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Секция «Актуальные на учные проблемы в мире (глазами молодьш исследователей)»
УДК 629.783
СПУТНИКОВАЯ СИСТЕМА НАВИГАЦИИ ГЛОНАСС
Ю. Г. Пулатов Научный руководитель - Г. И. Степанов Руководитель по иностранному языку - О. В. Карчава
Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет имени академика М. Ф. Решетнева
Российская Федерация, 660037, г. Красноярск, просп. им. газ. «Красноярский рабочий», 31
Е-mail: yura.pulatov@mail.ru
Информация о российской спутниковой системе навигации ГЛОНАСС. Описание системы и космических аппаратов. Сравнение с GPS, совмещение работоспособности с GPS.
Ключевые слова: спутниковая система, ГЛОНАСС.
SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM GLONASS
Yu. G. Pulatov Scientific Supervisor - E. P. Morgunov Foreign Language Supervisor - O. V. Karchava
Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation Е-mail: yura.pulatov@mail.ru
Information about Russian satellite navigation system GLONASS. Description of the system and spacecraft. Comparison with the GPS and combination of operability with GPS.
Keywords: satellite system, GLONASS.
Not so long ago our world was in the state of bipolar conflicting political system: with the USSR and its allies on one side and the USA and its allies on the other side. Such kind of an opposition contributed to competition in different spheres including space sphere. That is when a need for its own satellite system appeared in the USSR because the ability to determine location, exact time as well as motion parameters (velocity and direction of motion, etc.) was required, primarily for military purposes. The solution to this problem was to create a domestic satellite navigation system GLONASS which will be the subject matter of this article.
GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System) is a Russian satellite navigation system which allows one to locate an object and its velocity in real time. As well as GPS, GLONASS is a global navigation system which means it covers the whole Earth.
The development of the navigation system began in 1976. Officially, the system was placed in service in 1993 and by 1995 the amount of satellites reached the total number of 24. However, due to the lack of financial support and satellites' short lifetime their number began to decline rapidly. The rebirth of domestic navigation system happened when federal target program «Global navigation system» was passed. In 2008 coverage of Russia was achieved and in 2010 the system already covered the whole world.
In order to provide global coverage the system had to consist of 24 satellites (18 in order to cover the territory of Russia). Satellite system was deployed in three orbital planes with 8 evenly distributed satellites in each of them. Satellites are located on a medium-high circular orbit at a height of 19400 km with an incline of 64.8 degrees and a period of 11 hours and 15 minutes. For determination of coordinates a minimum of four satellites is required.
Spacecraft GLONASS originally used FDMA communication technology in which two navigational signals are used: open signals with normal accuracy and protected signals with increased accuracy (used by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation). Starting from GLONASS-K CDMA signals are used as well.
Актуальные проблемы авиации и космонавтики - 2016. Том 2
Compared to FDMA where energy of the signal is concentrated on the chosen frequencies, CDMA signals are distributed in a continuous time-frequency space.
On 15th of November 2015 28 spacecraft are forming an orbital satellite system GLONASS. The main developer and manufacturer of the satellites is «Informational satellites systems» company named after academician M.F.Reshetnev which is located in Zheleznogorsk. During their existence, satellites went through modernization and today are divided into three generations. The first generation of GLONASS (1982) had a lifetime of 10 years. The second generation - GLONASS-M (2003) had a lifetime of 7 years but the precision of geolocation was increased by two-point-five times. The third generation - GLONASS-K (2011) has a lifetime of 10 years and precision was doubled since GLONASS-M.
The process of commercialization and mass implementation of GLONASS technologies is ongoing. More and more manufacturers of consumer electronics are equipping their gadgets with two-system navigation chips, capable of processing both GPS and GLONASS signals.
Nowadays the precision of locating by GLONASS system is not as accurate as the precision of GPS. However the difference in precision is small and irrelevant to the overall navigation system operation. In accordance with Russian differential correction and monitoring system navigation errors of GLONASS are 3-6 meters while such errors of GPS are 2-4 meters. It is planned to increase the precision of GLONASS to 0.6 meters by 2020 with further increase to 10 cm. Nowadays receivers that are capable of processing both GLONASS and GPS signals are becoming more and more popular. The precision in this case of combination is about 1.5-3 meters which is much better than the precision of a single system. Aside from precision, combining two systems has another advantage: enabling operation of navigation systems on a difficult terrain. Such an advantage became possible as a result of increase of the average number of satellites. If for some reason one system is not capable of performing its task it is replaced by another system.
Despite of better location precision of GPS, GLONASS had an obvious advantage. The GLONASS orbit is especially suitable for using the system in northern and southern Polar Regions, where the GPS signal is received badly. That is why a Swedish nationwide satellite navigation systems stations company Swepos has officially recognized the advantage of GLONASS. In the latitudes where Sweden is located Russian system proved to be more efficient and operative.
Today, GLONASS is an incredibly advanced and hi-tech system. Its applications are in the sphere of transport, and in both application and scientific tasks. Almost all developed countries want to have their own navigation system but the only two countries which have achieved success in this area are Russia and the USA. For example, Chinese navigation system BeiDou plans to become global only in 2020. One of the most important advantages of GLONASS is also worth mentioning: it allows the independence from the foreign navigation systems. This, in its turn makes space, military, informational and other types of activities independent as well.
References
1. GLONASS [Electronic resource] / ruxpert.ru/Российский_космос URL: http://ruxpert.ru/%D0 %A0%D0%BE%D1 %81%D1%81 %D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81 %D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA %D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81#.D0.93.D0.9B.D0.9E.D0.9D.D0.90.D0.A1.D0.A1 (дата обращения: 11.12.2015)
2. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://ravid.ru/glonass/ (дата обращения: 11.12.2015).
3. Chto lychshe GLONASS ili GPS [Electronic resource] / endsnw.ru. URL: http://www.endsnw.ru/ faq-glonass/230-gps-ili-glonass (дата обращения 11.12.15)
4. GLONASS. Statya o sputnikovoi sisteme GLONASS [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www. zoomgps.ru/biblio/article/123.
© Пулатов Ю. Г., 2016
