CC BY
27
UDC 379.851
DOI: 10.24412/1995-0411-2021-3-149-156
Vilena Yu. ZHILENKO
Belgorod State National Research University (Belgorod, Russia) PhD in Biology, Associate Professor; e-mail: [email protected]
SEA CRUISE TOURISM IN SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS OF ARCTIC
Abstract. The article examines the importance of sea cruise tourism in protected areas and determines the role of sea cruise tourism in the Arctic PAs as a priority and competitive type of tourism. The author analyzes the protected areas of the subjects of the Russian Arctic and identifies those that can be used for organizing sea cruise tourism. For organizing arctic cruises the author recommend to use cruise sea and scientific expedition ships. The article represents the results of SWOT analysis and identifies the development prospects for the of sea cruise tourism, in particular in the protected areas of the Arctic on the basis of the "Strategy for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation until 2035". The author reviles the strengths and opportunities of the Arctic for the development of sea cruise tourism in protected areas, determines its main function. As form of ecological tourism, it is scientific and expeditionary activity aimed at the preservation of natural biodiversity, the development of the maritime transport structure, and the receipt of income from this type of tourism.
Keywords: ecological tourism, sea cruise tourism, protected areas, Arctic, liner, icebreaker
Citation: Zhilenko, V. Yu. (2021). Sea cruise tourism in specially protected natural areas of Arctic. Service and Tourism: Current Challenges, 15(3), 149-156. doi: 10.24412/1995-0411-2021-3-149-156. Article History Disclosure statement
Received 10 July 2021 No potential conflict of interest was reported by
Accepted 21 September 2021 the author(s).
© 2021 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
УДК 379.851
DOI: 10.24412/1995-0411-2021-3-149-156
ЖИЛЕНКО Вилена Юрьевна
Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет (Белгород, РФ)
кандидат биологических наук, доцент; e-mail: [email protected]
ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ МОРСКОГО КРУИЗНОГО ТУРИЗМА НА ОСОБО ОХРАНЯЕМЫХ ПРИРОДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ АРКТИКИ
В статье исследуется значение морского круизного туризма на ООПТ. Определена роль морского круизного туризма на ООПТ Арктики как приоритетного и конкурентоспособного вида туризма. Был проведен анализ ООПТ субъектов Российской Арктики, из них были выделены ООПТ, которые могут быть использованы для организации морского круизного туризма, были рекомендованы круизные морские и научно-экспедиционные судна. Был проведен SWOT-анализ перспектив развития морского круизного туризма, в частности на ООПТ Арктики на основании «Стратегии развития туризма в РФ до 2035 года». В результате SWOT-анализа были определены сильные стороны и возможности Арктики для развития морского круизного туризма на ООПТ. Была определена основная функция данного вида экологического туризма - это научно-экспедиционный туризм, сохранение природного биоразнообразия, развитие морской транспортной структуры, получение доходов от данного вида туризма.
Ключевые слова: экологический туризм, морской круизный туризм, ООПТ, Арктика, лайнер, ледокол.
Для цитирования: Жиленко В.Ю. Перспективы морского круизного туризма на особо охраняемых природных территориях Арктики // Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма. 2021. Т.15. №3. С. 149-156. DOI: 10.24412/1995-0411-2021-3-149-156.
Дата поступления в редакцию: 10 июля 2021 г. Дата утверждения в печать: 21 сентября 2021 г.
Introduction
Modern tourism is characterized by steady growth; out of 195 countries of the world, 150 countries are involved in tourism. According to the World Tourism Organization, the number of tourist arrivals worldwide by 2030 will be 1.36 million. human. Globally, tourism accounts for about 10% of GDP and over 6% of world exports1.
In 2020, the Russian tourism industry faced a crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic [7]. Nature and ocean tourism is an important incentive to travel and a source of income. According to a 2015 study by the United Nations specialized agency, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 14 African countries receive about $ 142 million in protected areas access fees. The cessation of tourism has meant that many protected areas and communities around them have been unemployed for several months, while many lack access to social safety nets and survive largely through tourism [1].
Loss of tourism income further jeopardizes biodiversity in protected and other conservation areas, which are the main destination for wildlife tourism. Lacking other options, people can begin to overexploit natural resources, either for their own consumption or in order to generate income. At the same time, the tourism sector is characterized by a high degree of impact on the climate and the environment, as it requires large amounts of energy and fuel and puts pressure on land systems [2]. In the Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation until 2035, the main competitive advantage of tourism in Russia is «the presence of many points of attraction for domestic and inbound tourists», which are of global importance, thanks to which it is possible to develop almost all types of tourism [5].
In terms of the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Russia ranks 9th in the world in terms of the total number of World Heritage Sites, and in terms of the number of natural sites - 4th (after China, the USA and Australia). Due to natural conditions, Russia is considered by the world community as the most
1 Russian Federation. Order No. 2129-r. On the Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2035: Adopted by the Government of the Russian Federation on September 20, 2019. Moscow. (In Russ.).
promising territory for the development of ecological tourism. The World Tourism Organization has named ecological tourism among the priority areas for the development of domestic and inbound tourism in Russia. At the same time, the unrealized potential of using specially protected natural areas of regional significance for the development of ecological tourism remains due to the undeveloped tourist infrastructure [3].
Taking into account the high growth rates of cruise tourism in the world, it is planned to develop a concept for the development of cruise tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024. The most promising directions for the development of cruise tourism in Russia will be combined river and sea cruises in the Azov-Black Sea, Caspian and Baltic basins, the development of expedition tourism, primarily in the Arctic zone, as well as the development of international sea cruises in the Far Eastern basins.
The Republic of Crimea has significant potential for the development of combined tourism products, including cruises, yachting tourism, beach vacations and hiking trails. Of particular importance is sea cruise tourism in specially protected natural areas of the Arctic.
The purpose of this study was to study theoretical and statistical data to assess the prospects for the development of sea cruise tourism in the Arctic PAs.
The objectives of this study were: assessment of the potential of the Arctic PAs for the development of sea cruise tourism, the importance of this type of tourism for the preservation and development of the Arctic PAs.
Methods. The main research methods were theoretical and statistical analysis.
Discussion of the results The regime of many specially protected natural areas does not imply the presence of tourists - they were created with the aim of preserving natural heritage and conducting research activities. But in many developed countries, parks actively interact with private business and receive money from investors and residents, many parks are also supported by the state2. Park administrations have
2 Strategy for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and ensuring national se-
a clear understanding of which land plots to offer to investors, what can be built on them. There are statistics on attendance. National parks rely on local resources to create vivid impressions for visitors, stimulate local businesses to open hotels, cafes, and create excursion routes. To assess the socio-economic efficiency of projects in the United States, for example, the National Park Service Visitor Expenditure Model is used. The multiplier effect of tourism on the economy is the creation and development of the necessary industries in adjacent territories by increasing the demand for tourism and related services. Every federal dollar invested in the US National Park Service generates $ 10 in the local economy through numerous businesses in the surrounding areas. These are collective accommodation facilities (hotels, motels); campgrounds; food in restaurants, cafes and bars; selling food in local shops; car gas stations and public transport; recreational services (equipment rental, excursions and guide services); retail trade (souvenirs, sporting goods, etc.).
Finnish national parks and natural areas where recreation is possible show similar results: each investment of 1 euro returns 10 euros for the local economy. In Brazil, every dollar invested in protected areas generates $7 of profit [4].
Specially protected natural territories (protected areas) Russia has great potential and can benefit the economy of the regions, this is a way to radically improve the lives of residents of adjacent territories, but there is no single working methodology for calculating the socio-economic effects of the development of ecotourism in Russia yet. Sea tourism in the Arctic protected areas is attractive for tourists. Tourism in the Arctic is a special type of tourist activity, which is associated with extreme natural and climatic conditions and the lack of infrastructure. In recent years, Arctic tourism has become very popular. Since 1979, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean has decreased by 40%, which is why the tourist flow to the Arctic has increased in the summer season. Since then, nature (landscapes and biodiversity) has been the most popular
curity for the period up to 2035. Approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation №645 of October 26, 2020. (In Russ.).
among tourists in the Arctic. Ways to explore and observe nature: excursions, cruises, eco-tours, ski trips, dog sledding, boating and kayaking, diving, mountaineering3.
The Arctic territory of Russia includes: the Murmansk Region, the Nenets Autonomous District, the Chukotka Autonomous District, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the Arkhangelsk Region. The «Strategy for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and ensuring national security for the period up to 2035» defines the main goals for the development of Arctic tourism. The main objectives of the strategy include the construction of icebreakers, state support for the construction of cruise ships, the development of cruise tourism, the development of research activities in the Arctic, the development of transport: seaports, the development of environmental measures: adaptation to climate change, environmental monitoring, minimizing impacts [6].
For the majority of Russians, the Arctic remains a little-known and unattractive region for tourism. Nevertheless, sea cruise tourism is actively developing in the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, and the number of people wishing to visit the North Pole and the Russian Arctic is constantly growing. In the development of Arctic tourism in protected areas, the main tasks are to ensure the maximum safety of territories, the organization of tourist flow, the creation and equipment of ecological trails and routes, the publication of special rules of behavior of visitors in the protected area, the introduction of restrictions on visiting certain areas, ensuring constant monitoring and monitoring of the state of the visited territory. The analysis of protected areas of the subjects of the Russian Arctic was carried out, objects that are suitable for sea cruise tourism were identified from them (Table 1).
Thus, the protected areas of the Arctic have a significant potential for the development of sea cruise tourism. Russia owns the
3 Collective monograph based on materials VI International Scientific and Practical Conference. St. Petersburg, A. I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University, October 25-26, 2017. (In Russ.).
largest part of the Arctic territory, there are vast plains covered with tundra and forest tundra, islands with icy deserts, mountains, lakes and rivers, forests with rich flora and fauna. It is home to: polar bears, arctic foxes, bowhead whales, belugas, walruses, ringed
New cruises along the Northern Sea Route for Russian tourists will appear in 2021, two expedition ships will be built for this purpose. Two expedition vessels will be built for this purpose, a representative of the Vodok-hod cruise company told reporters on Tuesday.
seals, seals, reindeer and more than a thousand varieties of plants. The main vessels for sea cruise tourism in the Arctic are ice-class vessels (for example, «Sea Spirit» - Fig. 1). Scientific-expedition ones are also used (for example, "Hydrograph" - Fig. 2)
In 2021, expedition tours to the Arctic and Antarctic on the icebreaker Konstantin Khlebnikov will be launched in the summer. The duration of the flights will be from 7 to 17 days. The cruises will take place along the Northern Sea Route and around Franz Josef
Table 1 - Arctic protected areas for sea cruise tourism
Protected areas Year of creation Region The area of the marine specially protected water area, ha Water area Cruise ship
Russian Arctic National Park (the state nature reserve of federal significance «Franz Josef Land» became part of the structure) 2009 Arkhangelsk region 793,910 Around the archipelago in the Arctic Ocean Ice-class vessel «Sea Spirit»
Onega Pomorie National Park 1995 Arkhangelsk region 21000 Onega and Dvina bays of the White Sea Expedition ship "Hydrograph"
Federal State Nature Reserve "Bolshoy Arctic" 1993 Krasnoyarsk Kray 980 934 plot "Medusa Bay", Plot "Islands of the Kara Sea" Expedition ship
Kandalaksha State Nature Reserve 1939 Murmansk region 49 856 Kovdozero and its associated lakes. Along the coast of the White Sea
Lapland State Natural Biosphere Reserve 1930 Murmansk region 8 574 Imandra Lakes and in the Monchetundra and Chunatundra mountain ranges. The watershed of the White and Barents Seas passes through the reserve
Pasvik State Nature Reserve 1992 Murmansk region 4,2 the coast of the Paz River
State Nature Reserve "Nenetsky" 1997 Nenets Autonomous Okrug 242 800 Barents Sea
Federal State Nature Reserve "Wrangel Island" 1976 Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 1 430 000 Chukotka Sea
State Nature Reserve "Gydansky" 1996 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region 60 000 Ob, Gydan and Yurats-kaya lips (water area)
Land. In 2022, two new expedition vessels with a capacity of 150 people will be added to
the icebreaker, which are currently being built at a shipyard in Finland.
Fig. 1 - Ice-class vessel «Sea Spirit»4
Fig. 2 - Scientific expedition vessel «Hydrograph»5
Conclusion
As a result of the SWOT analysis conducted in accordance with the Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation until 2035, it was revealed that for the development of sea cruise tourism in the Arctic PLO, Strengths are:
1. elopment of science and technology;
2. ensuring environmental safety;
3. international cooperation in the Arctic;
4. development and testing of integrated coastal zone management models in the Arctic regions;
5. the development of Arctic tourism and the expansion of environmentally friendly tourist activities in the Arctic. Improving the regulatory and legal sup-
4 Source: https://sea-practice.com/antarctica_ sea_spirit
5 Source: http://bastion-opk.ru/862-ug/
port in the field of tourism, creating a system of its financial support based on the principles of public-private partnership, promoting the formation of regional tourism clusters, promoting Arctic tourism on the national and international markets;
6. creation of a comprehensive security system to protect the territories, population and critical facilities of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergencies, including during the development and implementation of projects in the field of studying and developing the Arctic continental shelf and coastal zone, and other major infrastructure projects in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation;
7. ensuring the rational use of natural resources and the development of environmentally safe types of tourism in the places of traditional residence and traditional economic activity of indigenous small-numbered peoples;
8. creation and development of a system of integrated safety of Arctic navigation, traffic flow management in areas of heavy vessel traffic, including navigation and hydrographic, hydrometeoro-logical, icebreaking and other types of support, creation of integrated emergency rescue centers;
9. development of the Russian icebreak-ing fleet based on modern technologies within the framework of state programs for the construction of icebreakers, including those with nuclear power plants;
10. modernization of Arctic ports and creation of new reproduction port complexes in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, dredging operations on the main Arctic river highways;
11. technical equipment and arrangement of checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation in the Arctic.
Weaknesses:
1. extreme natural and climatic conditions, including low air temperatures, strong winds and the presence of ice cover in the Arctic seas;
2. the focal nature of industrial and economic development of territories and low population density;
3. remoteness from the main industrial centers, high resource intensity and dependence of economic activity and life support of the population on supplies from other regions of Russia of fuel, food and essential goods;
4. low stability of ecological systems that determine the biological balance and climate of the Earth, and their dependence on even minor anthropogenic influences.
Opportunities:
1. development of the unified Arctic transport system of the Russian Federation as a national sea highway focused on year-round operation, including the
Northern Sea Route and the meridional river and railway communications gravitating to it, as well as the airport network;
2. restructuring and growth of cargo transportation volumes along the Northern Sea Route, including through state support for the construction of icebreaking, rescue and auxiliary fleets, as well as the development of coastal infrastructure;
3. improvement of the regulatory and legal framework of the Russian Federation in terms of state regulation of navigation along the Northern Sea Route, ensuring its safety, tariff regulation of services in the field of icebreaking and other types of support, as well as the development of insurance mechanisms, including mandatory;
4. improving the organizational structure of management and ensuring the safety of navigation in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, including through the development of an integrated Arctic transport and technological system, including the development of maritime and other types of transport, as well as providing infrastructure;
5. creation and development of a system of integrated safety of Arctic navigation, traffic flow management in areas of heavy vessel traffic, including navigation and hydrographic, hydrometeoro-logical, icebreaking and other types of support, creation of integrated emergency rescue centers.
Threats:
1. the underdevelopment of the basic transport infrastructure, its marine and continental components, the aging of the icebreaker fleet, the lack of small aviation facilities; an imbalance in economic development between individual Arctic territories and regions, a significant gap between the leading and depressed areas in terms of development;
2. insufficient development of navigation, hydrographic and hydrometeorological support for navigation; lack of means of permanent integrated space moni-
toring of Arctic territories and water areas, dependence on foreign means and sources of information support for all types of activities in the Arctic (including interaction with aircraft and ships);
5. in the field of nature management and environmental protection, there is an increase in man-made and anthropogenic pressure on the environment with an increase in the probability of reaching its maximum values in some waters of the Arctic Ocean adjacent to the Russian Federation, as well as in certain territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation characterized by the presence of particularly unfavorable zones, potential sources of radioactive contamination, and a high level of accumulated environmental damage.
spaces and resources, insufficient readiness for the transition to an innovative path of development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation;
3. lack of modern information and telecommunications infrastructure that allows providing communication services to the population and economic entities throughout the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation; the underdevelopment of the energy system, as well as the irrational structure of generating capacities, the high cost of generating and transporting electricity;
4. in the field of science and technology, there is a shortage of technical means and technological capabilities for the study, development and use of Arctic
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