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SARS-COV-2 B.1.1.529 (OMICRON) VARIANT OUTBREAK: CASE SERIES PRESENTATIONS AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT AT THE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY IN UGANDA HEALTH FACILITY
Naziru Rashid
IUIU Health Center, Islamic University in Uganda, Mbale, Uganda E-mail: nazrash@yahoo.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history: Received date 27.01.2022 Accepted date 24.02.2022 Published date 28.02.2022
Section: Practical medicine
10.21303/2313-8416.2022.002369
KEYWORDS
Sars-Cov-2 B.1.1.529
Omicron
Presentations
Characteristics
Response to Treatment
steaming
herbal treatment
home-based care
Uganda
ABSTRACT
The object of research. The study, investigated the clinical presentations of patients who tested Positive for Covid-19 (Omicron Variant), their response to treatment, and the levels of transmissibility of the infection.
Investigated problem. As the globe, continent, and nation are struggling with the emergency of the new COVID-19 omicron Virant outbreak there's not much information known about the behavior of this new threat to enable clinicians, and public health specialists, and policymakers to curb the problem.
The main scientific results. The study found that headache, cough, fevers and, general body weakness was the commonest presenting complaints, 3 of the cases reported difficulties in breathing. None of the cases required admission. There was no difference in the severity of the illness and the response to treatment between the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated cases. Cases that did steaming as an adjuvant/supplementary treatment reported a shorter duration of symptomatic relief than those that did not. The area of practical use of the research results. The findings will act as a practical guide to clinicians, public health specialists, and policymakers in the management of the COVID-19 Omicron Variant.
Innovative technological product. The use of steaming as an adjuvant to symptomatic relief management of respiratory tract infections.
Scope of the innovative technological product Omicron Variant produces a less severe illness than earlier variants of COVID-19. The study also reveals that vaccination alone was not effective in the prevention of contraction of the Omicron Variant and other newer variants. However, vaccination may have been advantageous in protecting the cases from progressing to severe disease. Thus, other IPCs measures must be maintained and booster doses of COVID-19 vaccinations should be encouraged. Large-scale on the effectiveness of steaming and other locally made remedies for symptomatic management of respiratory tract infections should be done.
© Thc Author(s) 2022. This is an open access article under thc Creative Commons CC BY liccnsc
1. Introduction
The Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan City in December 2019 and became a disease of a public health concern due to its highly infectious nature [1, 2]. Just like other viruses, Corona Virus disease also keeps on changing its genetic composition through mutations [1]. Currently several mutations have occurred leading to several variants. These variants have been categorized by the USA center for diseases control (CDC) into four classes including; variants being monitored (VBM), variants of interest (VOI), variants of high consequence (VOHC), and variants of concern (VOC) [1].
The B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) was first detected in specimens collected on November 11, 2021, in Botswana and on November 14 in South Africa [2, 3] This was followed by a declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a variant of concern (VOC) on November 25, 2021 [3].
The omicron variant harbors a high number of mutations including 15 mutations in the receptor-binding divisions (RBD) of the spike. It also shares several mutations with previous variants of concern (VOC) including Alpha, Beta, and gamma variants [3, 4]. Uganda confirmed its first
cases of the Omicron variant on the 29th of November 2021 according to the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) and the Ministry of Health (MoH). The samples were mainly from travelers from Nigeria, the United Arabs Emirates, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Netherlands [4]. Following the first pronouncement of the outbreak in Uganda, several people started presenting at various health facilities within the Ugandan Communities. Mbale District and specifically at Islamic University in Uganda (IUIU) Health Center the situation was the same. As the nation, continent, and the globe was struggling with the emergency of the new COVID-19 omicron Virant outbreak there's not much information about the behavior of this new threat to enable Clinicians, public health specialists, and policymakers to curb the problem.
1. 1. The object of research
The current study, therefore, looked at the characteristic presentation of patients who tested Positive for Covid-19 at the Islamic University in Uganda (IUIU) health center, their response to various medications, and forms of management given. The study also assessed the levels of trans-missibility of the infection.
1. 2. Problem description
As the globe, continent, and nation were struggling with the emergency of the new COVID-19 omicron Virant outbreak there's not much information known about this new variant. The behavioral characteristics, clinical presentations, and response to treatment were all not known. This would therefore make it difficult for clinicians' public health specialists and policymakers to handle the threat.
1. 3. Suggested solution to the problem
This current study, therefore, intended to assess the characteristics, clinical presentations, transmissibility and the response to treatment of the cases that tested positive during the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak in Uganda.
2. Materials and Methods
The study was carried out between the 15th of December 2021 to 15th of January 2022. The study site was Islamic University in Uganda Health Center (IUIU HC). IUIU HC is a private not for Profit (PNFP) Health facility. The facility serves both the University community and the surrounding areas of Nkoma, Buyonjo, Bujoloto Wagagayi, Wanambwa, and beyond within the Northern Division of Mbale City in Mbale District Eastern Uganda. The Facility offers both Out-Patient and In-Patient services. On average seeing about forty clients daily [5-7].
Patients who presented with signs and symptoms of COVID-19 and tested positive using the COVID-19 RDT Ag Test were consented and recruited into the study. Using a well-structured Questionnaire, the patient's data on the following parameters were obtained including Demographics, Vaccination status, Clinical presentations; Physical Examinations; Laboratory findings, Medical Treatment, and home-based care treatments used as well as follow-up information until full recovery. Clinical information for each of the participants was obtained from the health facility's ERP-information system.
All the patient's information was categorized and tabulated accordingly and presented in frequency tables.
Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the IUIU Research Coordination Committee (RCC) under the number RCC/UHC/21/001 and the health facility in Incharge.
All participants were made to sign consent forms before participating in the study. COVID-19 Preventing Measures were observed and maintained throughout the process.
Out of 1,698 Clients who were attended to at the IUIU health center between the 1st and 31st December 2021, 33 (2.59 %) tested positive for the COVID-19 Diagnostic Test (Ag. RDT), of these 14 participated in the study. The participants had a mean age of 36 years range (11-61 years), 9/14 were male, 10/14 were vaccinated,4 had received one dose, and 6 had received two doses, 8/14 had received AstraZeneca 1/14 received Moderna and 1/14 received Pfizer. Summary of the cases is as shown in Table 1 below.
3. Results
Presentations. The majority of the cases (cases 1-14) presented with either dry cough, wet cough, flue, High-grade fevers, Headache, and general body weakness three (3/14) of the cases (cases no. 6, 12, 13) presented with Difficult breathing, three cases (cases 6, 7, 10) presented with abdominal symptoms. All other vitals including Blood Pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate, and normal respiratory findings (There was no involvement of the lower respiratory tract)
Laboratory findings. All the 14 cases tested Positive for COVID-19 Using COVID-19 Rapid Diagnostic Test 3/14 tested Positive for Malaria and 1/4 tested positive for Typhoid using IgG IgM Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)
Medications. Most of the Cases (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12 and 13) used Azithromycin, Dexa-methasone, Ascorbic Acid, paracetamol, and Zinc Sulphate tablets. A few of the cases (8, 8, 10 and 14) used Ampiclox, Amoxycillin, and amoxiclav instead of Azithromycin the treatment was taken for 7 to 10 days.
Supplementary Medications. As it is a common practice in Uganda to supplement conventional medicines with other local herbs and food supplements, the inquiry was made on whether these cases used any of the above and the responses were as follows: All cases apart from cases 3 and 4 reported using food supplements, especially fruits that included lemons, oranges, pineapples, watermelons, Ginger and garlic. Six of the cases (3, 4, 7, 11, 12 and 13) reported practicing steaming using herbal medications. Steaming is the act of inhalation of moisture or vapor from boiling or hot water often mixed with herbs.it is a common practice in Africa, some parts of Asia, and in Uganda particularly.
Response To Treatment. The majority of the cases had their symptoms resolve after seven (7) days. Five of the cases (4, 7, 11, 12, 13) reported having their symptoms disappear within 5 days on average from the start of the treatment i.e. (3, 3, 7, 5, 7, 7 days respectively)
Cases that supplemented their medical treatment with steaming repeated a shorter duration of symptom relief compared to those that did not.
Whereas all cases reported self-isolation, both at home and workplace, there were still some transmissions of the infection to some of the family members. The summary of response to treatment is also as shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1
Summary of the presentation of cases
Case A Gen-No. ge der
Vac- No cina- of tion Dosstatus es
Vac- Major cine Presenting brand complaints
Lab findings
Medical treatment
Supplementary treatment
Response to treatment
Transmission to other people
1 2
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
1 37 F Yes 2
2 31 M Yes 2
3 61 M Yes 2
Astra-Zene-ca
No chronic illness, headache, join pains, dry cough, later wet cough, G.B. W
Astra-Zene-ca
Astra-Zene-ca
Headache, fevers, joint pains, GBW
Known hypertensive, headache, fevers, joint pains, mild DIB
B/s-ve Typhoid IgG IgM-ve BAT-ve COVID-19
B/S-ve IgG IgM -ve COVID-19 RDT+Ve
Azithromycin, Zn sulphate, vitamin A, Paracetamol, Dexametha-sone tablets Azithromy-cin, Dexa-methasone, Ascorbic acid, Paracetamol Azithromycin, Zn sulphate, vitamin A, Paracetamol, Dexamethaso-ne tablets
Fruits juice
Citrus fruits, oranges, lemos
Steaming with local herbs
After a week still had a cough (headache and GBW)
All symptoms disappeared gradually within one
week Symptoms
disappeared in 3-5 days. No repeat tests
Did isolate but one member tested positive
There are no complaints after a week. No repeat tests were done. Isolated, no family transmission No complaints after 5 days. Isolated from work and at home. No close contact transmission
3
8
Continuation of Table 1
1 2 3 4 5
6
9
10
11
12
4 23 M Yes 1 Mod- Headache ema
5 39 M Yes 1
Astra-Zene-ca
Headache, fevers, wet cough, flue
6 34 M Yes 1
7 56 F Yes 2
Zene-
8 55 M Yes 2
9 14 M No N/A N/A
10 11 F No N/A N/A
Headache, fevers, flue
11 48 M Yes 1 Pfizer
12 34 F No N/A N/A
COVID-19 RDT -ve
Ampiclox, Covidex drops
COVID-19 Zinc sulfate,
RDT +ve, vitamin C,
B/S -ve Covidex
IgGIgM -ve drops
Headache, fevers, general As- body weakness, tra- abdominal Zene- pain, passage ca of loose stoolm loss of test and smell
Headache, As- joint pains, flu, abdominal
tra-
symptoms,
dizziness,
general body weakness.
Astra- Headache, dry Zene- cough, flue
B/s for -ve Typhoid IgG IgM Negative
COVID-19 RDT +ve
COVID-19 RDT +ve
COVID-19 +ve
Headache, fevers, flue, vomiting
Headache, fevers, joint pains, flue, GBW, loss of appetite
Fevers, dry cough, wet cough, flue, DIB, GBW
B/s +ve COVID-19 RDT +Ve
COVID-19 RDT +ve
Zinc, vitamin C, Paracetamol, Azi-thromycin
Steaming with hot water.
Ginger
Azithromycin, Dexametha-sone, Paracetamol, Dexa-methasone, Amoxycillin, Mucolex syrup
Azithromy-cin, ascorbic acid, Ampi-clox Dexa-methasone
Ampiclox, Zinc sulfate, vitamin C, Dexametha-
sone Amoxicillin, Dexametha-sone, vitamin C, Zinc sulphate Amoxicillin, Dexametha-sone, vitamin C, Zinc sulphate Azithromy-cin, Dexa-methasone, Paracetamol, Dexametha-sone
Citrus fruits,
oranges, lemon, passion fruits
Ginger, lemon, oranges, steaming, herbs
Fruits, oranges, lemons, watermelon, passion fruits.
Fruits, oranges, lemons, watermelon, passion fruits
Fruits, oranges, lemons, watermelon, passion fruits
Oranges, steaming
Symptoms disappeared within 3 days Symptoms still present
after a week (flue). A repeat
test is done -ve. Beyond one week. Cough flue and bitter smell persisted some more
days Symptoms disappeared
in one week. Gets episodes of cough and flue, heavy chest
Persistent flue after one week.
All symptoms have
disappeared in four days All symptoms have
disappeared in four days
All symptoms disappeared in 5 days
No more complaints after 5 days
Isolated from work and home.
Had a close contact that tested positive
Isolated but remained working while maintaining social distance. No close person transmission
No contact transmission used face mask while isolating
Isolated, two more family members tested positive
Developed malaria symptoms later
Developed malaria symptoms later
Isolated from work, observed S.O. Ps at home. No transmission
Fruits (pineapples, watermelon, oranges), steaming, (mango, guava, lemon,), ginger and garlic tea, black seeds and honey), ginger black seeds and honey
All symptoms disappeared within 5 days
Isolated itself, but had some
7
8
ca
Continuation of Table 1
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13 32 M yes 2
Astra-Zene-ca
14 29 F yes 2
Astra-Zene-ca
Headache, fevers, joint pains, dry cough, GBW, difficulty in breathing
Dry cough, sore throat, general malaise
Covid-19 RDT +ve
B/S Mps +ve COVID-19 RDT Positive
Zinc, vitamin C, Paracetamol, Azithromycin tablets
Zinc sulfate, vitamin C, Dexametha-sone, Amox-iclav
Steaming, ginger garlic, black seeds, fruits
Warm hot water with honey-ginger and lemon
Most of the symptoms disappeared apart from dry cough. After the first week
All symptoms disappeared
within one week. Repeat test done was negative
Isolated but good a positive lose contact person
Isolated. No family transmission
Note: RDT - Rapid diagnostic test, B/s MPs body weakness.
Blood slide for malaria parasites, -ve - Negative, +ve - positive, GBW - general
4. Discussion
The study found headache cough fevers and general body weakness as being the commonest presenting complaints this was similar to findings in the Nebraska United States of America in a study done to investigate clusters of omicron variants and their characteristics [8] the findings were also in agreement with the same study still in the fact that none of the cases required hospitalization and with another study in southern California where 0.5 % of the cases studied required hospital admission [9]. This, therefore, meant that the current variant (Omicron) produces a less severe infection compared to the original COVID-19 infection.
The study did not find a significant difference in terms of severity of symptoms, the response to treatment, and the duration of full recovery between the vaccinated and the non-vaccinated cases. This finding was also in agreement with the findings of the study in Nebraska. [8] and other similar studies are done to assess the effectiveness of the vaccines against the omicron variants [3]. However the findings were different from the study done in Hong Kong China that reported a much milder illness among the vaccinated patients compared to the non-vaccinated patients [4]. This was also in agreement with the UNICEF facts study findings about the effectiveness of covid 19 vaccination against Omicron variant [10, 11].
The study found a shorter recovery time among the cases that used steaming with herbal remedies compared to those that did not suggest a better possible adjuvant for management of acute upper respiratory tract infections if well studied and well regulated in terms of composition, usage, application, and exposure time.
Limitation of the study. The main study limitation was that only 14 participants participated in the study because of the limited number of positive cases at the time. It was also difficult to tell the individual active ingredients in the steaming solutions for those that practiced steaming.
Prospects for further research. Large-scale studies on the effectiveness of steaming and other locally made remedies on symptomatic management of respiratory tract infections should be done. Further studies on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination on the prevention of contracting the diseases especially the different variants should also be done.
5. Conclusions
Conclusions made from this study are limited by the small sample size, but they indicated that whereas the Omicron Virant spreads at a higher rate than earlier variants it produces a less severe illness. Vaccination alone may not be very effective to prevent the contraction of the Omicron and probably other new variants. This, therefore, means that other infection, prevention, and control (IPC) measures should be maintained all the time and probably the need for vaccination booster doses. Large scale studies on the effectiveness of the vaccination to prevent the spread of newer
8
9
variants of COVID-19 as well as the effectiveness of steaming in the symptomatic management of respiratory tract infections should be done.
Acknowledgments:
I would like to acknowledge the support of IUIU Health center staff, Miss Namirembe Kautharah for carefully recording the client's data. The clients who volunteered to participate in the study. Lastly, I dedicate the writeup to my family for the support rendered and I pray that the almighty rewards you all from whoever reads and benefits him or herself especially my late dad Mr. Rashid Kishizaki.
References
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[7] Rashid, N., Nazziwa, A., Kantono, R., Kasujja, H., Zziwa, S. (2021). Assessing Knowledge and Practices of the Community towards Corona Virus Disease 2019 in Mbale Municipality, Uganda: Across Section Study. East African Health Research Journal, 5 (1), 20-25. doi: http://doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v5i1.647
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