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Kimsanova H.A. assistant
department "Fruit and vegetable growing and viticulture" Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies
SELECTION OF ROOTS RESISTANT TO DIFFERENT DISEASES FOR
CHERRY FROM PINE FRUITS
Abstract. Cherries are one of the most famous and loved grain fruits in the world. They love it for its unique taste and sweetness. Also, cherry has many useful properties, so it is not for nothing that scientists have included it in the ranks of excellent products. It has been found that cherries contain anthocyanins, which can be used to treat cancer. That is, a growing cancer cell needs regular nutrition. And the anthocyanins in cherries block the path of the nutrient channels in the body and cause cancer cells to die.
About a hundred varieties of cherries are known, and the most cultivated in Uzbekistan are Black cherry, Samarkand cherry, Yellow cherry, Revershon, Yellow dragona, Klon Eltona, Sarvi surkhani, Bahar and other varieties.
Key words: Cherries, varieties, cultivation, soil, climatic conditions, useful aspects, agrotechnics, characteristics, productivity, water demand.
Honorable President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, in his address to the Oliy Majlis on December 29, 2020, specifically emphasized that the factor that gives the fastest results in reducing poverty and increasing the incomes of rural residents is a sharp increase in productivity and efficiency in agriculture. they did.
By increasing the attention of farms specializing in horticulture and viticulture to fruit and grape products in our country, opportunities will be created to increase their productivity, raise the quality of products, store fruit and grape products and export them to foreign countries.
Cherry fruit ripens early - late May-early June. The fruit contains 12.2% sugar, 0.23% various acids, vitamins C, group V vitamins, RR, biotin, flavonoid glycosides, dyes, essential oil, amygdalin, coumarin, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium., contains sodium minerals. Oil and amygdalin were found in the seeds.
If food is eaten after cherries, it is difficult to digest and weakens the stomach. Dried cherries are constipating. A decoction of leaves prevents colds and treats swelling. Tree glue helps with cough, shortness of breath, spitting up blood, stomach ulcer. If the resin of the tree is dissolved in wine and drunk, it dissolves the urinary tract stone.
Cherry (Prunus avium) is a type of tree belonging to the plum family. The fruit is sweet and useful. Its sugar is in the form of glucose and fructose. Cherry fruit is rich in pectins, iron, anthocyanin and other substances necessary for
humans. According to the consistency of the flesh of the cherry fruit, it is divided into two types: soft, sweet, and bigarro-khoraki, with dense, tight cartilage.
There are many varieties of cherries, and they are mainly divided into two groups. There are cherries with juicy flesh and pulp, as well as with dense flesh, canning and pulp. Cherry is a light and heat demanding tree. That is why the cold often has a negative effect on its flower buds, seedlings and branches in nurseries.
Cherry is very demanding on soil and climatic conditions. It grows well in soft soil and adapts to some gravelly soil. It does not like saline, over- or under-moistened soil, it grows well in strong and medium gray soils, formed on loose, well-permeable layers. It grows slowly and weakly in the areas near the gravel layer, gives a low yield, and is severely damaged by gum disease.
Along with local varieties, European varieties are also common in Uzbekistan. There are few local cherry varieties. Most of the European varieties in the conditions of Uzbekistan in the winter-spring period, especially in February, due to sudden changes in daily temperature, the bark and the base of the branches get sunburned. Varieties of Black Goshe, Blackberry, Francis, Zolotaya, Yellowberry, Volove serdtse are resistant to sunburn. Whitening of cherry trees two or three times in the winter-spring period with a solution containing 1% copper sulfate in slaked lime will start the harvest in the 3-5th year after planting, but in the 5th-9th year an economically effective harvest ( 10 kg per tree). Black cherry and Negrityanka varieties are especially early-harvesting.
SPRING. It is known that fruit size and size are very important among the industrially important quality indicators of cherries. That is why gardeners are paying attention to the creation of orchards mainly due to large-sized cherry varieties in the following years. The fact that one piece of cherry fruit weighs from 8 to 10 grams or more can be the basis for its large fruit. Among the varieties available in the collection, it was not determined that the size of the fruit is equal to the Valove serdtsa variety. The weight of one fruit of this variety was 9 grams. Nevertheless, among the varieties with large fruits, we can include the varieties Napoleon (7.2 g) and Bahar (7.9 g).
VOSHKOD. The variety was created at the Scientific-Research Institute of Irrigated Horticulture of Ukraine. Entered into the State Register of Tashkent region. The tree is strongly growing, with wide pyramidal branches. The leaf is large, oblong-oval in shape. The flower is white, diameter - 39 mm, 5-6 petals, size - 17-16 mm, wide oval. The fruit is large - 20-22-23 mm, weight - 7.7 g, heart-shaped, round top.
The skin is hard to separate, dark red in color. The pulp is red cherry in color, ripe and juicy, high sugar content, medium acidity. Chemical composition of the fruit: dry matter - 22.3%, total sugar - 11.74%, titratable acid - 1.0 ml/g, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - 3.74 mg/%. The kernel is moderately separated from the core, the color is light cream, the size is 9-8-7 mm, the weight is 0.53 g. Fruit band - 47 mm, tightly attached to the fruit, flowering period - April 8-17. Ripening
time - May 10-20. The yield is 68 kg/tree, and the average yield per hectare is 141.4 tons/ha.
BLACK CHERRY. A local variety created by the people. Entered into the State Register of the Republic. The height of the cherry tree is high, it begins to harvest in the 3-4th year after planting. Productivity is 88.8 t/ha, the highest yield is 118.9 t/ha. The fruit is medium, dark red, with a unique taste, juicy. The fruit ripens in the first ten days of June. The average weight of the fruit is 5.6 g, the taste rating at the time of ripening is 4.0 points. If the cross-pollination of varieties is taken into account when organizing cherry orchards, high cherry yield will be ensured. For most cherry varieties, 10-15% pollination is sufficient. 3rd tree of every 3rd row.
The fruit is grainy, consisting of a fruit band. Oval, heart-shaped, ball-shaped, from dark red, there may be relatively changed colors. The stem is spherical or slightly elongated, with a flat surface. The seed consists of skin, pulp, and endosperm. The color of the skin is from yellowish brown to dark red.
In Uzbekistan, the trunk of a cherry tree is damaged by heat, the bark cracks. There are few buds in the dormant state, so the branches do not recover well when the main parts dry out. Some cherry trees live 80-100 years. In our conditions, 150-300 kilograms of cherries are harvested from one bush.
Cherry is propagated by seeds and grafting. Wild cherry seeds are used for growing as grafts. All cultivated cherry varieties are suitable for wild cherry grafting.
It was concluded that the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers in feeding cherries depends on the rate, duration, method of application, the level of provision of mobile forms of nutrients in the soil, the heredity and age of the plant. More potash and nitrogen fertilizers are important for cherry productivity, and phosphorus fertilizers are more effective only in soils with an acidic environment. The most effective standards are 90-180 kg of nitrogen, 45-90 kg of phosphorus, and 60-120 kg of potassium per hectare.
Since cherry blossoms intensively in a short period of time and enters the harvest, it is required to create a reserve of nutrients for it in advance. The depth of fertilization should not be less than 15 cm. It has been found that mineral fertilizers are more effective if they are given dissolved in water.
Keep in mind that fertilizing under the trunk of a cherry tree will not work. Because the roots near the body do not absorb food. Cherries cause soil impoverishment because they require a large amount of nutrients. That is why cherries are fed at the right time. Feeding is carried out gradually.
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