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Список литературы
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4. C. Colleoni a, I. Donelli b, G. Freddi b, E. Guido a, V.Migani a, G. Rosace a. A novel sol-gel multi-layer approach for cotton fabric finishing by tetraethoxysilane precursor. Surface & Coatings Technology, 2013, рр 192-203.
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6. Кричевский Г.Е. Нано-, био-, химические технологии в производстве нового поколения волокон, текстиля и одежды. Москва, 2012 г.- 480с.
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SIMULATION MODELS FOR THE CENTRAL MICROPROCESSORS RESEARCHING
Efimushkina Natalya V.
Assistant Professor, Samara State Technical University, Samara
Orlov Sergey P.
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Samara State Technical University, Samara
ABSTRACT
The paper describes one approach to research the modern microprocessors. It is developed with application of a simulation modeling method and allows investigating operation of the central processors pipeline, as well as the processors in general. The sets of input and output data are given. The screen forms for the simulation models are shown. When developing models a choice of the basic elements structure, their parameters level and the models adequacy assessment problems were solved.
Keywords: computer, processor, simulation modeling.
1. Introduction
Modern microprocessors are designed by the complex architectures. The methods of the computing systems theory are applied to research the specifics of the systems. The most reliable results might be obtained by the experiments on the computing systems functioning under the real or close to real conditions. High complexity of the real computer architectures makes the research process very hard.
2. Discussed problem
The perspective method of the simulation is the method which is based on the functional specification of the system presented in the form of algorithm called as simulation model. The program contains the procedures that imitate the states of the system and the processes for evaluation of the system requirements. Simulation models reproduce the work of the system according to the foregone properties of the elements which models in their turn are also combined into corresponding structure. Such approach allows research the systems of any complexity considering the impacts of different factors and reproducing the most typical situations. Simulation models give the chance to the experimenter and the developer to form ideas of properties and, studying system through its model, to make reasonable design decisions. Important feature of the described method is use the animation which provides presentation and confirms reliability of modelling experiments.
The correct choice of parameters and attributes which should be used to describe the structure and the possible states
of the objects inside the model is the core problem of its development. The chosen attributes should provide the basic properties of computers' functioning on the one hand and to reduce the number of secondary factors which complicate the perception of the model on the other hand.
3. Problem solution
The number of problems had been solved:
1) Choosing the basic elements of the system which have to be displayed in the model;
2) Definition the specification level of the object parameters;
3) Assessment of the model adequacy.
During for the solution of the first problem as the research objects were chosen:
a) The pipeline - main central processors part;
b) The simplified structures of the most widespread processors types: superscalar and EPIC.
It was necessary to display the basic elements of the systems which define the features of their functioning. For example, the pipelining principle is widely used. So simulation models contained the one and multiple pipelines were developed. The last allows investigating features of several short and long principles collaboration.
The choice of the objects parameters was the other problem in developing models. They have to provide explanation of the main functioning features of modern processors.
Thus, it is necessary to reject the minor factors complicating perception.
Described approach led to use of the simplified models of systems. Models contain minimum quantity of elements which is enough for explanation of object work. So, the research of CPU should start with the elementary pipe which is basic elements of their structure. Superscalar and EPIC processors models are more complex. Thus they should include only those elements that reflect the most important aspects of their work.
4. The description of simulation models for research the processors
The described approach is realized in a complex for the modern central processors research. It represents the software package. The package allows research the features of the processors organization. It provides an assessment of temporary characteristics. The complex includes toolkits for research of the following standard elements and systems:
1. Pipes with and without conflicts;
2. Parallel pipes of different size with and without conflicts;
3. Super-scalar and EPIC processors.
It is expedient to start researches with the elementary devices and models. The first model is devoted to research of the standard five-step pipeline and detection of its main properties and the effective modes. It is known that the pipeline principle of processing is widely applied in modern processors [4].
Basic data for modeling are
a) Total number of the instructions processed by the pipe;
b) Duration of each micro operations;
c) Conflict existence (pipeline «bubble»). Modelling results are following:
a) Total executed by the pipeline ticks;
b) Average time of instructions execution.
The pipeline model demonstrates that with growth of number of instructions their average time leads to the increase of its average execution time close to the time of one micro operation. If there are the different micro operation durations it aspires to the longest of them.
Another model the dependency between the number of pipes and productivity of the system can be researched. The executed program is submitted as mix of instructions which properties can be set by the researcher. It may contain the same instructions, and also the instructions executed different (long and short) pipes.
Basic data for modeling are:
a) Number of instructions of different types in the modeled program;
b) Number of different types pipes;
c) Existence of the different type's conflicts and their frequency.
Modelling results are following:
a) Total number of the executed ticks;
b) Average instructions time in ticks per instructions;
c) Number of cache failures at inclusion memory instructions.
Thus it is shown that ideally n pipes can execute n commands for a tick.
The efficiency of the pipe can be affected by possible conflicts classified as the following:
• structural caused by the busyness of alone resources when hardware can't support instructions execution with overlapping;
• data conflicts appearing when execution of one instructions depends on the result of the successive one;
• control conflicts that happen due to jump operations changing the value of instructions' counter. All conflicts terminate the instructions execution inside the pipeline stall and all the following till the end of the pipe [1]. This situation is called "pipeline bubble". The bubble goes through the whole pipe without any job. The models implemented in the toolkit allow researching all types of conflicts and evaluating their impact on system productivity.
The example of the user interface demonstrating the work of multi-pipe system is presented at Fig.1.
There are three main classes of central processors: super-scalar, with Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) and Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) [2]. They all contain several parallel pipes. In super-scalar computers conflicts are resolved dynamically in the process of program execution while in VLIW by the compiler before the program starts. EPIC combines the benefits of both methods. Its compiler forms the plan for task execution that can be adopted to any processor model where data and structural conflicts are resolved by the compiler while control collisions are eliminated during the program execution.
The model of the EPIC processor displays the pipe operation under the control conflicts. Basic data for modeling are:
a) Total number of processor instructions;
b) Existence and frequency of jump ("If') instructions;
c) Number of pipes. Modelling results are following:
a) Number of the instructions per tick;
b) Pipe idle ticks;
c) Total of the executed ticks.
The example of program interface for research on EPIC processor is presented in the Fig. 2.
Most modern processors including multi-core are super-scalar with complex structure and operating modes. The developed toolkit deals with the typical super-scalar processor reflecting the work of the basic elements to demonstrate the principles of its work.
Basic data for modeling are:
a) Total number of processor instructions;
b) Existence and frequency of the pipe conflicts;
c) Total number and frequency of integer, floating point and jump instructions.
Modelling results are following:
a) Total of the executed ticks;
b) Average instruction time;
c) Number of incorrectly predicted transitions.
The example of screen form with the model of superscalar processor is presented in Fig. 3.
The software package contains four models of standard microprocessors and their units. The number of problems had been solved while developing models:
1) Choosing the basic elements of the system which have to be displayed in the model;
2) Definition the specification level parameters;
3) Assessment of the model adequacy. During for the solution of the first
research objects were chosen:
a) The main central processors part - pipeline;
b) The simplified structures of the most widespread processors types: superscalar and EPIC.
It was necessary to display the basic elements of the systems which define the features of their functioning. For example, the pipelining principle is widely used. So simulation models contained the one and multiple pipelines were
of the object problem as the
developed. The last allows investigating features of several short and long principles collaboration.
The choice of the objects parameters was the other problem in developing models. They have to provide
5. Conclusions
Described approach led to use of the simplified models of systems. Models contain minimum quantity of elements which is enough for explanation of object work. So, the research of CPU should start with the elementary pipe which is basic elements of their structure. Superscalar and EPIC processors models are more complex. Thus they should
explanation of the main functioning features of modern processors. Thus, it is necessary to reject the minor factors complicating perception.
include only those elements that reflect the most important aspects of their work.
Simulation models are developed with use of universal environments (Delphi and C ++). Their important feature is an animation of the processes proceeding in devices. It provides the maximum presentation and the optimum mode of research.
Microprocessor pipes modeling
File Modeling mode Help
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Data cache: Random access memory:
«< 1 Iм* 1 171 1 ÎS6 1 ■ ■ ■■ ■ 3361 зго 1 304 1 iss m 2ft 140 1 114 1 20S 1 m 1 ■ ■ ■
t
Instructions cache:
-d J^.
11 ■ 1 135 Î34 1 f33 m 1 in 113о m I its 1 m 1 m \ >:r> ■fy Next tick
Pipes: Long pipes:
m 117 fis 119 110 111 111 113 114 116
106 107 les 109 110 111 111 113 114 11i
95 97 № 99 100 101 101 103 104 101
SS 86 S7 SS S9 90 91 91 93 U
74 7 S 76 77 7S 79 S1 SI S3 S4
Ll D D 0 0 0 0 Pipe idle time
Ticks executed: 12
Average instruction time: 0,194 tick/inst. Number of cache failuers: 21
Output buffer:
96 144
Г^ ' ' I 73 I 12 I 71 70 I 69 I I 67 | 66 | ~6Д~~| 63 | >>>"|
Output queue
jJ J -
* 6 h 3 * ' l»>
Fig. 1. Multi-pipe system model
Fig. 2. EPIC processor model
Fig. 3. Super-scalar processor model
References
1. Orlov, S., Efimushkina, N. Computer systems organization: educational grant. - Samara: Samara State Technical University, 2011.
2. Stallings, W. Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles. Pearson Education, 2011.
3. Tanenbaum, T. A. Structured Computer Organization (6th Edition). Prentice Hall, 2012.
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ СРОКОВ И РЕЖИМА ХРАНЕНИЯ НА КАЧЕСТВО МЯСНЫХ РУБЛЕНЫХ ПОЛУФАБРИКАТОВ С РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫМИ ДОБАВКАМИ
Фоменко Ольга Сергеевна
Канд. техн. наук, доцент кафедры «Технологии продуктов питания», Саратовский государственный аграрный
университет им. Н.И. Вавилова, г. Саратов
STUDY OF THE INFL UENCE TIMING AND MODE OF STORAGE ON GUALITYMEA TRUBLENYH SEMI WITH HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS
Fomenko Olga Sergeevna, Candidate of technical sciences, head of the сhair offood science, Saratov State Agrarian University in honor of N.I. Vavilov, g. Saratov. АННОТАЦИЯ
Изучено влияния сроков и режима хранения на качество рубленых полуфабрикатов с растительными добавками Проведен сравнительный анализ состояния воды рубленых полуфабрикатов с отрубями пшеничными, в процессе производства и хранения. Установлено, что в процессе хранения, у охлажденных полуфабрикатов содержание свободной воды выше, чем данный показатель у замороженной продукции. Выявлено, увеличение выхода изделий после тепловой обработки, на 6,2 %, у изделий после замораживания, на 8,1 % относительно контрольного образца Микробиологические исследования показали, что исследуемые образцы полуфабрикатов безвредны. Ключевые слова: хранение, рубленые полуфабрикаты, растительные добавки. ABSTRACT
Studied the effect of the timing and mode of storage on the quality of chopped semi-finished products with herbal supplements A comparative analysis of water chopped semi-finished products with wheat bran, during production and storage. It is established that during storage at refrigerated semi free water content higher than this figure in frozen products. Revealed increase in yield of products after heat treatment, 6.2%, in products after freezing, by 8.1% relative to a control sample Microbiological studies showed that the test samples semi harmless.
Key words: storage, chopped semi-finished products, herbal supplements.
На сегодняшний день особое значение приобретает разработка рецептур и технологий новых комбинированных полуфабрикатов с высокой биологической ценностью на основе мясного сырья с растительными добавками. Данное направление дает основу для решения актуальных
исследований по изучению влияния растительных добавок на потребительские свойства рубленых полуфабрикатов из кур в охлажденном и замороженном состоянии [2]
