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6TOURISM AND RECREATION
SCENERY PERCEPTION CONDITIONS AND MANAGEMENT FACTORS ALONG TOURIST ROUTES IN
FOREST LANDSCAPES
Koprinska Diana Assoc. Prof., PhD Galev Emil
Bulgaria, Sofia, University of Forestry
Abstract. This paper presents the results of a research aiming at the characterisation, interpretation and valorisation of the forestry landscapes along tourist routes in Bulgaria. Here are discussed some of the characteristics of the environment and the possibility of formation of spaces along tourist trails in forest landscapes. Bulgarian ecological trails are designed to facilitate the access of tourists to countless landmarks. These tourist routes allow for summer and winter trekking and walking, and are an excellent idea for a holiday weekend. Bulgarian tourists have created some of the most striking of these, set within a magnificent natural environment of mountains, waterfalls, forests, cliffs and gorges. Bulgarian landscape architects are debtors of the society in this regard remain static observers of tourism issues. A GIS was implemented for landscape resource management so as to define a system of thematic itineraries connecting the most relevant visual resources and to favour their integrated valorisation.
Keywords: sensory perception, forest landscapes, tourist routes, forming ofspaces, visual effects
Introduction. There are numerous scientific studies that use methods of visual assessment of the landscape. Author, as specialists in one or another scientific field, considered priority one or another of natural geographic factors relevant to leisure and tourism (bedrock, topography, climate, water, vegetation, wildlife, soil) as and some anthropogenic factors (infrastructure and other anthropogenic forms existing on the field), or factors of socio-economic nature affecting the recreational potential of the landscape.
Material and methods. Analyzing the human perception scientists from different fields of knowledge have come to interesting conclusions. Analyses show that the person perceives the environment at least through taste - 1%, almost as much by the sense of touch - 1.5%, 3.5 percent with the sense of smell, seven percent hearing and the highest share falls on optical perception - 87%. This means that basically we perceive the landscape based on its visual characteristics [4].
Fig. 1 - 4. Visual impact of point objects inforest landscape
The factors that influence the perception of the landscape and are key variables. The main impacts are points, lines, geometric plane as a concept filled and open volumes. To variable effects include: quantity (numbers); position (location); direction; orientation; size; form; interval between the elements; texture; density (density); color; time of day, season; light; sharpness (harshness) of the object [5]. From the standpoint of sense perception, the point is an object, acting as a focal point and attracting attention to himself. [3] The possibilities here are the object to be a tree, shrub or rock possessing decorative qualities (Fig. 1-4).
The line e is possible to actually existing object such as a trail or stream, and also to create the proximity of different structure, volume, and color objects (Fig. 5-7). The plane is flat object with a different form. This can be a mountain lake, outdoor slope or any outdoor space equally, including anthropogenic or human structure built like a wall, roof or parking [1].
Fig.5- 7. Visual impact of linear objects in forest landscape.
Closed and open volumes are three-dimensional shapes. At filled volumes are attributed rocks, massive tree trunks buildings. In the open volumes often seen inside the viewer [2]. This is where the tourist is under the canopy of the forest in the tracery forest in the river canyon or ravine (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8. Visual impact of 3D objects in forest landscape
It is possible that an open space to be monitored by several or all of the major influences on perception (Fig. 9-11).
Fig. 9-11. A combination of several or all of the major influences on perception
Results and discussions, including research limits and advantages. The amount or the number of variable factors that affect the perception of the landscape and according to him the items may seem independent or be in a group that actually looks like a separate element. The position is the location to the horizon and the other components of the landscape. Here are the options available on the position of the observer and the position of the elements. They may have horizontal, vertical or diagonal (Fig. 12).
Fig. 12. Influence of the amount of items on visual perception.
The direction is formed by consecutive identical elements in perspective create that feeling in the viewer. The orientation is a combination of the position and direction. It can be with respect to the cardinal points relative to another element or to the observer. Can be in terms of sunshine and form a particular type of landscape. An example of this is the comparison between southern and northern slopes of a mountain. The amount associated with the impact that large objects create in the viewer. Tourists remain impressed by ancient trees, massive rocks and considerable depths. An impressive large size architectural element or a lonely mountaintop located by the trail, can play the role of focal point. Shape is one of the most important variables. The lines and the panels may take a different form, but this term is applied generally to the shape of the volume. This is a very strong variable factor because the human eye tends to detect forms of objects and where they are clearly visible and detectable. So tourists convey an impression of a particular place that is difficult subsequently to ignore (Fig. 13).
Fig. 13. Visual landmarks in forest areas
The interval between the elements has the same potency as the shape and size them (photo 14).
Fig. 14. Influence of the interval of items on visual perception
The texture is related to the degree of roughness and smoothness of the elements and to some extent correlates with the interval (photo 15). The density is in interaction with the range and texture. It refers to the number of elements in a specific area along the plate. In forest landscapes, areas with a higher density have a greater visual burden. The most noticeable factor is that the boundary between indoor and outdoor spaces. This is one reason clearings to stand out sharply because of their distinctive edges (Fig. 16).
Fig. 15. Influence of the texture on visual perception
Color is also part of highly variable factors influencing the perception of the landscape. As everyone knows "Circle of color" in which the colors are listed in the collapse of light, which helps to create a harmonious color routines. The various landscapes comprise combinations of colors, which are determined largely by environmental factors. All landscapes are dynamic with respect to time in its meaning parts of the day and the seasons. Light affects the mood of the viewer in a different way morning, noon and evening. In winter, leafless trees have stronger sharpness and expressive impact on
perceptions of the tourist.
Fig. 16. Influence of the density on visual perception.
Fig. 17-18. Influence of the sun light on visual perception.
Movement as part of the time factor also has a clear impact on the ability of the viewer to perceive the landscape. At high speed, the possibility is very difficult. Light significantly affects the perception of quantity, strength and direction. In direct sunlight creates shadows and depths. Its power is determined by the angle of the sun in the sky, the amount of moisture in the air and the degree of atmospheric pollution (Fig. 17-18).
Conclusion. The visual effect is the factor associated with the natural tendency of the viewer to compare and connect various shapes, lines, directions landscapes. Obvious as lines meandering trail, road or river invite us to follow them with her eyes and create depth of space.
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