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DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v25i1.959
SEMANTIC AND FORMAL IMAGE OF CONCEPTS RELATED TO "SENSORY PERCEPTIONS" PRESERVED FROM THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE IN THE DIALECT AREA
Mher KUMUNTS 2'3' * Inga MARGARYAN 3 Lusine NERSISYAN2'3
1 National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Language Institute named after Hrachya Acharyan, Yerevan, Armenia
2 Goris State University, Goris, Armenia
3 Syunik Armenological Research Center, Goris, Armenia
* Correspondence Mher KUMUNTS, Syunik st., 134/6, Goris, Syuniki marz, 3201, Armenia E-mail: mherkumunts@gmail.com
Abstract: Syunik and Artsakh (Kharabagh) are the greatest dialectical areas in the Armenian language which has a rich vocabulary. In the dialectical vocabulary there are large number of words of Indo-European origin which are missing not only in other dialects but also in many languages of Indo-European origin. One of the problems of comparative linguistics is that etymological studies do not pay much attention to dialectical vocabulary. The study of the words of the thematic group "Sensory Perceptions" can provide important material on the religious-philosophical issues of the peoples living in the historical area. An attempt was made to study the old words of the dialect area of Syunik and Artsakh, which refer to "sensory perceptions".
In this work a new dialectical work is being etymologized: shapaghwith the meaning "l.Reflexion, flash, 2. Ra-diant, bright, shiny" which has a different phonetical and semantical version in the Armenian translation of the "Bible": shagh-paghp.
An attempt was made to check the word simultaneously and to discover its perception in the most ancient examples of the translation of the Bible by using the historical-comparative method.
Often, through the etymology of archaisms preserved in the language, valuable information is revealed about the religious-philosophical understandings of the ancient world.
Keywords: dialect area of Syunik-Artsakh, sensory perception, thematic (lexical-semantic) group, etymology, vocabu-
lary, "Bible", translation.
Introduction
Studies related to sensory perception are includ
ed in various fields. Since ancient times, sensory perceptions have been the center of attention of mankind. For example, in the Indian religious-
© 2023TheAuthor.// WISDOM©2023ASPUPublication. ThisisanOpenAccess article distributedunderthe termsofthvCreative
philosophical system, sense perceptions have been one of the important understandings of logic and epistemology. In fact, one of the religious-philosophical concepts is that sensory percep-
tions arise due to contact between the senses and their objects. If we express it graphically, we will have the following picture:
Our goal is to find out how people philosophically understood sensory perceptions thousands of years before us, what verbal means were there to express them. It is also interesting how the words related to sensory perception were used in the Indo-European layer of the proto-Armenian language, from where it directly passed to the dialect area of Syunik and Artsakh.
The Armenian language mainly inherited Indo-European words related to smell, taste, sight, hearing and other sensory perceptions. Compared to the ancient Armenian language, they are mainly reflected in partial shifts in the Syunik-Artsakh dialect group: 'as smell' - vet (veët)(rftw (if1 tin)), and in secondary forms, such as bitter, feel, prickly, in contrast to absent forms in independent use, with compounds: anëskam (mhpuljiuil) 'without any feeling'; tërnachur (mpnhuitinip), 'bitter water', kër-mërakhayt' (l[ppi[ppwjuwjp) 'redfish'1.
The dialect group does not have the words hunch' (.hnih}) 'sound' and lur ([nip) 'news'. They were probably pushed out when their replacement words sas (uui'u) 'voice' and khabar (fowpwp) 'news' started entering in the Armenian language.
1 A type of fish from the Vararakn River.
The word gol (qni) 'hot, warm' is new in the dialect. Goris dialect does it have tekuch 'i (pppm^p) ' little hot, hot, warm', the origin of which remains unknown. Is it related to the word tak' (mmp) 'hot', cf. tak'anal > tek'anal (wiu-piuhiui > pppiuhiui) 'to warm up'?
In the semantic field of sensory perceptions, there are not many borrowings that are synonymous with words with Indo-European connection.
Here is the general image: imanal (pifiuhiui) 'perceive by the senses; sense', vet-vet anel (rftin-rftxn luhbl) 'smell', vet anel (rftxn mhtl) 'smell', vetvetel (^prnilbinti) 'smell', vet (i/tw) (Hovhannisyan, 1979, p. 59) 'smell', lak (pulj) 'weakened and spoiled eggs', mekhkel (ifpjuljkl) 'taste', y^shnel (jp^htL) 'taste', ham ar'nel (hmd mnhbl) 'taste', ham onil (hmd ohpi) 'taste', k'emk'(ptdp) 'taste', ham (hmd) 'taste', kaghts'er (pmjugpp) 'sweet', enali (phmip) 'salt', t't'o (ppo) 'sour', ketso (l[pbo) 'acid', lu kenal (pit Ijbhiui) 'listen quietly', lesel (¡publ) 'to listen', leseli-k' (¡publp-p) 'hearing', pants 'ur (^rnhgiiip) 'loud', tesnal (mtuhmj) 'see', ashk(av) anel (m2l[(mi]) mlity 'to wink', tesnelik (mpuhtipp) 'wink', ts'uyts' tal (gmjg mm]) 'show', ervets'nel || irevts'enel
(ppilpgpht[ || jiphlgjihki) 'show', irvial || ërval (ppijjiiui 11 ppiliui) 'show', shap 'agh (2uupiwi) 'shine',p'aylel (^mjilq) 'shine',p'aylun ($iuj-piih) 'bright', shap'aghshap'agh (2unpuiq-2uupiwi) 'bright', lusëvër (piwpiltp) 'light (in color)', met'en (ifppkh) 'dark (in color)', ëghu-vot'un (pqimlopnih) 'dark', mok'(Uop) 'dark', dëghin (qtqph) 'yellow', hop ' (hoip) 'touch', pënd thil) 'solid', hastat (hiuurniurn) 'solid', p'ap'uk (^rnipmlj) 'soft', mëghmë (rftqifp) 'soft', mëghmëgh (^pqiftq) 'soft', khut' (faiïtp) 'rough; uneven', koklik (l[olppl]) 'smooth', soklik (uolpftli) 'smooth', tap'(lak) (wirnfi-(pul[)) 'smooth', sor (uop) 'sharp', këch (l[tà) 'wet', t'ats' (prng) 'wet', tëmkats (rnpiiljiud) 'wet, damp', t'irma (pjipifiu) 'wet, damp', t'irchël (pjm^ti) 'wet, damp', shaghël ^nuity 'wet, damp' (> shaghli-maghli (2iuin[]-^iaiiili) (Kumunts, 2022, p. 289)), ch'or (¿op) 'dry', ts'amak' (gwilwp) 'dry', chërm (¿flpd) 'hot, warm', chërmë (rflpilp) 'hot, warm', ts'ort (gopin) 'cold', hov (hoif) 'cold', sëk'ërtnël (upppnphtj) 'cold', p 'ënt 'ë/i (ipphptyp) 'dirty, soiled', k'ëndzërot (pphApnom) 'dirty, soiled' < *(s)k(h)end- 'jeghqel; to cleave' (Jahukyan, 1965, p. 311).
Methods
A. Using historical and comparative method, we try to reveal 1. level of sensory perception, 2. level of mind perception, 3. level of understanding of intelligence, 4. semantic change of sensory perceptions in the periods of language development and in the historical territory of Syunik and Artsakh. For all of that, we took as a base the vocabulary and the lexical group expressing "sensory perceptions" included in it with the cross-temporal linguistic state.
B. With the help of the historical method, we tried to compare the linguistic facts preserved in the dialect area, the realities in time and movement, the changes undergone historically. Using the comparative method, we examine the words, comparing them with other facts, in particular with the corresponding facts of related languages, restoring ancient
(especially prescriptive, not attested by written sources) language states or individual forms. The main task of the historical-comparative method is to identify the genealogical commonalities in the languages, thereby to confirm the that these languages are in the same tribe, to restore the ancient language states that are at the basis of the mentioned generalities.
Discussion
1. Supposed Dialectical Words of Indo-European Origin
P'eshashel ($p2iu2tl) - The word "moisture to pass, to dry slowly, dried up, moisture withdrawn" is not particularly familiar to other dialects of Armenian. It has an accidental resemblance to Persian pushesh j j) 'cover, veil, covering'. It is paralleled not only with the versions derived from the radix *sp(h)ei- 'qashel, to pull': Greek anam, anm (*sps-so), which has many semantic meanings, but also 'to pull; to absorb', Icland speikja 'to dry' German spik 'land', Norwegian 'dry; smoked', Latin tenuis 'still wet', etc. (Pokorny, 1959, p. 982). The dialectical version is mostly close to Greek formation with the suffix -ash 'having the property of something' (cf. sour) or, less likely, by reduplication of the radix. Goris dialect p 'ishashel, p'eshashel (rfi]i2W2kl, ipjgwpt]) 'to dry a little (piece, day, etc.)', orep 'ishashel (opp $p2u'-2tl) 'to pass the morning spray'.
Armenian gog (qnq) is derived from the word *ghogho- 'hug, concave' and other meanings, one of the dialect variants of which is koklik (¡iolppli) 'smooth', from which kukleganal (^nLlppqiuhiui) 'to become neat, tidy'. Probably, the fact that the meaning of 'flat' is not attested in languages was considered: kukleganal (^nLlppqiuhiui) 'to tidy up, smooth out', kukligets 'nel (^nilppcfpgliti) 'to tidy up'.
In connection with the word koklik (^oljiplj), soklik (uolppl^) is also used separately. This word outwardly seems to be a phonetic version of the root kok (l[nl[). The meanings of the word soklik (uolpplj) are: soklik (uolpjil^) 'smooth; trimmed, well-groomed', soklik'fk k'ar
(uoluftp/ty pmp) 'smooth and round stones, pebbles of a river, lake', soklikanal (wtyipljmlimi) 'to smoothen', soklikacnel (uolpplimgliti) 'to smoothen', etc. This word in form and meaning begs: *kaghlo- 'small round stone', also: 'hail; round stone; pebble' with sound *koghlo- (with suffix -ik), cf. Greek xa%X^ 'stone; gravel' (Po-korny, 1959, p. 518).
The external and semantic similarity of the words koklik and soklik, we believe, has often created confusion, and soklik has been considered a duplicate of koklik with the change of 5. Not only in conversational versions, but also in fiction literrature, these words are mostly used in relation. "Uifk h fcii^ ^2nml ^nhhdntpjnthp / ^nlppij nt unljipij, 2P2whmJm9 - '
"The prudence that weighs everything / very clean, always circumspect... " (Sevak, 1959). It is likely the radix sok tal (uol[ mmj) 'to slip, to slip' comes from the same radix that H. Achar-yan mentions only Gazakh dialect: 'to crawl' (Acharyan, 1913, p. 977). In the sense of "to crawl" it is similar to the formations of the dialect group selkehel (upiliphlq), selkhel (upiljhti) 'to slide, slip, crawl', selkehot (upil[phom)2 'slimy, smooth', whose literary version is sogh (unq) 'to crawl' of unknown origin (Jahukyan, 2010, p. 686).
Of course, the perception of the words koklik (knklPk) and soklik (unlpplj) as repetitions of one general meaning (the initial sound of the second component changes to 5 (u) (Abeghyan, 1965, p. 182)) does not contradict the word formation rules of the Armenian language. However, the composition does not contradict the general form of relationships made up of synonyms, similar words or antonyms, such as: armank'-zarmank' (mpiimhp-qmpiimhp), ahel-jahel (whhi-pwhhi), olor-molor (npip-rfnpip), amp-zamp (miiiy-qmiiiy)3, etc. (Vardanyan, 2010, pp. 129-130).
2 Also: Goris dialect: 'to tidy up, to groom; to caress', seghi-seghi (upqp-upqp) 'type of game' (sliding sticks on the ground).
3 For example, A. Margaryan consider the form with the proposition -z (-q) (Margaryan, 2015, pp. 22-23). As a subtextual word, zamb (zamp) (qmiip (quiifiy)) 'snow piled on the mountain' (Mkrtchyan & Khachatryan, 2016, p. 190).
It is difficult to say whether koklik (Ipfyjpli) is a derivative of soklik (uolppli), taking into account the semantic differences between the words koklik (^nlpplj) and gog (qnq), because koklik (^nlppl]) is more common, and the word soklik (uolnpl[) is used separately in the vocabulary of the Goris dialect region. Moreover, in the vocabulary of the dialect group there are also: sut'likanal (umpiplimlimi) 'to flatten', sult'lelkets'nel (unLjpjplipgpliti) 'to make flat' sut'lik (umpipli) 'smooth', sut'ul tal (umpnii mm]) 'to slide', sak'ul (umpnt]) 'smooth', which are probably from sayt'-, kok- sokl-(umjp-, tynl[-- unlp-) are dialectal variants of radix created by assonance and phonetic shifts.
Thus, keeping in mind the general principles -the presumption of the words koklik (^nlppli) and gog (qnq) originating from the same root, as well as the existence of an independent basis of the word soklik (uolppli), 'flat', we put the words koklik (^nlpplj) and soklik (uolppli) under common concepts as Indo-European words derived from the root and semantically stabilized. Probably, sot'Uk (uopiftlj) means 'slimy; of sotlik stones...' (Amatuni, 1912, p. 595).
2. About the Translation and Examination of the Word "Shaghpaghputyun" of "Bible "
H. Acharyan does not have a final conclusion about the origin of the word shaghp'aghp' femilipmilip). With the opinions of other he mentioned that it is like an Arabic word salfa 'slanderous, inclined to fight, quarrelsome woman' (Acharyan, 1977, p. 490).
The words shaghp 'aghp '-shaghp 'aghp 'aban (as a newfound word in "Yaysmawurk'" (religious book)) had been examined by V. Ham-bardzumyan. He mentioned and presented one important consequence about the meaning of word: 'shaghp'aghp' in different words ijimippmpmii) 2millfimillfi mj[mAli fonupji lib?? (Avetikean et al., 1979, p. 462) which is mentioned in "New dictionary book in the Hai-
4 There is also shagfop'ap' "And because shaghpap, different existence of Assyrian language..." (" bi[piuhq/i 2mT[ipmip, lujpuiniupiuq qnj [bqmh luunpfo...") (Akinean, 1953, p. 279).
gazian language", but he did not present the question of the origin of word: "That radix is not examined in the Armenian language5, although there were some suppositions" (Hambardzu-myan, 1998, p. 71).
According to L. Khachatryan the word shaghp 'aghp' (2uuiifiiuilifihi) in the Armenian language is a complexity formed with the repetition of radix and augmentative. It is included in the list of words for which it is not possible to find out bases (ingredients of radix) (Khacha-tryan, 2020, p. 203, 2018, p. 197) with the analyse of expression plan.
The semantical and structural values of word shaghp 'aghp '(ut 'iwn) (2Wilifiiuilifi(nLp]iLlL)) were separated for examination: shaghp 'ag-hp'aban (2iuqipiuiiipiupiuli) 'talkative, charlatan', shaghp'aghp'akan (2iuqipiuiiipiuljiuli) 'talkative, delirious, odd', shaghp'aghp'ank' (2imiipiuiiipiulip), shaghp'aghp'ut'iwn (2tur[-ipiuqipiiLppLli) 'idle talk, prattling', shagh-p'aghp 'umn (2UiTiipiaTiipnLiIli) 'to rave', shagh-p'aghp'ot (2iuiiipiuqipnw) 'idle talker', etc. (Khachatryan, 2020, p. 204).
With the combination of possible forms in Syunik-Artsakh dialectical group we will try to bring dialectical items to the field of genealogical examination of the word.
In the dialectical group the word shap'agh feunpiwi) 'glare' with the means 'shimmery, shining' is being put with Arabic loans (Sargsyan, 2013, p. 567), but we think that it is the dialectical version of (Greece onX^doq 'ash', Latin splendeo 'shine, shimmer'): give shap'agh, do shap 'agh (2iuipiwi mmj, 2iuipimi wlity 'to shine', do shap'agh-shap'agh (¿tuifiiwi^ui-ipwij mhtj) 'to shine', shap'aghshap'agh (2uupiwi2uupiwi) 'shiny', formed with Indo-European *(s)p(h)el- 'shine' radix s > sh and derived from sound that of course, corresponds to
5 G. Jahukyan (2010) does not have any opinion about the origin of the word: the question is limited in verbal evidences (p. 580), but he brings examples under the word-article p'ayl (ipwji): p 'aylel, p 'ayliwn, p 'aylun, p'aylatsun, p'aylatsu, paylakn, p'aylakatel, p 'aghp 'a-ghun, p'aghp'agheal, p'aghp'il, p'oghp'oghenej, p'oghp'oghal (rfiwjiki iprnjipih, iprnjinih, rfiwjiw-bmh, ipmjimbni, ipiujiuiljh, iprnjimljiainh], rfuuq-ipwqnih, ipmqipmqhmi, iprnqipjii ipnqiftnqhhtg ipnqipnqm[) (p. 757).
the forms with the same radix in the dialectical group: pogh (tqoq) 'coal cut red fire, spark from the fire' (comparison: pogh-pogh>to pespeghal (^oq-^oq > tqputqpqiui)), pelpelal (^¿2/1^2-liu[) 'to shine, flash', and also other options presented in Armenian language: pelpelal (m}liq]i-pu[) 'to shine' Van, Mush, Tbilisi, Costandnu-polis dialects, etc. (Jahukyan, 1965, p. 319): comparison shine Indo-European *sphel- 'to glitter' (Jahukyan, 2010, p. 757). The option p'aghp'aghil (ipiwiipiuijpi) of this word is noted among the native wordswith the Greek word pak>g (Acharyan, 1979, p. 475).
Coming to the synthetic examination of the word used in the Armenian bibliography andits dialect version, we can mention that there is no question of adding anything in the case of external parallels: comp. shap 'agh-Shap 'aghp' (2w-ipimi-2iuiiipimiip), which is one of the common cases of word change caused by repetition (p'etur - t'ep'ur (^hinnLp-phipnin), from which - t'ep'rep'in (ppipntipjih). The meaning expressed in Old Armenian is problematic. In that sense we can suppose:
A. The word translated from the Bible appeared among stylistic and semantic transformations as "ordinary irony", "when the word or phrase of a positive idea is spontaneously used in a negative sense" (this phenomenon is also observed in Arabic parallels), then inverted. the meaning has become common: the word has been separated from its original meaning. In this case, the source of the meaning has been preserved: 'to express brilliant thoughts ^ to shout, to glorify, to gossip, to rave' (comparison: wise bag, the thought shone, the thought arose, said something, shine, etc, which have also negative sense in the stylistic functions and situation). We can not say whetherthe meaning of 'to glitter (word or thought)' has become 'nonsense' under the influence of other languages (with semantic copying), or has it passed to the literary language from the speaking sphere, where such formations are commonly spread (It refers to the turn of the word meaning (Arakelyan et al., 1979, pp. 179180), which was especially observed during the historical development of the language vocabulary. "There are many [such] words whose common meanings are different in the old and new languages. But the old meanings of words are not usually forgotten, but kept with the new ones,
and not only in different dialects, but often in the same dialect and literary language" (Abeghyan, 1965, p. 138)).
We cannot deny the possibilities of common Nostratic basics with Arabic (especially when 2 words are associated: salfa 'slanderous, inclined to fight, quarrelsome woman', and safak 'shiny') but we will not discuss this question because it is beyond of the scope of our study.
B. It is obvious that the word 'to chatter, to brag' is not the original, genealogical meaning of the word. It is obvious from the translations of "Bible"6. The Greek version of the "Bible" corresponds to homonyms: Xrjpog which is considered to be Indo-European *la- or *le- (*leh2-'howl, yell') naturally derived from the consonant, Armeniancomparison: lal (puj), and X^poq 'gold ornament on women's clothing' (Beekes,
6 In order not to overload the work, we do not bring the Armenian translation versions, but it should be noted that the word under consideration in them also gave rise to a misunderstanding, for example: "...the words were like to dreams.", ".they considered absurdity their histories.", ".the words are considered as absurdity.", etc. There are many works on the translation of the "Bible", the language chosen for the Armenian translation, the translation period, the translators, and other circumstances related to the translation (For the detailed examination of this see: (Ter-Movsisean Arch., 2018, p. 319)). Our task is only the examination of the word "shaghp'aghp'ut'iwn" ("2Uii]ipuii]ipnLppLh"): we took the word from the translation of Rev. Hovhan-ny Zohrapean of the "Bible The New and Old Testament", 24:11. (Armenian E-Bible: Classical Armenian -English Concordance - http://212.34.228.-170/bible_28E/) American King James Version - "And their words were seemed as idle tales and they were not believed", The Scriptures (ISR 1998) - "And their words were seemed as absurdity and they did not believe it", with the comparison of the original translation Aramaic "Bible" in Plain English - "And these words appeared as insanity in their eyes and they did not believe them", Amplified "Bible" - "But their report seemed to them like idle talk and nonsense, and they would not believe them" and etc. (Bible Hub, n.d.). From the translation of the bible of R. Young (1863): idle talk phrase (p. 62), later became widespread (This meaning translated from the Bible was brought to explain the meaning of the German word "tand", idle talk - "Toy, trifle, invention" (Kluge, 1891, p. 358)), which is the translated version of Xqpog 'Idle talk, absurdity; gold ornament on a women's robewhich' corresponds to the Hebrew (also Arabic) text meaning 'vain talk, idle talk (to silence people), empty talkers, liars, false prophets' (Gesenius, 1939, p. 95), comparison: Xqpog 'gossip, stupidity, stupidity, pure stupidity, you create (phrase.); worthless object, trifle, stupidity, gold object for women' (Bailly, 1935, p. 1188).
2010, p. 858), the origin of which is unknown and the connection with the meaning 'dung' is impossible. We see that this homonyms have the different bases the second of which has a connection with the word onX^ddq 'ash' (oK-Xqdog), the origin of which is also instable: (comparison: Latin: splendeo (s-plendeo) and Greek: Xa^nm 'brightness'). The conclusion to this second opinion is that the Armenian translators of the "Bible" were familiar with the homonyms of the Greek original (X^poq) (Bible Hub, n.d.); and a new contextual-verbal word has been created (Marutyan, 2000, pp. 219-221) in the context of the phrase Shaghp'aghp'ut'iwn bank'n''("2101]-tjiluqipnipJiLh piuiipii", the meaning of which is indeed indefinite out of context or "approximately determined" (Shenskiy, 1959, p. 153), but in the vocabulary it remains close to the original meaning. And it is not accidental Ch. Elikot's comment for English readers. "Idle tales. (idle tales "Xtfpog") - the Greek word so given (translated) is not found anywhere else in the New Testament. It is used for severe trifles and half-predicted barbarism" (Ellicott, 2015, 24:11).
In the Armenian reality, the word sha-ghap'aghp' (ut'iwn) (2iuqipiuiiip(nLppLli)} was later used or with the same meaning, as evidenced by the original Armenian template, "...As a testimony to the women who told this. and appeared to them a rave (Tatevatsi, 1740) («...npp iyluinifbgph qiuju iwnupbpigii. bt bphibgiuh 2iuilipiuiiipnLpJiLh piuhp hngiu») either the original meaning "... and the others, they seemed to be idle tales... " («... bi mjjppb mnm^Ji rfbp piuLiuibgiuh uijunpJiLp 2ulIllPuu:llPnLPl1L^ bpbibphpiuhph»), and out of the phrase "Now, perhaps, you are not deceived by their idle tales" (Kivleserean, 1930, p. 205) (« Upi} ' bpbiji p Abq rfniiup foiupbnipfiih 2iuqipiw:iipnLpbiuh hngm»).
3. Words Whose Indo-European Relationship Pending, Dialect Variants Uncertain
Is it possible that the word yeshnel (jpt2iibl) is one of the forms derived from hash(an)el (hiu2(wli)bl), with the literal meaning of ytf1shnel (jpb2hbl) 'to mold, to dry' that H. At-charyan, then A. Margaryan placed among Per-
sian borrowings ' usna(?) 'water or tree moss', (Acharyan, 1913, p. 295; Margaryan, 1975, p. 528) "lichen 'peat moss'" (Rubenchik, 1970, p. 91). Prefix -y (-j) may have resulted from the decline of a (ш): ha > he > ye (hiu > hp > jp), which is not a regular phenomenon in the dialect group. As it can be seen, the words hashel (Ьш2Ь[) and ye1'shnel (]р^2Ьк1) have diverged in form and meaning, and the latter has preserved its original meaning in a different field of use. Let's bring some dialectal examples: yëбghoshnak > yeg-ye sh-n-ak (jpiio2liiuli > ]Ь1-]рь2-^-ш1[) 'smelling mold caused by oil on cheese', уёяЫаЬат (jp2hiuhiuil) 'taste of mold', уёяЬпауё11 (jp2hwilptw.) 'smell of mold',
уёхЫёкаЫ, уёхЬпй (]Р2^1РЦШ111Ь to
mold', cf. in the compound form: р'ёгр'-ёзШё (фррф-к2^р) 'mold'. In this sense, the dialect group also has also tsaghkël (biuqljbl) 'to flower', flowered bread, etc., which we do not include in the list in order not to deviate from the general approach. We are not sure about the words coming from the same radix, so we put it in a reticence.
4. Some Additions about Already Etymological Words
The word ttu (ppnt) 'sour' is missing from G. Jahukyan's (2010) list, but among the words with origin Indo-European: *(s)teus- *tu-tuo-> 'sour' (p. 266). The old form has been preserved not only in Georgian - tutubo "a plant", but also in Syunik-Artsakh dialects - ttolavash (ppopu-1[ш2) 'sour plant to eat'.
There are words that preserve the original meaning, which is not particularly common in other versions of Armenian. On of these words is hup-hpel (hnLiy-hvqbi): Indo-European *ub- 'to press': hop tal (hoip шш[). The word that stands out with the frequency of usage also has: 'to suppress; to finish weaving; to harass, to force; to criticize; to put in order; to lead, to win; to eat and drink greedily' etc.
The word kako/ugh (^ш^о/пщ) 'soft' is not included in G. Jahukyan's list, probably because of its uncertain origin. The information included in the "Armenian etymological dictionary" (Ja-hukyan, 2010) is *gag- 'round thing, ball' and a
suffix *ul, which, however, is less probable (Jahukyan, 2010, p. 357). Dialectal forms: kakugh 11 kakogh (^ш^пщ | \ ЦшЦоц) "soft; fragile; appetizing, pleasant; mild; delicate', from here; kakogh damarn рёгпё1 (fymlioq qmihupp фрпЫф 'to persuade; to soften', kakogh k'ol (Цш1[оц poj) 'gentle' (said of a person with a mild character), etc., they suggest that -ugh (nip) is not a suffix, but part of the reduplication of the radix, kugh - kugh (Цnip - Цnip), with interactive phonetic change of vowels: kakugh (ЦшЦпи[).
From the word tap' (тшф), the dialect group has the tap'lak (шшф1ш1]) 'flat' (Kumunts, 2019, pp. 126-130) from the radix (*doph- || *deph- 'to beat, crush') the meaning 'smooth', with which the word is included in the thematic group.
Native Indo-European *khuto- (k(h)eu-t-) 'hit, push' (Jahukyan, 2010, p. 347) also has 'obstacle, pit' in the dialect group, from there
khut'yup'os (fa.тртфои) 'bumpy place'.
5. Dialect Words of Unknown Origin Related to Thematic Group
Some words related to the semantic group remain dependent or pose controversial questions, such as: ё1ёр 'acha (рр^фш^ш) 'rainy and humid weather; festering and open wound', ieros^A (ppnouju) 'heavily moistened, swollen and soft from moisture; wall swollen from moisture', këntëvërël (^phppiltpbl) 'calm down or ease (precipitation, pain)'
Conclusions and Statistics
1. The largest of the Armenian dialect groups, the inter-dialect group of Karabakh-Sha-makhi, has preserved in its vocabulary such words from the Indo-European period of the pre-Armenian language that are absent not only in the dialects and written versions of Armenian, but also in many Indo-European languages.
2. The number of words in the thematic group "Sensory perceptions" is 64, which is 62% of the same semantic group in Armenian, 118%
in Indo-European. It means that the dialect area of Syunik-Artsakh is the direct bearer of the Indo-European heritage.
3. Through the main layer of the dialect vocabulary, the lexical composition was stabilized and enriched, the dialects developed mostly independently, but did not go out of the framework that outlines the dialectal and phonetic features characteristic of the common Armenian.
4. It is obvious that the word shaghp'aghp' (2iuqipiuqip) in the Armenian translation of the "Bible" is one of the complications formed by "radix-augmentative", 'appeared differently in speech' ('wjiiuiniupiuq fi Junuu'), was considered to be of unknown origin.
5. We think that the word shaghap 'aghp' (2iuqipiuqip) (sha (-gh-) p'agh) (2iu(-q)-ipiuq) has been preserved in the Syunik-Artsakh dialectical vocabulary, shap'agh (2uupiwi) (shapaghshapagh) feuupiuq-2uupwq), which is descended from Indo-European *(s)p(h)el- from the radix 'shine' with a lower vowel: Indo-European *saphal-: s/shapagh[p] (u/2W-$iuq[ip]).
6. Probably the form Greek. X^poq is also a modified version with a lower vowel, which is paralleled by Latin splendeo (s-plendeo) and Greek ank^doq (a-nk^doq) words with the meaning 'shine'. Variations are also preserved in the Armenian dialects: pogh-pogh>pespeghal, pelpelal (^oq-^oq > iqpuiqpqui[, tqpitqpiiui) to 'shine'.
7. *(S)p(h)el- Indo-European versions derived from the radix 'shine' are similar to Arabic: salfa 'slanderous, inclined to fight, quarrelsome woman', safak 'shining, shiny', and in particular, shapyugh (sapphire) 'precious stone', which is spread in many languages, especially Indo-European, Greek. go. Kqeipoq, old Russian. can~b$upb, French saphir, Latin sapphires, Italienz affiro and etc., which is considered to be of Assyrian origin (Acharyan, 1977, p. 506), in the new
Assyrian: wkrnda 3apka (Shumanov, 1993, p. 192).
8. Luke 24:11, the message of Jesus resurrection, was understood not only in Old Armenian but also in other languages by the translators of the Bible. 'It was as a fabulous appearance', 'caprice', 'fantasy' in the Iranian version: 'as a dream', in Arabic - 'joke'. And the word shaghaghp 'ut 'iwn (2iuqifiwq-ipnipjiih) in the Armenian translation was generally understood in different versions, in particular, 'deceptions and delusion', Latin, Assyrian, Arabic 'these word'. It is possible that the Armenian translators chose a version 'different in word' - "shaghp'aghp'ut'iwn bank'n" (« 2iuqipiuqipnippLh piuhph») -with the parallel of Greek. X^poq.
9. It is possible that the word created for stylistic purposes shaghaghputyun [bankn] (2iuqipiuqipnLppih [piuhph]) ('glittering, surprising [word]') was separated from the connection andwore the independent usage, which is observed in the later pages of Armenian literature: Shaghp'aghp 'aban, shaghp 'aghp 'akan, shaghp 'aghp 'ank', shaghp 'aghp 'ut 'iwn, shaghp 'aghp 'umn, shaghp'aghp'ot (2iuqipiuqipiupiuh, 2mtl~ ipiuqipiuljiuh 2luIllPluIllPlu^P, 2mil' ipiuqipmpjiih 2mrllPimllPn 2mil' ipiuqipnin).
10. We think that the words shaghp'aghp' (2iuqipiuqip), shaghap' (2uufiwq), shaghakrat (2iuquil^puiin) are different in the origin. The latter is being used rarely in the sense of "idle talk' and is being connected with the base: Slant(sheg) -*sqel-" 'to bend' (Acharyan, 1977, pp. 508-509), which is considered to be the radix of the word sha-ghaghel (2wqwqhi) 'bend, change'. H. Acharyan, however, in the article "shaghap-el" (">wqwqkfj brings with another original example shaghp'aghp'e (Acharyan, 1977, p. 488) shaghp 'apel (2iuqipiuqipb).
Table 1.
Summary of the Thematic Group "Sensory Perceptions"7
1 2 3 4 5 6
According to C. Buck (English) N D.-sa ?/?SA According to G. Jahukyan (Armenian) According to Syunik-Arts'akh (Dialects of Syunik-Arts'akh)
15.11. Perceive by the Senses; Sense (sb.) 1. - - 15.11. (S-qmU) z-gam (Uh)pu^mtf (an)eskam
2. - - (T>UmhmU) imanam f>tfmhmj_ imanam
15.21. Smell (vb. subj.) 3. - - 15.21. (Znmnm^U) hototim rnht^ vet-vet anel
15.22. Smell (vb. obj.) 4. - - 15.22. (Znm hmp^mhtU) hot harkanem ^t^ ^htl. anel
15.23. Smell (sb. subj.) 5. - - 15.23. (¿nmnmh^p) hototelik' vetvetel
15.24. Smell (sb. obj.) 6. - - 15.24. (Znm) hot ^t^ vet
15.25. Good Smelling, Fragrant - - - 15.25. Good Smelling, Fragrant -
15.26. Bad Smelling, Stinking - - - 15.26. Bad Smelling, Stinking -
7. p. - 15.261. (kmty lak lak
8. - ? t'awshkanam -
15.31. Taste (vb. subj.) 9. - - 15.31. (Uq^tf) mglim Up^^t^ mekhkel
10. p.uu ?uu (U2mh) ashan 3Et2Üh^ yeeshnel
15.32. Taste (vb. obj.) 11. - - 15.32. (ZmJmnbniU) ham arnum ¿mtf mnhtL ham arnel
12. - - 15. 321. (ZmU! ham unim ¿mtf oh^L ham önil
15.33. Taste (sb. subj.) 13. - - 15.33. (p^tf-p) k'im-k' PWp k'emk'
15.34. Taste (sb. obj.) 14. - - 15.34. (Zmd) ham ¿mtf ham
15.35. Sweet 15. - - 15.35. (Pmqgp) k'aghts'r Pm^gpp k' aghts' er
15.36. Salt (adj.) 16. - - 15.36. (Uqfc) aghi Chrnj^ enali
15.37. Bitter 17. - ? 15.37. (Trmnp) dare Spnh(m^riip) tern(achür)
15.38. Acid, Sour 18. - - 15.38. (0-pni., ppni.) t't'u 0-po ttö
19. - - (%m.) ktsu ketsö
15.41. Hear 20. - - 15.41. (kuttf) lsem Lni. ^tüm]^ lu kenal
15.42. Listen 21. - - 15.42. (UhumU) ansam -
22. - ?uu (UntU) mrem -
23. - - (kutU) lsem Lput^ lesel
15.43. Hearing (sb.) 24. - - 15.43. (kut^-p) lseli-k' Lputl^-p leseli-k'
15.44. Sound (sb.) 25. - - 15.44. (¿m.hj) hunch' -
26. - - (kmp) lur -
15.45. Loud 27. - - 15.45 (Prnpdp) bardzr ^.mhgriip pänts'ür
15.51. See 28. - - 15.51. (StumhtU) tesanem Stuhmj_ tesnal
29. p. - (Z^uh^]) hisnil -
7 In the first section of the table (1) we put the words that are included in the thematic group "sensory perceptions" and are of Indo-European origin. The group of words is composed according to K. Buck's (1988) list, which is still being revised by authors engaged in comparative linguistics (pp. 953-1016). It is also developed by the University of Texas at Austin. In the second section (2) we put the total number of words. The third (3) section mentions the existence of words in Syunik and Artsakh dialects (D. (dialect - pmppmn) -SA (Syunik-Artsakh)), the fourth section (4) mentions which of these words are doubtful (?/?) for Syunik and Artsakh dialects (SA (Syunik-Artsakh)), in the fifth section (5) is given mhe list of words of Indo-European origin in Armenian compiled by G. Jahukyan (History of the Armenian language (pre-historical period) (Ja-hukyan, 1987, pp. 111-157, 261-262, 204-222)), the sixth (6) part contains the Indo-European words that have been preserved in the dialects of Syunik and Artsakh. The words marked in light color are missing in Armenian.
15.52. Look (vb.), Look at 30. - - 15.52. (3-m^mhtU) y-akanem U2^(rn4) mhtL (phghtl) ashk(av) (ents'enel)
31. - ? (3qUtU) dzghmem -
15.53. Sight (subj.) 32. - - 15.53. (Shumht^-p) tesanelik' Spuhtl^p tesnalik'
15.54. Sight (obj.), Look (obj.), Appearance 33. - - 15.54. (Stu(-fo)) tes(-il) -
34. - - (bphi_-n]p) erew-oyt' -
15.55. Show (vb.) 35. - - 15.55. (5ni_gmhhU) ts'uts'anem Snijg mmj_ ts'uyts' tal
36. - - (bphi_hgni_gmhhU) erewets'uts' anem Cp^pgphti. | hpt^gpbtl ervets'enel || irevts'nel
5.56. Shine 37. - - 15.56. (bphi_^U) yrewim f>p^mj_ || pp4ml ireval || erval
38. - - (Omq^mq^U) p'aghp'aghem Cm^mq shap'agh
39. - - (Onq^nqhU) p'oghp'oghem -
40. - - (OmqhU) p'aylem ®m3ltl p'aylel
15.57 Bright 41. - - 15.57. (Ornqnih) p'aylun ®m]jni_h p'aylun
shap'aghshap'agh
42. - ?uu (®mq^ni_h) p'aghpun
15.61. Color (sb.) - - - 15.61. Color (sb.) -
43. - - 15.611. (frmjfc) khayts -
44. - ?uu (Rirnjrn) khayt (4:ppUppm)]um]m (kermera)khayt
45. - - (Pqtm) bghet -
15.62. Light (in Color) 46. - - 15.62. (Lnrnmmp) lusawor ^nmp^tp lusever
15.63. Dark (in Color) 47. - ? 15.63. (Uni.p(h)) mut'(n) Uppth met'en
48. - ? (Uqmim) aghawt Cqni_^opni.h eghuvot'un
49. - ? (butU) nsem -
50. P. ? (Uni_q) mug Uop mok'
15.64. White - - - 15.64. White -
15.65. Black - - - 15.65. Black -
15.66. Red 51. - ? 15.66. (Pnunp) bosor -
15.67. Blue - - - 15.67. Blue -
52. - - (Pfo) bil -
15.68. Green - - - 15.68. Green -
15.69. Yellow 53. - - 15.69. (Trhq^h) deghin Itqfch deghin
15.71. Touch (vb.) 54. - - 15.71. hpim ¿o^ hop'
15.72. Feel (vb.), Feel of - - - 15.72. Feel (vb.), Feel of -
15.73. Touch (sb. subj.) - - - 15.73 Touch (sb. subj.) -
15.74. Hard - - - 15.74. Hard -
55. - - (4:mp&p) kartsr -
56. - - (^bq) pind ^.thq pend
57. - - (SpmU) tram -
58. - - 17.741. (Zmum-mm) hast-at ¿mummm hastat
59. - ? (Umqq) mazd -
15.75. Soft 60. - - 15.75. (Uhqty meghk -
61. - ? p'ap'uk Om^rn^ p'ap'uk
62. - - (UhqU) meghm UtqUp meghme
63. - - (UqUtq) mghmegh Upqtftq meghmegh
15.76. Rough 64. P. - 15.76. (Ptnp(m-i^np^)) k'ert'(a-p'r't'ik) -
65. - - (Pn^(2rnni_h)) k'rp'(shtun) -
66. - - (Trtppni.^) derbuk -
67. - - (Rinip) khut' foriip khüt'
15.77. Smooth 68. - - 15.77. (Hqnp^) voghork -
69. P. - (^d) lizh -
70. - ?uu (qnq)) koklik (gog) köklik
71. - ?uu (Un^ty soklik Uo^^ söklik
72. - - (Sm^) tap' Sm^(jm^) tap'(lak)
15.78. Sharp 73. - - 15.78. (Unip) sur Uop sör
15.79. Blunt, Dull 74. - - 15.79. (Pntp) but' -
15.81. Heavy - - - 15.81. Heavy -
15.82. Light (in Weight) - - - 15.82. Light (in Weight) -
15.83. Wet, Damp 75. - - 15.83. (q,t2) gej kech
76. - - (0-mg) t'ats' 0-mg t'ats'
77. - - (tf-tU) t'en -
78. - - ("bmj) nay -
79. - - (Sm'Uhi.^) tamuk SpU^mi témkats
80. - - (0-pUtU) t'rmem 0-^ptfm t'irma
81. - - (^pgtU) t'rjem t'irch'el
82. - - (CmqhU) shaghem Cmqt^ shaghel
83. - - 15.831. (Z^ip)hiwt' -
15.84. Dry 84. - ? 15.84. (9np) ch'or 3op ch'or
85. - ? (SmUmp) ts'amak' Smtfmp ts'amak'
86. - - (Uqmqni_h) azazun -
87. - ? (Hum^h) vostin -
15.85. Hot, Warm 88. - - 15.85. (2tp) jer -
89. - - (2hpU) jerm &tptf cherm
90. - - (^nL) gol -
91. - - (q-mqg) gaghj -
92. - - (2hptfh) jermn &tptfp chermé
15.86. Cold 93. - - 15.86. (5ni_pm) ts'urt 5opm ts'ört
94. - - (Zn^) hov ¿o^ höv
95. - - (fljfc) voyts -
96. - - (^rnqmitU) kaghawem -
97. p.uu ?uu (Upnphtl) sqr't'nel UpppnphtL sék'rtnel
15.87. Clean 98. - - 15.87. (2^2) djindj -
99. p. ? (^hqp^) klndrik -
15.88. Dirty, Soiled 100. - - 15.88. (^n^p-nm) kokr-ot -
101. - - (®hp^) p'ent'e/i Ophpt/^ p'ént'i
102. - - (Ppnp) bror -
103. - - (Ph&nnm) k'ndzrot ßph&pnom k'éndzérot
Table 2.
Statistics
A numbered unit According to C. Buck (English) Dialect Controversial According to G. Jahukyan (Armenian) According to Syunik-Atts'akh (Dialects of Syunik-Arts'akh)
Arm. S.-A. Arm. S.-A.
15.1 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
15.2 6 1 0 1 0 6 5
15.3 8 0 1 1 1 11 11
15.4 5 0 0 0 1 8 4
15.5 7 1 0 1 1 15 10
15.6 9 1 0 5 1 11 6
15.7 9 2 0 2 2 21 11
15.8 8 1 1 4 1 29 15
15. That's all 54 6 2 14 7 103 64
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