CC BY
16
Size effect of gold nanoparticles on optical and electrical properties
of plasmonic silicon solar cell
J. Gulomov1, R. Aliev1, I. Gulomova1 1 Andijan State University, 170316, Andijan, Uzbekistan, Universitet str. 129
Abstract
One of important tasks of the day is increasing the efficiency and decreasing the cost of the silicon solar cells. There is method of introducing of metal nanoparticles into solar cells to improve its absorption and reduce transmission as well as reflection coefficients. When metal nanoparticles are introduced into silicon solar cell, nanoplasmonic effect will occur. Nanoplasmonic effect lead to modification of light spectrum and generation of extra hot electrons. Nanoplasmonic effect strongly depends on size of nanoparticles. Therefore, in this paper, effect of gold nanoparticles size on properties of silicon solar cell has been studied by using simulation. Gold nanoparticles with sizes of 4 nm, 6 nm, 9 nm, 11 nm and 21 nm have been input into emitter region of silicon solar cell in order to use both of nanoplasmonic-electric and nanoplasmonic-optic effects for enhancing efficiency of silicon solar cell. Open circuit voltage didn't change when size of nanoparticles has been changed from 4 nm to 11 nm. It dropped by 0.017 V when size of nanoparticles was 21 nm. Short circuit current has been maximum 6.7 mA/cm2 at nanoparticle size of 11 nm and minimum 3.1 mA/cm2 at nanoparticle size of 21 nm. It has been found from obtained results that gold nanoparticle with size of 11 nm affected significantly on properties of silicon solar cell. Besides, thickness of silicon solar cell can be decreased without dropping of efficiency by introducing gold nanoparticles. Because, main part of photons is absorbed near to metal nanoparticles inputted region.
Keywords: silicon, nanoplasmonics, nanoparticle, solar cell, simulation, gold.
Citation: Gulomov J, Aliev R, Gulomova I. Size effect of gold nanoparticles on optical and electrical properties of plasmonic silicon solar cell. Computer Optics 2022; 46(5): 733-740. DOI: 10.18287/2412-6179-03-1089.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Project of Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Project No. FZ-2020092973).
Introduction
Mainly, solar cells are utilized to convert solar energy to electricity. In industry, 96 % of solar cells are made from silicon [1] and therefore we focus on improving the efficiency and reducing the cost of silicon solar cells. Silicon is indirect band gap semiconductor and its band gap energy equals to 1.12 eV [2]. There are two main losses in solar cells which are optical and electrical losses. Optical loss includes especially spectral mismatch, reflection and transmission [3]. Silicon effectively absorbs light in visible range of spectrum [4]. Due to energy of light in infra-red spectrum being smaller than band gap energy of silicon, they aren't absorbed in silicon. If the photon energy equals to band gap energy, it is absorbed and creates electron-hole pair. If photon energy is greater than band gap energy, part of its energy, which is equaled to band gap energy, is expended to create electron-hole pair and rest of its energy is converted to thermal energy as pho-nons [5]. Because of ultraviolet light energy being high, it is mainly absorbed surface of silicon solar cell and creates electron-hole pair. But, as result of surface of silicon solar cell being more active, surface recombination rate increase. Hence, generated electron-hole pairs cannot reach to the contacts [6]. For overcoming this problem,
the front surface of silicon solar cell is covered with luminescent materials that can lower photon energy [7]. Luminescent materials are divided into two groups that are down-shifting and up-conversion [8]. Luminescent downshifting materials absorb high energy photon then emits two low energy photons [9]. Luminescent up-conversion materials absorb two low energy photons then emit a high energy photon [10]. 30 % of incident light rays on surface of silicon solar cell are reflected owing to refractive index of silicon being 3.4 [11]. Surface of silicon solar cell is covered with 75 nm SiNx [12] or 100 nm SiO2 [13] to reduce the reflection coefficient and surface recombination rate as they have property of passivation the surface of silicon. Relying on the gradient refractive index law, multilayer optical systems also are utilized [14]. Besides, surface of silicon solar cell should be covered with upright pyramidal textures, according to mathematical studies, angle of pyramid base should be 73.120 or according to TCAD simulation results, angle of pyramid base should be 70.40 [15]. Other way to improve optical properties of silicon solar cell is forming the nano-holes and nanopillars on the surface of silicon solar cell [16]. By creating silicon/perovskite tandem structures, stability and efficiency of solar cell was increased because silicon solar cell has low efficiency and perovskite
solar cell has high degradation [17]. Nanocrystalline SiOx can improve effective surface passivation and efficiency of silicon solar cell [18]. Covering with porous silicon on the frontal surface of silicon solar cell can help to increase its efficiency by improving optical properties [19]. There are some electrical losses such as recombination and parasitic resistivity in the silicon solar cell. Percentage of radiative recombination is in the range of 0 - 3 % owing to silicon is indirect band gap semiconductor [20]. Auger [21] and Shokley-Read-Hall (SRH) [22] recombination rates strongly depend on doping concentration. For instance, if 1e17 cm-3 phosphorous atoms and 1e15 cm-3 Bor atoms are doped respectively into emitter and base of silicon solar cell, in emitter region, percentages of Auger and SRH recombination will be 66 % and 32 % respectively, as well as in base region, SRH recombination will be dominant with 99.7 %. Another method to enhance the optical properties of solar cells is introducing metal na-noparticles into optical layers of solar cells. When light falls on the metal nanoparticle, the nanoplasmonic-electric and nanoplasmonic-optic effects occur [23]. First time, nanoplasmonic effect was observed in the Noble nanoparticles [24]. Nowadays, Au, Ag, Cu and Pt nano-particles are widely used to form nanoplasmonic effect in solar cells [25]. Nanoparticles can be utilized for various purposes depend on their shapes. For example, using the metal nanoparticles with spherical shape for photovoltaic devices and cylindrical shape for thermoelectric devices gives good results [26]. Besides nanoparticles are used to increase performance of other optoelectronic devices such as nano-lasers [27] and sensors [28].
In nanoplasmonic effect when the light falls on the metal nanoparticle, free electrons on the surface of metal nanopar-ticle oscillate harmonically. The free electrons emit electromagnetic wave during oscillation. Thus, firstly, nanoparti-cles can modify the light wavelength by absorbing and emitting. Secondly, if incident photon frequency equals to oscillation frequency of free electrons, the resonance phenomenon will be occurred and extra conduction electrons will be formed. The resonance phenomenon in nanoparticle is occurred at the exact wavelength. In other researches, nanopar-ticles were introduced into optical layer of solar cells and only preliminary effect of nanoplasmonics such as nanoplas-monic-optic was used to enhance optical properties of solar cells. If metal nanoparticles are introduced into emitter region of silicon solar cell, both effects of nanoplasmonics can be used effectively. Since, formed hot electrons owing to resonance phenomenon in nanoparticles can participate in carriers transport and affect to recombination processes. Hence, in this paper, we decided to input the gold nanoparti-cles into emitter region of silicon solar cell. Besides, physical properties of gold nanoparticles with various sizes were collected from experimental sources to increase reliability of simulation. In addition, we studied the influence of size of gold nanoparticle on properties of silicon solar cell owing to strongly depending of optical and electrical properties of gold nanoparticles on their sizes.
Method
Mainly, three methods are used to explore solar cells. They are theory, experiment and simulation. In this paper, simulation method is utilized to study influence of gold nanoparticles on properties of silicon solar cell. Sentaurus TCAD (Technology Computing Aided Design) has been used for simulation. There are a lot of instruments in Sen-taurus TCAD but only four of them have been utilized in this study. They are Sentaurus Structure Editor, Sentaurus Device, Sentaurus Visual and Sentaurus Workbench. Each instrument has own task. In Sentaurus Structure Editor, the geometric models of gold nanoparticles with various sizes introduced silicon solar cells have been created. In our previous works, we wrote about creating the geometric models of solar cells by using Tool Command Language in Sentaurus Structure Editor [29]. In fig. 1, geometric structure of nanoparticles introduced silicon solar cells is shown. So, nanoparticles are introduced into n region. In Sentaurus Device, physical properties are given to geometric model and perform calculation by using numerical method. In Sentaurus Visual, obtained results are generated with visual or graphical form, in order to analyze them. Sentaurus Workbench help the above three instruments to work together simultaneously.
Fig. 1. Nanoparticles introduced silicon solar cell. 1 - light, 2 -antireflection coating, 3 - front contact, 4 - contact region, 5 -n++ region, 6 - n region, 7 - nanoparticles, 8 -p region, 9 -p++ region and 10 - rear contact
Materials properties in Sentaurus material database is for bulk materials not nanoscale materials. But, in Sen-taurus TCAD the physical properties of materials can be changed by editing the parameter files. So, it is allowed to change the material properties in Sentaurus Device. When the size of materials is decreased up to nanoscale, quantum size effects begin to appear. Thus, in nanoscale, properties of materials will be variously depended on their size. Because, the number of atoms is decreased significantly. In this paper, dependence of refractive index and work function of metal nanoparticles on their sizes is used to study the influence of gold nanoparticles on optic and electric properties of silicon solar cell. Refractive index data of gold nanoparticles with size of 4 nm, 6 nm, and 9 nm were taken from Yakubovskiy's experimental works [30]. For the size of 11 nm and 21 nm, data were
taken from Rosenblatt's researches [31]. In fig. 2, dependence of the real (a) and imaginary part (b) of complex refractive index of gold nanoparticles with sizes of 4 nm and 21 nm on wavelength is described. Real part of complex refractive index of gold nanoparticles with size of 4 nm has been greater than that of gold nanoparticle with size of 21 nm but imaginary part has been lower. In Khao's ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, it was found that decreasing of work function of gold nano-particles from 5.76 eV to 5.36 eV when size of nanoparti-cles was changed from 40 nm to 5 nm [32]. In modeling, five parameter files have been created for gold nanoparti-cles with sizes of 4 nm, 6 nm, 9 nm, 11 nm, 21 nm. Physical properties were written into parameter files respectively each size of gold nanoparticles.
Uploading the parameters files, which includes physical properties with suitable size of nanoparticle, was performed with Sentaurus Workbench.
In Sentaurus Device, numerical methods are used to simulate semiconductor devices. Therefore, geometric models are meshed to acceptable sizes. Active regions of solar cells are meshed with smaller sizes and passive regions are meshed with greater sizes. For instance, in this paper, whole AuNISSC has been meshed with size of 0.005 ^m and p-n junction, contact, and nanoparticles located regions are meshed with size of 0.001 ^m.
a)
b)
Fig. 2. Dependence of real (a) and imaginary (b) parts of complex refractive indices of gold nanoparticles with size of 4 nm and 21 nm on wavelength
Experimental obtained physical parameters of materials and fundamental physical theory of numerical methods are base of each performed simulations. If carriers in semiconductor devices is equilibrium state, calculating the Poisson equation [33] shown in equation (1) will be enough to determine their electrical parameters.
A<p = ~—{p - n + Nd + Na ). e
(1)
Where: e is permittivity, n and p are concentration of electron and holes, ND and NA are concentration of donor and acceptor, q is electron charge.
Electron (n) and holes (p) concentration, which are used in Poisson equation, are calculated by using Fermi statistic that are given equation (2) and (3).
n = NcFu:
p = NyFy.
Ef n - Er
kT Ey - E,
F, p
kT
(2)
(3)
Where: F1/2 is Fermi half integral, Ec is conduction band energy, Ev is valence band energy, Ef,h is quasi fermi energy for electrons, Ef,p is quasi fermi energy for holes, T is absolute temperature, Nc is density of states in conduction band, Nv is density of states in valence band, k is Boltzmann constant.
Due to the fact that solar cells are optoelectronic device, studying of physical parameters of the solar cells is more difficult than other semiconductor devices. Simulation of solar cells is divided into two main parts that are optic and electric. First, the optical properties of solar cell are determined. In this paper, Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) shown equation (4) was used to calculate optic parameters of AuNISSCs. Because, TMM can take into account interference phenomenon. In TMM, fresnel formulas shown equation (5) and (6) has been utilized to define optical boundary conditions.
(4)
" E,' " Et'
= M
_ E2 _ 0
r± = t± =
I = t„ =
n1 cos a-n2 cos y njcos a + n2 cos y
2nicos a n1 cos a+n2 cos y n1 cos y - n2 cos P n1 cos y + n2 cos P 2n1cos P ' n2 cos P + n1cos Y
(5)
(6)
where: M is transfer matrix, Ei is the electric field of the incident light, Er is the electric field of the reflected light, Et is the electric field of the transmitted light, n and n2 are the refractive indices of mediums; P is the angle of incident light; y is the angle of refracted light; r and t are the Fresnel coefficients.
After illuminating the solar cells, the electron-holes generate, potential difference between contacts and carriers transport form. Carrier transport will be caused the changing the carrier concentration and it forms current. Connection between the changing carrier concentration, which is in volume of device, and current is expressed by using the continuity equation which is given equation (7) and (8).
V-J„ = qRne, n +q .
ot
- dp -VJp = qRne,, p + q—.
ot
(7)
(8)
Where: J„, Jp are the current densities of electron and holes, Rnetp, Rnet,n are the net recombination of electron and holes, t - time
Due to metal nanoparticles introduced into silicon solar cell, "Thermodynamic" model is used to calculate carrier transport. Because, "Thermodynamic model" can take into account influence of external heat, which was formed around the nanoparticles due to oscillation of free electrons on the surface of nanoparticles. Besides, in addition to minority and majority carriers transport, it can also calculate transport of external carriers, which was formed due to resonance phenomenon in the nanoparti-cles. In "Thermodynamic" model, transports of electron and holes in semiconductor are calculated by using equation (9) and (10).
Jn =-nq^n (VO„ +PnVT ).
Jp =-pqVy (Vp +Pp VT ).
(9) (10)
Where: ^ are mobility of electron and holes, ®y are the electron and hole quasi-Fermi potentials, P„, Py are thermoelectric power of electron and holes, T is absolute temperature.
Transport of carriers in the metal distinguish from transport in semiconductors. Therefore, another equation (11) of "Thermodynamic" model, was used to calculate the transport of electrons in gold nanoparticles.
JM =-CT(V®m +PVT ).
(11)
Where: c is conductivity of metal, ®m is Fermi potential in metal, P is the metal thermoelectric power, JM is current density in the metal.
There is ohmic boundary condition between gold na-noparticle and n type silicon. Therefore, ohmic boundary condition, which is given equation (9), is used to identify the distribution of carriers and current between gold na-noparticle as well as n type silicon.
Jm -n = (J„ + Jp + Jd)-n,
9 = ®M -®0,
(12)
V = Vo.
Where: Jd is diffusion current density, n is normal vector, ®o is the equilibrium electrostatic potential (the built-in potential), ^ - electrostatic potential, no, po are the electron and hole equilibrium concentrations.
Results and discussion
First, geometrical models of AuNISSCs with nanopar-ticle size of 4 nm, 6 nm, 9 nm, 11 nm and 21 nm have been created in Sentaurus TCAD by using algorithm cre-
ated with Tool Command Language. AuNISSC was consist of six layers with various thicknesses. They were 60 nm SiO2, 90 nm high doped n-type silicon, 150 nm emitter, 1080 nm base and 120 nm high doped p-type silicon. Concentration of phosphorous atoms was 1e18 cm-3 in high doped n-type silicon layer and 1e17 cm-3 in emitter layer. Concentration of Bohr atoms was 1e15 cm-3 in base and 1e16 cm-3 in high doped p-type silicon layer. In fig. 3, dependence of open circuit voltage of AuNISSC on size of Au nanoparticle is shown. When size of nanopar-ticle was increased from 4 nm to 11 nm, open circuit voltage didn't change from 0.498 V. But, when size of nanoparticle was increased to 21 nm, open circuit voltage dropped to 0.481 V. Open circuit voltage strongly depend on recombination processes. That's why, rear side of silicon solar cells is covered with surface passivation coating to improve the open circuit voltage [34]. In our point of view, high energy electrons formed in nanoparticles converts one part of their energy to heat energy then form phonons as well as their energy equal to conduction band energy of n-type silicon then they move in silicon as conduction electrons. Formed phonons can cause the reducing of open circuit voltage as obtained in our simulation results. When size of nanoparticles was increased, reducing of open circuit voltage was observed in Reineck's experiments [35]. Besides, when nanoplasmonic effect occur in volume of silicon, heat flux generated and temperature of solar cells changed due to Fano resonance then it causes dropping of open circuit voltage. When a metal nanoparticle is illuminated, part of the intercepted light is scattered in the surroundings, while the other part gets absorbed and ultimately dissipated into heat [36].
Fig. 3. Dependence of open circuit voltage of gold nanoparticle introduced silicon solar cell on radius of nanoparticles
If energy of incident photons on the surface of solar cell is high from or equal to band gap energy, they are absorbed and generate electron-hole pairs. Transport of all generated electron-hole pairs form photocurrent. Part of generated carriers due to photogeneration recombine until they reach the contacts and this part of carriers form the recombination current. If recombination current is subtracted from photocurrent, short circuit current is gotten. So, only electrons that are reached to contacts form short circuit current. In fig. 4, dependence of short circuit cur-
rent of AuNISSC on nanoparticle size is shown. When size of gold nanoparticle was increased from 4 nm to 9 nm, short circuit current dropped from 6.5 mA / cm2 to 6 mA / cm2. Short circuit current gained its maximum value 6.7 mA / cm2, when nanoparticle size was 11 nm. When nanoparticle size was increased up to 21 nm, short circuit current gained its minimum value of 3.1 mA / cm2. In Chander's experiments, it was observed alike our results that short circuit current of dye-sensitized solar cell, which included gold nanoparticles, increased and decreased like a wave when size of nanoparticle was increased [37]. Ratio of energies of nanoparticle absorbed and scattered light depend on light wavelength and size of nanoparticle [38]. Therefore, in our results, the short circuit current also changed depend on the size of nanoparti-cle. In Reineck's experiment on the AuNISSC, short circuit current decrease by 26 % when size of nanoparticles increased from 10 nm to 20 nm [39]. Short circuit current strongly depends on light intensity or number of absorbed photons. In Mie theory of plasmonics, light, incident light on metal nanoparticles divided three part that are extinction, scattering and absorption. When size of nanoparti-cles changed, ratio of parts change. Scattering light help to increase short circuit current of solar cell owing to wavelength of scattered light is very close to silicon absorption spectrum. Besides, absorbed photons concentration in silicon can increase when scattered photons from metal nanoparticles is absorbed.
Size, nm
Fig. 4. Dependence of short circuit current of NISSC on size of nanoparticles
In figure 5, dependence of fill factor of AuNISSC on size of nanoparticles is described. In this paper, curve of fill factor is almost like curve of short circuit current. But, maximum value of fill factor was observed at the nano-particle size of 4 nm. When size of nanoparticle was increased from 4 nm to 9 nm, fill factor decreased by 0.59 %. When size of nanoparticle was increased from 9 nm to 11 nm, fill factor increased by 0.44 %. When size of nanoparticle was increased from 11 nm to 21 nm, fill factor decreased by 1.25 %. Fill factor is indication of quality of solar cell and it strongly depends on series resistivity of solar cell and recombination rate. Due to na-noparticles was introduced into emitter region of silicon solar cell, it affected the total resistivity and recombina-
tion rate of emitter region. If total resistivity of emitter consists of addition of resistivities of gold nanoparticles and n-type silicon and total resistivity will directly depend on ratio of their volume. But, Chander introduced gold nanoparticles into TiO2 layer of dye-sensitized and he observed that fill factor increased when nanoparticles size was enlarged [37].
0.796 0.792 0,788 0,784 0,78 0,776
4 8 12 16 20
Size, nm
Fig. 5. Dependence of fill factor of NISSC on radius of nanoparticles
Main photoelectric parameters of solar cells are determined by using I-V characteristics. Curves, which is shown in above fig. 4, 5, and 6, were generated by determining the I-V characteristics of AuNISSCs, which consist nanoparticles with sizes of 4 nm, 6 nm, 9 nm, 11 nm, and 21 nm. It was found from obtained results that fill factor gain its maximum value at nanoparticles size of 11 nm and minimum value at nanoparticles size of 21 nm. Therefore, in fig. 6, I-V characteristics of those are described. So, figure 6 shows that if nanoprticels size is increased from 11 nm to 21 nm, the I-V characteristics are getting deteriorated. In Notarian's experiment like our results, deterioration of I-V characteristics of AuNISSC was observed when size of nanoparticles was increased [40]. In this paper, when gold nanoparticles with size of 11 nm was introduced into emitter region of silicon solar cell, they increased efficiency of silicon solar cell by 1.7 %. Pudasini found by using numerical simulation that efficiency of silicon solar cell increased by 25.42 % after introducing gold nanoparticles [41]. Because, he used SiO2 / SiNx double antireflection coatings to enhance optical properties and passivate the surface. Besides, he used silicon with nanoholes. But, Narges found in his experiment that when gold nanoparticles were introduced into traditional wafer based multi-crystalline silicon solar cell, efficiency of that solar cell increased by 1.97 % [42]. So, our simulation results are more suitable to Narges's experimental results and it proves reliability of our simulation results.
Reason for changing the photoelectric parameters after introducing of nanoparticles is altering of absorption coefficient due to nanoplasmonic effect. Because, in na-noplasmonic effect metal nanoparticles absorb light with long wavelength and emit lights with short wavelength owing to Mie scattering. Nanoplasmoci effect is ex-
plained by Mie scattering. Thus, in fig. 7, spectral characteristics of absorption coefficients of silicon solar cell without nanoparticles, and AuNISSCs, which consist of nanoparticles with size of 4 nm and 21 nm, is described. Absorption coefficient of silicon solar cell without nanoparticles gain its maximum value at wavelength of 435 nm. In wavelength of over the 450 nm, absorption coefficient of silicon solar cell without nanoparticles dropped exponentially. It was found from also our obtained spectral characteristics like spectral characteristics of silicon solar cell given in other reference [43] that silicon solar cell mainly absorbs light in visible spectrum. Spectral characteristics changed significantly after introducing the gold nanoparticles. Absorption coefficient of AuNISSC, which consists of gold nanoparticles with size of 11 nm, increased in infra-red spectrum. Reason for forming the waves in range of wavelength between 400 nm and 560 nm is light interference of electromagnetic waves, which is emitted from nanoparticles. Therefore, AuNISSC can absorb infrared light. Our results is suitable to Joseph's work [44]. Gold nanoparticle absorbs the light in infrared spectrum and emits light that silicon can absorb. When size of nanoparticle was decreased, wavelength of maximum of absorption coefficient in spectrum increased by 10 nm. In spectrum of absorption coefficient, maximum and minimum values belong to interference maxima and minima. This phenomenon is called Fano interference [45].
8 7 6 5
fc
3 4
*>' 3 2 1 0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 U, 7
Fig. 6. I-V characteristics of gold nanoparticles with size of 11 nm and 21 nm introduced silicon solar cell
0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9
Wavelength, fini
Fig. 7. Dependence of absorption coefficient of silicon solar cell without nanoparticles, and AuNISSC, which consist of nanoparticles with sizes of 4 nm and 21 nm, on wavelength
One of the main losses in thin film silicon solar cells is high value of transmission coefficient. In figure 8, distribution of absorbed photon density for silicon solar cell without nanoparticles, and AuNISSC, which consist of nanoparticles with size of 11 nm, is described. In silicon solar cell without nanoparticles, absorption photons density decreased exponentially through thickness of solar cell like other researcher's result [46]. After introducing the gold nanoparticles, absorption in nanoparticles introduced region increased significantly due to nanoplas-monic effect [47]. Therefore, in Atwater's researches, it was found that thickness of silicon solar cell can be smaller than 2 ^m and greater than 100 nm due to plas-monic effect [48].
1E+23
ft |
•o 1E+22
K
S
0
1
■£ 1E+21 S
1E+20
0 0,5 1 1,5
Tinckness, pan
Fig. 8. Distribution of absorbed photon density through thickness of Au NISSC and SSC
Conclusion
In this paper, gold nanoparticles with various sizes have been introduced into emitter region of silicon solar cell. Shifting of resonance of absorption spectrum was observed when nanoparticles size changed. So, in experiments, size of nanoparticles, which are introduced into silicon solar cell, can be identified by analyzing absorption spectrum. In the future, this idea will help to conduct experiments. It was found that influence of gold nanoparti-cles on electrical properties such as resistivity and recombination of solar cell was noticeable. When size of gold nanoparticles was enlarged from 11 nm to 21 nm, I-V characteristics deteriorated sharply. Therefore, size of introduced nanoparticles is important. It was found that most acceptable size of gold nanoparticles for silicon solar cell is 11 nm. Sharply increasing of absorption coefficient in na-noparticles introduced region was observed when distribution of absorbed photon density across the thickness of AuNISSC was calculated. Reducing the thickness of the silicon-based solar cell without changing the efficiency at the same time can be achieved. So, cost of silicon solar cell can be reduced. Due to gold nanoparticles were introduced into emitter region of silicon solar cell, nanoplasmonic-electric and nanoplasmonic-optic effects were occurred at the same time. It was found that role of nanoplasmonic-optic effect in changing the photoelectric parameters of silicon solar cell is greater than nanoplasmonic-electric effect due to nanoparticles affected more noticeable to short circuit current than open circuit voltage.
u
■ No nanoparticle * 11 nm
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Authors' information
Jasurbek Gulomov (b. 1999) graduated from Andijan State University named after Z.M.Bobur in 2021, majoring in Physics. Currently he works as the researcher at the Renewable Energy Sources Laboratory of Andijan State University. Besides, now, he is master student of Physics of renewable energy sources and sustainable environment at the Andijan State University. Research interests are numerical simulation, nanoplasmonic solar cells, metal nanoparticles and programming. E-mail: [email protected] .
Rayimjon Aliev, (b. 1958), graduated from Andijan State University named after Z.M.Bobur in 1979, majoring in Physics. Currently, he is professor of Physics department of Andijan State University and head of Renewable Energy Sources Laboratory. Research interests: solar cells, nanoplasmonics, simulation, nanostructured solar cells, silicon, textures, antireflection coatings, hybrid solar-wind and solar-hydro energy sources. E-mail: [email protected] .
Irodakhon Gulomova (b. 1999) is studying at Andijan State University named after Z.M.Bobur in 2021, majoring in Physics. Currently She works as the researcher at the Renewable Energy Sources Laboratory of Andijan State University. Research interests are TCAD simulation, programming, and solar cells. E-mail: suntulip2612@gmail. com .
Received December 16, 2021. The final version - May 19, 2022.
