CC BY
22020, Scienceline Publication
Worlds Veterinary Journal
World Vet J, 10(2): 165-169, June 25, 2020
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.20209.wvj21
Sensitivity of Lateral Flow Technique for Evaluation of Inactivated Rift Valley Fever Virus Vaccine in Comparison with Serum Neutralization Test
Abousenna Mohamed Samy1*, Sayed Rafik Hamed1, Darwish Darwish Mahmoud1 and Saad Mohamed Ahmed2
1Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agriculture research center, Cairo, Egypt, 11381 2Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture research center, Cairo, Egypt, 11381 »Corresponding author's Email: [email protected]. : 0000-0003-2202-9544
ABSTRACT
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne bunyaviral disease associated with a high abortion rate, neonatal death, fetal malformations in ruminants, and mild to severe disease in humans. The vaccination has significantly reduced the abortion of ewes and mortality of newborn lambs during an outbreak, and induced immunity in cattle. The evaluation of inactivated RVF vaccine required in vivo and in vitro techniques. The present research aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of the Lateral Flow Device (LFD) in comparison with Serum Neutralization Test (SNT) by reference sera to determine the humoral immune response of the sheep vaccinated with an inactivated RVF vaccine. Three batches of inactivated RVF vaccine were inoculated in three sheep groups. Then samples of their sera were collected weekly, and tested by SNT and LFD. It was found that the sensitivity of LFD at a serum dilution of 1:128 was 95%, while SNT carried out at the fourth week after the vaccination showed that antibody titers was 32,64 and 32. On the other hand, LFD had positive results at dilutions of 1:32, 1:128 and 1:64 for the vaccine batches 1, 2 and 3 respectively. These findings suggest the possibility of using LFD for detection of the immune response of vaccinated sheep to the inactivated Rift Valley Fever Virus vaccine, and it could be improved to be more quantitative in future.
Key words: Lateral flow device, Rift valley fever virus, RVFV inactivated vaccine, Vaccine evaluation INTRODUCTION
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a zoonotic arboviral disease accompanied high abortion rate, neonatal death, and fetal malformations in ruminants, and mild to severe clinical symptoms in human (Baptiste et al., 2018). RVFV has tri-segmented single-stranded RNA genome, which is composed of Large (L), Medium (M), and Small (S) segments (Ikegami and Makino, 2011). RVFV caused recurrent outbreaks in African among ruminants and humans, and has caused additionally outbreaks in the Arabian Peninsula (Pepin et al., 2010).
Over the past forty years, RVFV has been detected in African countries outside its traditional enzootic regions, like Egypt in 1977 (El Akkad, 1978). In 1990, a RVF outbreak outside of Africa was confirmed on the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar for the first time. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen also reported RVFV infection (Morvan et al., 1991), and until 2007, its geographical coverage included the French island of Mayotte in the Comoros Archipelago (Sissoko et al., 2009). Rift Valley Fever Virus was classified as a Category A priority agent by NIAID/NIH, and was selected as an overlap agent by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 2005) and US Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2005). Vaccination was the most effective countermeasure against RVFV. An ideal vaccine for livestock should be safe, rapid, long-lasting potent with a single dose, and it should sufficiently prevent viremia to be transmitted by competent vectors (Kortekaas et al., 2011).
For the batch release of inactivated vaccines, practically indirect tests have been developed to minimize the use of laboratory animals, which indicated validity of the correlation with a degree of protection percentage of the susceptible animals. Indirect potency tests often include serological tests for post-vaccination of suitable species. Alternative methods such as antigen mass, could be used if it was suitably validated (OIE, 2018). Therefore the present study was conducted to detect the protective antibody titer in vaccinated sheep with inactivated RVFV vaccine as alternative indirect potency test in comparison with Serum Neutralization Test (SNT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical approval
The institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Cairo, Egypt hereby acknowledges the research manuscript and it has been reviewed by research authority and is considered to be compliant with bioethical standards in good faith.
ISSN 2322-4568
A R
c n
t < e e d :
2 C
a P
y r
CC
0 R
1
HH
N A L
A R
T
HH
C L
E
165
Lateral flow device
According to Sayed et al. (2019), Lateral Flow Device (LFD) was developed and prepared in the Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologies (CLEVB) for detection of IgG against RVFV as a part of an international scientific project funded by U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF Global), USA.
Cell line
Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK-21) cell line was supplied by the Department of Rift Valley Fever Vaccine Research Department (DRVFVRD), Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Abbasia, Cairo. The cells were grown and maintained according to Macpherson and Stocker (1962), and used in the SNT.
Vaccine
Three batches of locally manufactured gel adjuvant inactivated RVFV vaccine which were prepared from a local isolate serotype were supplied by VSVRI which were selected for the present study. The existing vaccines were previously evaluated by the CLEVB with satisfactory safety and sterility results.
Live virus
Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK-21) cell culture which adapted strain of RVF at a titer of 107 TCID50/ml (Elian et al., 1996) was supplied by the DRVFVR, and used in SNT to follow up the levels of induced antibodies in vaccinated sheep.
Sheep and experimental design
Fifteen native sheep aged three to six months old were allotted randomly into four groups (four animals in three vaccinated groups and three animals in the control group), and kept in separate insect-proofed stables at animal facility house of CLEVB, Cairo, Egypt. Serum samples of these sheep were previously screened by SNT, and found to be free of specific RVF antibodies (Seronegative). Groups 1, 2 and 3 were vaccinated with RVFV vaccine batches number 1, 2 and 3 respectively, while group 4 was kept without any vaccination as a control group.
Serum neutralization test
Serum samples were collected from all sheep groups at 7, 14, 21 and 28 Days-Post Vaccination (DPV) and three samples of each animal were tested to determine the RVF antibody levels by using the micro titer technique as described by Ferreira (1976). According to Singh et al. (1967), the antibody titer was calculated as the reciprocal of the final serum dilution which was neutralized and inhibited the cytopathic effect in 100 tissue cultures with infective dose 50 (TCID50) of RVFV.
Sensitivity test
The test was carried out according to Thrusfield (2007) on Ovine RVFV antiserum obtained from Viral Large and Pet Animal Vaccines Evaluation department in CLEVB (Validated Serum). The serum samples were diluted by using two-fold dilutions (1, 1/2, 1/4. 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64,1/128, 1/256, 1/512, and 1/1024) to determine the minimal concentration of antibodies, which indicated the positive results with the prepared LFD in comparison with antibodies which were detected by SNT. Each serum dilution was tested by 20 strips of prepared LFD for detection of sensitivity percentage.
T + T +
Sensitivity =-=-x 100 (Stated as %)
(T+) + (F-) (T+) + (F-)
T+= true positive; F- = False Negative
Potency testing of inactivated Rift valley fever virus vaccine utilizing Lateral Flow Device
All blood samples of the sheep groups were taken at 0, 7, 14, 21 and twenty eighth Days Post-Vaccination (DPV); and the sera were tested by SNT and LFD using two folds of serial dilutions, then the results were recorded and analyzed for interpretation.
RESULTS
Detection of the prepared LFD sensitivity by using standard positive ovine RVFV antiserum in comparison with SNT showed that the minimal concentration of antibodies which showed the positive results with prepared LFD was at dilution 7 log2 (1/128) with sensitivity percentage of 95 as indicated in table 1. The humoral immune response in vaccinated sheep (groups 1 and 2) indicated that the protective RVFV serum neutralizing antibody titer (1.5 log10) started from the third week of post-vaccination using SNT and red test line of LFD (positive result) at the same dilution, while these findings in vaccinated sheep (group 3) started from fourth week of post-vaccination as showed in table 2 and figure 1.
166
Table 1. Sensitivity of prepared lateral flow device using standard positive ovine Rift valley fever virus antiserum in
comparison with serum neutralizing test in CLEVB1, Cairo, Egypt in 2019_
Tested dilutions of standard positive Ovine Rift Valley Fever Virus antiserum
..:.. 1.1.. _1_i_
1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64 1/128 1/256 1/512 1/1024
*Serum Neutralizing Test +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve -ve -ve -ve
T+ 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 0 0 0
**Lateral Flow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0
Device 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
(20 strips) f+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0
Sensitivity % of LFD*** 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 25 0 0
*-ve = result of SNT refer to CPE while +ve = refer to neutralization of virus by serum Antibody. **T+ = true positive, T- = true negative, F+ = false positive, F- = False negative; *** LFD: Lateral Flow Device; 1Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics.
Table 2. Evaluation of the humoral immune response of vaccinated sheep with inactivated Rift valley fever virus vaccine using lateral flow device and serum neutralizing test in CLEVB1, Cairo, Egypt in 2019
*Serum Neutralizing Test (SNT) "Lateral Flow Device (LFD)
Serum dilutions Group 1
1wpv*** 2wpv 3wpv 4wpv 1wpv 2wpv 3 wpv 4 wpv
1/2 *+ve +ve +ve +ve **+ve +ve +ve +ve
1/4 +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve
1/8 *-ve +ve +ve +ve **-ve +ve +ve +ve
1/16 -ve -ve +ve +ve -ve -ve +ve +ve
1/32 -ve -ve +ve +ve -ve -ve +ve +ve
1/64 -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve
1/128 -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve
Group 2
1wpv 2wpv 3wpv 4 wpv 1wpv 2wpv 3 wpv 4 wpv
1/2 +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve
1/4 +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve
1/8 -ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve
1/16 -ve +ve +ve +ve -ve +ve +ve +ve
1/32 -ve -ve +ve +ve -ve +ve +ve +ve
1/64 -ve -ve -ve +ve -ve -ve +ve +ve
1/128 -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve +ve
Group 3
1wpv 2wpv 3wpv 4 wpv 1wpv 2wpv 3 wpv 4 wpv
1/2 +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve
1/4 +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve
1/8 -ve +ve +ve +ve -ve +ve +ve +ve
1/16 -ve -ve +ve +ve -ve -ve +ve +ve
1/32 -ve -ve -ve +ve -ve -ve +ve +ve
1/64 -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve +ve
1/128 -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve
*-ve = result of SNT refer to cytopathic effectwhile +ve refer to neutralization of virus by serum antibody. **+ve = result of LFD refer to the presence of antibodyin serum while -ve means absence of antibody. ***wpv = week post-vaccination; 'Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics.
Figure 1. Interpretation of the prepared lateral flow device for detection of IgG antibodies against Rift valley fever virus. 1: Positive result (Test and control lines are seen); 2: Negative result (Control line is only seen)
167
DISCUSSION
The sporadic reports of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) outbreaks in neighbor countries in addition to Inter-epizootic periods of RVFV in Egypt illustrated that there was a continuous risk of infection in Egypt. Control of RVF disease in Egypt depended mainly on the vaccination of cattle, sheep and goats. Two types of inactivated RVF vaccines were produced in Egypt (gel and oil) limited a great extent the possibilities of RVFV outbreaks in Egypt (Ahmed, 2011; GOVS, 2008).
The evaluation of inactivated RVFV vaccine in sheep was performed to assess the vaccine's safety and efficacy, while sheep are very sensitive domestic animals, and to demonstrate the specific antibody titer in the sera of vaccinated animals using SNT, indicated 5 log2 (32) or a neutralizing index which is not less than 1.5 after 28th days postvaccination, confirm the identity of the vaccine virus, and the protection margin (Heba et al., 2020).
The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of existing local commercial inactivated RVFV vaccine batches in sheep using SNT and LFD for the development of an alternative indirect potency test. The sensitivity of the LFD was assessed by comparison to the technique considered as a reference in the present study. The new prepared LFD indicated a diagnostic sensitivity of 95% at the dilution of 7 log2 (1/128) for detection of RVFV antibodies compared with SNT. Thus, the sensitivity test for LFD compared to SNT was agreed with Sastre et al. (2016) who compared the sensitivity of SNT and the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for simultaneous detection of antibodies against African and classical swine fever viruses using developed duplex lateral flow assay.
The humoral immune response in vaccinated sheep (group1, 2 and 3) with local commercial inactivated RVFV vaccine batches (1,2 and 3) respectively indicated a protective neutralizing antibody titer (1.5 logi0) 5 Log2 at third Week Post-Vaccination (WPV) for groups 1 and 2, but at fourth WPV for group 3, while the LFD showed positive results at 5 log2 at third WPV for groups 1 and 3, and at second WPV for group 2. Regarding the use of LFD for this purpose, Anouk et al. (2016) applied quantitative user Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs) for four immune markers in the whole blood samples from a longitudinal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. On the other hand, Ibrahim et al. (2017) developed Lateral flow immunochromatographic test to detect Salmonella enteritidis by specific antibodies in the chicken sera.
CONCLUSION
This study has shown that the LFD was appropriate for semi-quantitative evaluation of serum antibodies induced by RVFV vaccine, and was urgently needed to instantly assess the sera efficacy in the dubious batches of the vaccine. It is possible to use the LFD to detect the immune response of vaccinated sheep to the inactivated RVFV vaccine, and it could be improved in the future to be more quantitative.
DECLARATIONS
Authors' contribution
Dr. Mohamed Abousenna and Dr. Rafik Sayed performed in vitro tests (LFD sensitivity, SNT, and potency using LFD) and interpretation of results. Dr. Darwish Mahmoud conducted in vivo trial (inoculation, sampling and monitoring) while Professor Dr. Mohamed Saad supervised all the research processes, experimental design, and revision. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. Acknowledgments
The authors are very grateful to The US Civilian Research & Development Foundation (CRDF Global) for providing all necessary equipment and facilities for conducting this research work at the 2016 Emerging Infectious Disease Research Grant Competition Eastern Mediterranean Region Competition Announcement project no. 63247.
REFERENCES
Ahmed KS (2011). Observations on rift valley fever virus and vaccines in Egypt. Virology Journal, 8: 532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-532
Anouk VH, Elisa M, Tjon KF, Renate R, Susan JF, Eeden VN, Louis W, Claudia J, Roel F, Korshed A et al. (2016). Quantitative lateral flow strip assays as User-Friendly Tools to Detect Biomarker Profiles for Leprosy. Scientific Reports, 6: 34260. DOI: https://doi .org/10.1038/srep34260
Baptiste D, Baratang AL and Tetsuro I (2018). Rift Valley fever vaccines: current and future needs. Current Opinion in Virology, 29: 8-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2018.02.001
El Akkad AM (1978). Rift Valley fever in Egypt, October-December 1977. Journal of Egypt Public Health Association, 53:137-146. Available at: https://www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/572393
168
Elian KA, Wassel MS, Gehan KM and El-Debegy A (1996). Serological studies following vaccination with attenuated RVF vaccine in Egypt; Veterinary Medical Journal Giza, 44 (2): 409-414. Available at: https://vlibrary.emro.who.int/imemr/serological-studies-following-vaccination-with-attenuated-rift-valley-fever-rvfvaccine-in-egypt/
Ferreira ME (1976). Microtiter neutralization test for the study of foot-and-mouth disease antibodies. Boletin Centro Pan Americano de Fiebre Aftosa, 21(22): 17-20. Available at:http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302982646
Heba KA, Heba MG, Amal AM, Barghooth WM and Nermeen GS (2020). Correlation between Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated sheep and effective dose 50 (ED50) in vaccinated mice. journal of veterinary science and biotechnology, 15(3): 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.15.3.1
Ibrahim HM, Sayed RH, Wafaa RA and Soliman RT (2017). Preparation and evaluation of Salmonella Enteritidis antigen conjugated with nanogold for screening of poultry flocks, Veterinary World, 10(8):848-853. Available at: http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.10/August-2017/2.pdf
Ikegami T and Makino S (2011). The pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever. Viruses, 3:493-519. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/v3050493
Kortekaas J, Zingeser J, Leeuw P, deLa Rocque S, Unger H and Moormann RJ (2011). Rift Valley fever vaccine development, progress and constraints. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(9): e1. Conference summary. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1709.110506
Macpherson I and Stocker M (1962). Polyma transformation hamster cell clones, an investigation of genetic factors affecting cell competence. Virology, 16: 147-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(62)90290-8
Morvan J, Saluzzo JF, Fontenille D, Rollin PE and Coulanges P (1991). Rift Valley fever on the east coast of Madagascar. Research in Virology, 142:475-82.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0923-2516(91)90070-J
OIE (2018).Rift Valley fever virus, OIE Terrestrial Manual, chapter 3.1.1.18, pp. 613-633. Available at: https://www.oie.int/standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/
Pepin M, Bouloy M, Bird BH, Kemp A and Paweska J (2010). Rift valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus): an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. Veterinary Research, 41:61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres/2010033
Sastre P, Teresa P, Sofia C, Xiaoping Y, Alex R, Sandra B, Katja VG, Carmina G, Istar T, Julia G, Antonio S and Paloma R (2016). Development of a duplex lateral flow assay for simultaneous detection of antibodies against African and Classical swine fever viruses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 28(5): 543-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1040638716654942
Sayed RH, Abousenna MS, Mohamoud D and Saad MA (2019). Development of a lateral flow kit for detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against rift valley fever virus in sheep. Indian Journal Veterinary Science and Biotechnology, 15(2): 64-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.15.2.17
Singh KV, Osman OA, Thanaa IB and Ivon E (1967). Colostral transfer of rinderpest neutralizing antibodies to offspring of vaccinated dams; Candian. Journal of. Compartive Medicine and Veterinary Science, 31: 295-298. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1494750/
Sissoko D, Giry C, Gabrie P, Tarantola A, Pettinelli F, Collet L, D'Ortenzio E, Renault P and Pierre V (2009). Rift valley fever Mayotte, 2007-2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases; 15:568-570. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1504.081045
The Egyptian General Organization of Veterinary Services (GOVS) (2008). Rift Valley fever Brochures, Bulletin of scientific guidelines issued by the veterinary extension. pp: 1-20. Available at: http://www.govs.gov.eg/GovsFiles/ORG_2_Files/Brochures/RVF.pdf
Thrusfield M (2007). Veterinary Epidemiology3rd Edition. London: Blackwell Science:158-159. Available at: https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/31490929
US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2005). Part II. 7 CFR Part 331 and 9 CFR Part 212; Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002; possession, use and transfer of biological agents and toxins; final rule. Federal Register; 13241-13292. Available at: https://www.nsf.gov/od/oise/PIRE/Act%20of%202002.pdf
US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2005). Possession, use and transfer of biological agents and toxins, 42 CFR parts 72 and 73: 13294- 13325. Available at: https://oig.hhs.gov/authorities/docs/05/032905FRselectagents.pdf
169
