and requires special attention from the state. In recent years, there is a method of state regulation of the housing sphere: the legislation regulating the housing market is being improved, the government pays more attention to the issues of housing construction. [2]
The development of the housing market can be characterized by the criterion of dimensionality, using the following indicators:
- Absolute indicators (having dimensionality):
- Financial indicators (tenge or dollars), e.g. price of real estate;
- Area (square meters), including the area of the territory and the area of commissioned facilities;
- Volume (units), e.g., number of ideas and offers, and number of transactions;
- Exposure time (days), i.e. the length of time a property is on the market.
Currently, the indicators of housing development are the annual volumes of new housing commissioned. In terms of the issues provided to housing, the indicators can be considered in three groups.
• Indicators of change in the volume of housing
• Indicators of change in cost
• Indicators of housing affordability
These groups of indicators should be for regulatory action decisions.
The group of indicators for changes in housing volume include:
• Commissioning of residential buildings : areas
• Number of entrances to apartment equipment : number, structure
• Structure of housing stock : distributed
• Volume of housing per 1 person : housing supply indicator
In the second group, the following indicators are taken into account:
• Housing cost index : average level of housing prices
• Price expectations index : rate of change in house prices
• Housing profitability index : economic efficiency of housing investment
These indicators are key in analyzing price changes, although a successful group may include other aspects.
Based on our research, we concluded that the methodology for calculating the housing affordability ratio developed by UN-Habitat is used to assess the remaining indicators - housing affordability in the local market. [3] This organization, which deals with the development of human settlements within the United Nations system, combines two priority areas: ensuring living conditions for all and sustainable urban development.
This methodology is also applicable.
(CM * S)
ID =
Ded*n*m)
where ID is the housing affordability coefficient,
C_- cost of 1 dwelling, rub, S- total area of the apartment, , D_ed- average per capita monthly income, rub, n - number of household members, persons, m- number of months in a year.
The value of the indicator reflects the number of years required to accumulate funds for the purchase of housing in the family, provided that all income will be used for the purchase of housing. This indicator, in its economic essence, characterizes only one aspect of housing affordability - the ratio of prices in the real estate market and the level of income of the population. The formula is simple and universal, allowing it to be used to measure any local market outside the country. 3. Results
In the process of synthesizing social and planning solutions, we achieved an optimal transformation of intra-block space formation. Thus, considering the planning aspects of design, social design should become a key element of intra-block space development. At the present stage, social factors put icons [3]
Social design is especially relevant in the creation of intra-quarter territories, as it takes into account all aspects of the population's life, including the conditions of daily living, transportation communications, light and decorative design of yards, security and other important elements.
With the development of society, the socio-functional complex of housing changes, which reflects the level of material progress, social processes and people's lifestyle. Many functions that previously occupied an exclusive residential position are moving in society.
Social processes are realized not only in apartments and other internal spaces of residential buildings, but also on the territory of the external residential environment, as well as in public buildings and premises with plot development.
The conducted sociological survey and analysis of natural observation of courtyard spaces that their current state leaves much to be desired. The main reason for this dissatisfaction
- Sparse development
- Lack of "large-scale intermediaries"
- Visual poverty of the environment
- Unused open spaces
These factors create a great impact.
Temporary social groups are created in the residential courtyard area, united by
- Car owners
- Mothers and grandmothers with children
- Animal lovers
- Retirees
- Children
These groups have different materials and preferences, necessitating comprehensive planning. The current state of open space requires the development of specific measures to transform their energy-safe environment through its creation.
The main problems identified in the surveys are.
- Lack of curb space.
- Lack of walking trails and bicycle paths
- Structural fragmentation of the area
- Chaotic impact on visitors
When approaching intra-block space, residential amenity, which includes the conditions and standard of living of the population, should be considered. To assess the standard of living should be used a number of socio-economic factors based on the materials of sociological studies and statistical data, characteristic volumes, composition, use and definition of the zone on the territory of the intraapartment. [4]
Prioritization in the working planning process requires the creation of new facilities or the reconstruction of existing ones with improved living conditions over traditional ones. Only then will the project be justified both in war and social terms.
The system of social and urban planning parameters should follow the plan:
1. Determination of the main objective : a clearly stated goal that will guide the entire design process.
2. Identification of key problems : identification of the main problems that prevent the achievement of the goal.
3. Identification of key objectives : formulation of the objectives arising from the need to solve the identified problems.
4. Developing ways to solve the problems : identifying methods and approaches to solve the problems.
Following this sequence will help to create effective and social governance.
The main objective is to provide favorable conditions for the formation of intra-neighborhood space. This goal can be expressed in terms of
- Socio-economic criteria
- Ecological reliability
- Architectural and artistic expressiveness
- Life safety
Socio-economic criteria are based on scientific and technical solutions and include aspects such as the characteristics of the area in terms of comfort, convenience, residential safety, durability and artistic expression. The main objectives of the project are the appropriate social structure of the intra-neighborhood.
Environmental soundness, in turn, is related to the improvement of the environmental conditions of the residential environment and is a key factor. Important aspects here are the use of exterior materials and maximum landscaping. The design of intra-quarter spaces should take into account natural landscapes and climatic conditions.
The placement of vegetation along the external contour of buildings is one of the external renovation works that contributes to improving the ecological potential of existing buildings. It improves air quality, increases the sound and thermal insulation of walls, and purifies the air by reducing dust and particulate matter.
For suburban residential developments where large-scale urban development is not planned, integrated landscaping of inner-city neighborhoods becomes the main way to improve the environment. In conditions of increased urbanization, the preservation and development of natural complexes through landscaping and floral design of yards becomes a necessary condition for the formation of a comfortable urban environment, both ecologically.
1. Discussion
In order to create a complete living environment, we have a critical role to play in improving the quality of transit areas as well as their aesthetic appearance.
First, the use of decorative paving with varied coloration can serve to create expressive color accents in staggered pavements or introduce different themes in the graphic surface pattern. This contributes to the individualization of fragments of intra-block space. Variety in the surface pattern or even monochromatic tiles covered with stone chips can "enliven" communicative spaces and create an additional orientation of the system in the yard space.
Secondly, lead to the placement of characteristic elements made of different materials on the surface - be it boardwalks or pads made of stone materials - to achieve how a lasting image of the courtyard can be created in the memory. These elements provide definition to the space, giving the surface an informative and symbolic quality that gives artistic meaning to life.
Third, it is important to think about alternative transportation options within a residential development, such as the ability to bicycle. To this end, it is useful to create bike lanes to help improve
mobility. The traditional coloring of this lane (most often red) provides quick recognition of pedestrian travel paths. [1]
As a result of the in-block environment, there are areas that occupy only a small portion of the area, but their lack of landscaping can extend to the aesthetics of the spaces. Problems similar to the placement of parking spaces also apply to trash areas. These areas, which are within visual connections to apartments and an adjacent block from pedestrian routes or other required areas, require careful design.
Modern approaches to design include the integration of all factors and influences, where the key is an individual approach to the organization of each specific yard space. This approach implies the possibility of change and development in accordance with the requirements of the time. The design methodology allows finding effective solutions within the framework of targeted urban development programs.
Determining the way of development of the world's external environment for the long term helps to determine the path for the immediate future, ensuring the development of the present on the basis of modernity.
Factors affecting the change in the value of all real estate objects.
The value of any real estate objects is influenced by the following factors:
- Location. This factor includes such aspects as the prestige of the location, distance from the subway and special highways, as well as the presence or absence of industrial facilities near the objects. The more prestigious the neighborhood and the closer the object is to a metro station or major highways, the higher its value. At the same time, the proximity of industrial enterprises can reduce the price of real estate, and their absence can provide a boost.
- Transportation accessibility. The more opportunities to quickly get to the object of real estate, the higher its value.
- Infrastructure development. The closer to the measured real estate objects of social and commercial activities are located, the higher its value. Presence of kindergartens, schools and grocery stores nearby.
- The size of the assessed object. The larger the area of the property, the higher the price.
- Ecological situation. The better the ecology, the more positive it affects the value of real
estate.
- Market situation. The level of sentiment and offers, their location, as well as forecasts of future changes in the market can significantly affect the price of a square meter of real estate, both upward and downward.
- Condition of the property. The presence of repairs increases the value of the property, as the improved condition of the apartment or house makes it more attractive to buyers. Also important factors are the condition of the entrance and landscaping of the adjacent territory, which contribute to the overall positive impact on the property.
However, it is worth bearing in mind that the seller of the property will most likely not be able to recover even half of the cost of the repairs. Nevertheless, the presence of repairs greatly complicates the selling process and can help.
Now let's look at the factors that affect the value of different types of real estate.
Factors that increase the value of a home:
- Mid-rise floors
- Presence of an elevator in a five-story building
- Availability of a separate freight elevator in a multi-storey building
- The size of the kitchen is more than 8 square meters.
- Presence of isolated rooms
- The apartment is a "swing panel"
- Presence of a loggia or balcony
- Square shape of the room
- Improvement of the adjacent territory
- Good condition of the entrance and apartment
- Security level
- Availability of a spacious parking lot
- Close location of parks and green areas
- Panoramic view from the windows
- Type of construction
- Year of construction Factors reducing the cost:
- Location on the 1st floor - 3-12% decrease in value,
- Location on the 2nd or last (top) floor - cost reduction by 2-5%,
- Presence of adjacent rooms,
- Joint bathroom,
- Small kitchen,
- Poor condition of the apartment, lack of repair entails a decrease in price by 3-10%,
- Unattractive view from the window (on industrial production, the wall of the neighboring house or on a noisy street) can reduce the cost by 2-7%,
- Industrial area or neighborhood with poor ecology,
- Large distance from the subway,
- Large supply of similar objects on the market (especially in the same area of the city as the object being valued).
- The house where the apartment is located is a panel house,
- Year of construction - "Khrushchevka", "Brezhnev houses". Determining the value of a room
Factors affecting the value of a room are largely the same as t factors affecting the price of an apartment. But there are also their own, specific factors. For example, reasons that can significantly reduce or increase the price of a room in a communal apartment can be:
- The number of rooms in the apartment,
- The number of persons living in neighboring rooms, their social status,
- Number of personal accounts,
- The area of the room,
- Condition of the room, as well as common areas in the apartment,
- The size of the kitchen,
- Consent of the neighbors to sell the room,
- How the ownership of the room was obtained: through privatization, purchase of the room or a share of the apartment,
- In the case of owning a room as a share of the apartment, it is important to determine the order of use of the room.
Determining the value of a land plot
Some factors that can affect the market value of a land plot are also specific. Let us list the main ones:
- The intended purpose of the land,
- The possibility of transfer to another category. The presence of such an opportunity can significantly increase the cost of land,
- Remoteness from the city and major highways,
- The presence of nearby water bodies.
- Physical characteristics of the site, its size, soil composition.
- Presence of buildings on the assessed plot.
- Options of exploitation of nearby plots, their target and actual purpose.
- Presence of engineering networks on the plot or possibility of connection to them.
- Presence of restrictions, encumbrances or easements in the use of land. Determining the price of a country house
Here, in addition to the universal factors, the value of the cost can be influenced by the following points:
- The category of land on which the house is located: housing and communal services, gardening,
- The state of access roads.
- The material from which the house is built, the year of construction.
- Condition of the house.
- The area of the house, number of floors.
- Improvement of the adjacent plot.
- Availability of engineering communications on the plot, in the house,
- Type of settlement: settlement, village, cottage village.
- Security level of the settlement and the house: availability of security guards, checkpoints in the settlement, availability of video surveillance in the house,
- Availability of infrastructure facilities in the settlement,
- Remoteness of the settlement from the city,
- Ecology in the area,
- Proximity of forests and water bodies.
As can be seen from the above, the cost of any real estate object is determined by many factors. When considering the object, whether it is an apartment, house or land plot, it is important to consider not only general factors, but also special features that take into account each type of real estate. In this regard, the task of an experienced appraiser is to accurately and objectively determine the market value, taking into account all. [5]
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, the study of key socioeconomic indicators provides a deeper understanding of the relationships between the living conditions of the population and urban housing patterns. Economic factors such as income levels, the cost of housing and the availability of mortgage credit have a decisive influence on the typical forms and placement of housing. Social conditions, in turn, affect the distribution of housing among different population groups, shaping the characteristics of urban developments. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of socio-economic factors is necessary to optimize housing policy and improve the quality of the urban environment.
Also note that housing policy plays a key role in changing the situation in society. Despite the efforts of the government of Kazakhstan to ensure the availability of housing, programs cover only a small part of the population, which causes dissatisfaction and a sense of injustice. To address the problems, it is necessary to distribute resources more evenly and develop criteria that prioritize more citizens, especially those with low incomes, to improve their housing conditions. An integrated approach to addressing these issues will contribute to the consideration of public opinion and compliance with the socio-economic situation
The importance of competent planning of urban developments can hardly be overestimated. Efficient placement of housing on modern territories is not just a task for architects and urbanists, but also a key aspect of social and economic policy. Socio-economic indicators play a decisive role in enclosed and distributed residential areas, and their understanding is necessary to create a comfortable and functional urban environment.
One of the main factors determining the location of housing is the economic situation of the region. The income level of the population directly affects the demand for housing. As a result, in regions where residents have a higher income, the demand for expensive and comfortable housing increases. This leads to the need to create better quality housing with developed infrastructure. At the same time, in less prosperous areas with low incomes, there is an increase in housing affordability, which t
The demographic structure of the population is another key aspect that influences housing placement. Population growth, age changes, and migration flows require the adaptation of residential areas to accommodate new technology. Young families, seniors, students, and immigrants have
different housing requirements. For example, young families may be interested in new neighborhoods with developed social infrastructure and convenient transportation connections, while older people may prefer quiet neighborhoods with access to economic conditions.
Development plays a crucial role in the livability of residential neighborhoods. The presence of quality public transportation, educational institutions, medical centers, and retail outlets greatly increases property values and attractiveness. Proper infrastructure not only improves the quality of life, but also ensures a more even distribution of residential areas across the city. This avoids congestion
Environmental conditions also have a favorable impact on the placement. A healthy ecological environment, the presence of green areas and parklands make a neighborhood more attractive to live in. With the emergence of environmental problems such as air pollution and climate change, attention to environmental aspects becomes especially important. Energy-saving technologies, the use of environmentally friendly materials and the development of "green areas" ensure the creation of a sustainable urban environment and improve the quality.
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