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21SHS IN SURFACE ENGINEERING D. V. Shtansky
National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, 119049 Russia e-mail: [email protected]
DOI: 10.24411/9999-0014A-2019-10161
Utilization of SHS in surface engineering is rapidly growing field. The heat released during SHS is useful in terms of providing high adhesion strength between coating and substrate. The surface treatment process which combines SHS and coating deposition is referred as SHS coating. The process can be subdivided according to the method of coating deposition, type of precursor materials, type of external heat source to initiate combustion reaction, as well as the densification method used for synthesized products [1].
In the field of surface engineering, SHS is frequently combined with other methods such as centrifugation, microwave and induction heating, laser cladding, sol-gel, concentrated solar energy treatment, high velocity oxy-fuel thermal spraying, reactive and atmospheric plasma spraying, plasma transferred arc overlay welding, and electroless plating. Various metallic, ceramics, metal matrix composite, steel matrix composite, and ceramic matrix composite coatings were fabricated. There are two main routes of coating deposition which may be classified as SHS: (i) a mixture of exothermically reactive powders or a cold pressed product is applied to the substrate surface as a precursor and then ignited by an external energy source and (ii) SHS-derived powders, targets or electrodes were fabricated separately and then used in coating deposition technologies such as plasma spraying, magnetron and ion sputtering, electro-spark deposition, and electroless plating. The first route is often referred to as an in situ or single step process because both processes, namely SHS and coating deposition, occur simultaneously.
The possibilities of various physical vapor deposition (PVD) technologies can be extended through the application of SHS targets and electrodes. Coatings with an improved combination of properties can also be produced through non-vacuum methods, for example by pulsed electrospark deposition (ESD), using SHS electrodes. The method utilizes an exothermic reaction initiated by an electric discharge within an inter-electrode space. Recently, a new cost-efficient technology that combines pulsed arc evaporation (PAE) and ESD in vacuum to fabricate two-layer coatings in a single technological run using the same electrode was developed (Fig. 1). Two-layer PAE/ESD coatings have several advantages over their single-layer counterparts: the ESA sublayer is expected to provide excellent adhesion (due to local melting and mixing of deposited and substrate materials in an erosion hole), high coating thickness (up to 100 p,m) and enhanced toughness, whereas the upper thinner layer (up to 10 p,m) obtained by PAE method provides better mechanical and tribological characteristics due to the absence of substrate material.
Herein after a brief introduction in the field of SHS in surface engineering we consider most recent successful examples of SHS target utilization for depositing advanced coatings for various tribological and medical applications:
(a) Low friction wear resistant nanocomposite Si-Ta-C-(N) coatings intended for wide temperature range tribological applications (Fig. 2) [3];
(b) Ti-C-Ni-Al, Ti-C-Ni-Fe, and Ti-C-Ni-Al/Ti-C-Ni-Fe coatings produced by magnetron sputtering, ESD, and a combined two-step process [4];
(c) Biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers coated with bioactive TiCaPCON film [5];
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Moscow, Russia
(d) B-doped TiCaPCON films [6];
(e) Ag, Pt, Zn, and Fe nanoparticle-decorated antibacterial TiCaPCON films (Fig. 3) [7];
(f) Antibiotic-loaded TiCaPCON-Ag films [8].
Fig. 1. Scheme of ESD/PAE unit. 1 electrode, 2 substrate, 3 circular anode, 4 ignition electrode, 5 brush assembly, 6 electric motor, 7 insulating ceramics [2].
Fig. 2. Friction coefficients of Ta-Si-C-N coatings at different temperatures (a), wear track profiles after the tests (b), SEM images of wear tracks after the tests, and the schematics of the possible wear mechanism involving microfibers (i) [3].
Fig. 3. Scheme of Ag, Pt, and Zn nanoparticles on the surface of TiCaPCON film, the mechanisms of their dissolution, ion release, and effects on bacteria and cells [7].
D. V. Shtansky
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The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Agreement no. 15-19-00203-n) in the part of tribological coatings and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Increased Competitiveness Program of NUST "MISiS" no. K2-2018-012) in the part of biological films.
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