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48
УДК 81-23 https://doi.org/10.34680/2411-7951.2021.2(35).221-227
V.T.Malygin, T.V.Levina, N.A.Naumova
RUSSICISMS AND GERMANISMS: INTERCHANGE OF RUSSIAN AND GERMAN LANGUAGES
The article is focused on foreign borrowings as one of the essential means of language supplementing around the globe. The research views borrowings as a result of the historic everlasting relation between Germany and Russia regarding their sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects affecting the communicative experience its participants. There are three types of foreign words based on the degree of their assimilation, e.g. borrowed words, exoticisms, and foreign words and structures that are usually called barbarisms. The sample material includes German and Russian loans meeting the requirements of their assimilation in the receiving language. This interchange of Russian and German language resources leads to mutual understanding within the communicative space and makes a clear example of the nations' globalization.
Keywords: foreign borrowing, Russian and German direct loans and loan transitions, assimilation, barbarisms and exoticisms, Russian-German international relations
Foreign language borrowing is one of the key ways of enriching vocabulary and expanding language lexicons all
around the globe. The present article is focused on borrowing as on a long-term neverending historical process, rather than its final result represented as a set of Russian and German borrowed lexemes named Russicisms and Germanisms, respectively.
Lexical borrowings are considered as a factor of vocabulary development including sociolinguistic and psychological aspects as a communicative experience of participants of cross-cultural communication.
"A borrowed word" as a term has the meaning of "a foreign word" opposed to the term "a native word". The Big Encyclopedic Dictionary suggests the following definition to the word "borrowing": an element of a foreign language (a word, morpheme, syntactical structure, etc.) transferred from one language to another due to the language contacts and interrelations; the process of these transfer of elements from one language to another [1, p. 158].
In this article, borrowings are considered as items relating to German and Russian words which meet the requirements of their assimilation in the receiving language. The term "borrowing" is used as a generic term to variate between its two contextual types - "barbarisms" and "exoticisms". According to L.P.Kryssin, there are three types of foreign words based on the degree of their assimilation, e.g. borrowed words, exoticisms, and foreign words and structures that are usually called barbarisms [2, p. 68-79, 3]. It is extremely important to distinguish between the categories of borrowed vocabulary units regarding the degree of their assimilation and the way a foreign word is involved into the phonetic, spelling, semasiological and grammatical processes of their living in the receiving language. Thus, there are some Germanism samples in the Russian language belonging to the completely assimilated borrowings: байка — Biber (fleece), борт — Bord (board), бухгалтер — Buchhalter (accountant), вайда — Weid (pastel), вика — Wicke (vetch), гильза — Hülse (collet), горн — Horn (bugle), грифель — Griffel (slate), грош — Groschen (half— kopeck), замша — Sämischleder (shammy), картофель — Kartoffel (potato), клевер — Klee (clover), лагерь — Läger (camp), ледерин — Lederin (artificial leather), лозунг — Losung (motto), лук — Lauch (leek), марка — Märke (stamp), масштаб — Maßstab (scale), панель — Paneel (bar, panel), парикмахер — Perükenmacher (perruquier, hairdresser), пасквиль — Pasquill (pasquil, lampoon), плакат — Plakat (poster), солдат — Soldat (soldier), слесарь
— Schlosser (locksmith, metalworker), стипендия — Stipendium (scholarship), студент — Student (student), стул — Stuhl (chair, stool), турнир — Turnier (tournament, competition), фельдшер — Feldscher (medical assistant), шахта
— Schacht (mine), шнур — Schnur (cord), штат — Staat (state), штемпель — Stempel (stamp, seal), штопор — Stopfen (corkscrew), штурм — Sturm (attack, assault).
The Russicisms completely assimilated into the German language are illustrated by the following examples: Aktivist — активист (enthusiast), Brigade — бригада (group, gang), Kollektiv — коллектив (staff, team), Mir — мир (peace), Sputnik — спутник (sputnik, satellite), Kader — кадр (shot), Rubel — рубль (rouble), Petschaft — печать (stamp), Steppe — степь (steppe, prairie), Wodka — водка (vodka, schnaps).
Some German exoticisms that have not yet been completely assimilated into Russian, are as follows: аншлюс — Anschluß (anschluss, joining), бюргер — Bürger (citizen), бургомистр — Bürgermeister (burgomaster), глетчер — Gletscher (glacier), кольраби — Kohlrabi (kale turnip), монстр — Monster (monster), путч — Putsch (military coup), шниттлук — Schnittlauch (chive), шпинат — Spinat (spinach), функционер — Funktionär (functionary, official).
In the same way, the following Russian words are still remaining exoticisms for German speakers: Blini — блины (pancakes), Glasnost — гласность (publicity, transparency), Druschba — дружба (friendship), Kwass — квас (kvass, low alcohol beer, bread juice), Pelmeni — пельмени (pelmeni, ravioli, dumplings), Salat Stolichnij — салат Столичный (Big City salad), Borschtsch nach Ukrainischer Art — борщ по-украински (Ukrainian borsch, red-beet soup), Soljanka Sbornaja — сборная солянка (solyanka, catch—all soup, ), Samisdat — самиздат (self-publish book), Tschekist — чекист (chekist, secret service agent), Uschanka — ушанка (ushanka, ear-flaps hat).
The Germanisms that do not require assimilation and remain pure barbarisms in Russian, are the following words: бастард — Bastard (bastard), бергшляг — Bergschlag (landslip), герд — Herd (table concentrator), гледичия
— Gleditschie (honey locust), грабштих — Grabstichel (graving tool, scratcher), инцухт — Inzucht (inbreeding), камертух — Camertuch (sheeting, sindon), кронглас — Kronglas (crown glass), мангольд — Mangold (mangold), муштабель — Malerstock (mahlstick), фергер — Verhör (interrogation), фрейвал — Fraifall (freefall), штокроза — Stockrose (mallow), шуцбунд — Schutzbund (defence union) [4, p. 61-62].
These are some Russian barbarisms in the German vocabulary: Droschke — дрожки (drosky, runabout), Dispatscher — диспетчер (supervisory operator), Diversant — диверсант (spy), Griwennik — гривенник (ten-kopeck coin), Griwna — гривна (Ukraininan currency unit), Kulak — кулак (fist), Propusk — пропуск (password, pass), Tschekist — чекист (chekist, secret service agent), Tscherwonez — червонец (ten-rouble note), Tundra — тундра (tundra, cold desert).
The current theoretical trends relating to the foreign borrowings, assign an important place to the classification and typology based on the nature of the borrowed samples. Direct loans involve cases where the word (outer) form of a lexical item is borrowed into the recipient language. Loan transitions (calques) involve cases where there is a transition of meanig or a semantical structure of a foreign word.
The following germanisms are the clear examples of direct loans from German into Russian, e.g.: бухгалтер (bookkeeper), парикмахер (hairdresser); as well as form Russian into German, e.g: Babuschka (grandmother), Kosak (cossack), Muschik (muzhik, Russian peasant), Samowar (samovar, fire-pot), Troika (troika, three-horse carriage).
There is a considerable number of loan transitions from German into Russian, including morphemec calques, e.g.: водораздел — Wasserscheide (watershed), здравоохранение — Gesundheitsschutz (healthcare), землевладение
— Grundbesitz (landowning), земледелие — Erdkunde (agriculture, farming), жизнерадостный — lebensfroh (cheerful, joyful), кровоизлияние — Bluterguss (blood-stroke), немыслимый — undenkbar (unthinkable, inconceivable), односторонний — einseitig (one-sided), очевидный — augenscheinlich (evident, clear), призвание — Berufung (calling), противовес — Gegengewich (counterbalance), представление — Vorstellung (performance), работоспособный — arbeitsfähig (hard-working), самоопределение — Selbstbestimmung (self-determination), самосознание — Selbstbewustsein (selfconsciousness, self-awareness), свободолюбивый — freiheitsliebend (freedom-loving), снегопад — Schneefall (snowfall).
Likewise, there are some loan transitions from Russian into German, e.g.: Wandzeitung — стенгазета (wall newspaper), Haus der Kultur — Дом культуры (palace of culture, art hall), Medizinische Hilfe — скорая медицинская помощь (first medical aid), Stomatologe — стоматолог (dentist), werte Kollegen! — дорогие товарищи! (dear comrades!), etc.
The incentive to borrow words from a source language is explained by the need of nomination of new notions, phenomena and culture-specific concepts. Moreover, such cases where a borrowed word serves for transnomination and refocusing of meanings or connotations, are of high importance.
According to S.F.Kepescshuk, there are some samples of this trend, e.g.: баллотировать, баллотироваться — ballotieren (run for), вотировать — votieren (vote for), парламент — Parlament (parliament). In these cases, the lexical units of German origin are reconsidered in Russian and acquire secondary nomination. These words were borrowed into Russian in different times having updated their capacity for new semantic evolution. They have lost their local specificity so as to nominate the Russian reality and facts of life. The semantic feature of some German words have changed since they were transferred into Russian and actively used by the Russian-speaking community. For instance, such words as администрация — Administration (administration), корпоративный — korporativ (corporate), муниципальный — munizipal (municipal) used to denote the forms of the government executive power of other European states. In the Russian vocabulary they now denote the meanings of the Russian governmental bodies of the same ranking [5-7].
The review of assimilated borrowings in the recipient language shows that the semantic adoption includes phonetic, grammatical and lexical adaptation and enhances the value of meanings beyond the socio-political concept. These are the samples of Germanisms having been affected by this process, e.g.: абонент (subscriber), адаптация (adaptation), акцент (accent), аргументировать (prove, give reasons), детерминировать (determine), модератор (moderator), штрих (tick mark), рихтовать (planish), транспонировать (transpose), фланкировать (flank), etc. It should also be noted that the meanings of words can change after their transfer into a new language environment and due to their circulation in there. For instance, the German word intelligent (smart) stands for the Russian word интеллектуал (intellectual, egghead), whereas the word intellektuell (intellectual, egghead) has the meaning of интеллигент (smart).
The interrelation between the two language systems has been carried out over ten centuries with a great number of theme groups having been loaned from both languages.
The multiple theme groups of Russian and German borrowings have been developed and formed at different times of economic, political, cultural, scientific, military and other kinds of international contacts [8].
The Russian language has been enriched with loans from the Germanic languages since the end of the 8th century. The research shows that in between the 8th — 12th centuries the number of Germanic loans included about 200 words. Such words as бор (pinewood), броня (armor), бук (beech), верблюд (camel), князь (prince), котёл (pot, boiler), меч (sward), панцирь (shell), свинья (swine), холм (hill) are classified as the most ancient Germanisms. According to V.Kiparsky, the earliest Germanic borrowing was the word король (king), which might have come from the time of Carl the Great (Karl der Große,742-814) [9, p.55].
The active development of Russian-German relations including the mutual exchange of words, falls on the 13th century. Later on, these contacts were maintained by the Kiev authorities, in the time of trade development with the Hanseatic dealers and German settlements in Moscow and on the banks of the Neva River being involved. The time marks a considerable layer of the German words, e.g.: бархат (velvet), фунт (pound), аромат (flavor), бургомистр (burgomaster), кипа (pile), тюк (pack), кружка (mug), штабель (stack). There used to be ups and downs in the Russian-German relations up to the 17th century, from time to time undermined by pre-war conflicts. These relations included the migration of Germans to Russia, German trading settlements, close ties between the diplomatic persons and reigning figures. In the run of life, more and more new words were entering the Russian speech from the Kaiser's strangers, who could not speak Russian and thus accepted as being немые (Russian for numb), and making this root word being common to call them немцы (Germans: Russian for numb people). The Russian vocabulary went on taking essential words to communicate with strangers, e.g.: бант (bow, ribbon), грош (half-kopeck), грунт (first coat of earth, soil), гвалт (rumpus, noise), маляр (interior decorator), фальшивый (fake), мастер (craftsman master), герцог (duke), клеймо (brand mark, stamp), альманах (almanac), стул (stool), шляпа (hat). Some words were transferred into Russian via Polish, e.g.: аптека (drug store), фляжка (flask), карты (cards), танец (dance), тарелка (plate), etc.
The military affairs affected the transfer of numerous Germanic titles and ranks, military and technical terms, e.g.: фельдфебель (sergeant—major), маршал (marshal), ротмистр (captain of cavalry), вахта (watch), плац (square), пуля (bullet), штурм (attack), штурмовать (attack, assault), фехтовать (fence), панцирь (armor), граната (grenade), календарь (calendar), почта (post office), арест (arrest, caption), карабин (rifle), рюмка (glass), солдат (soldier), фронт (front), шурф (pit, hole), клапан (flapper), штуцер (filler), etc.
The time of Peter the Great has the greatest number of Germanic loans. Here are some common examples of the time, e.g.: штраф (fine), штрафовать (fine, impose a fine), юрист (lawyer), шлагбаум (barrier), вахтер (watchman), гауптвахта (guardhouse), штаб (headquarters), кассир (cashier), вексель (debt security), цемент (cement), гипс (Plaster), глазурь (glaze), штрих (tick mark), цифра (figure), бухгалтер (bookkeeper), фурман (wagon driver), полировать (polish), масштаб (scale), шприц (syringe), доктор (doctor), госпиталь (hospital), шельма (swindler), траур (mourning), etc. It has been estimated that in Peter I time the Russian language borrowed over 900 Germanisms, including a great number of engineering and mining terms, many of which have never had and still lack Russian equivalents, e.g.: шахтмейстер (mining master), бергмейстер (mining master), маркшейдер (mining surveyor), штольня (mine gallery), штуф (grab sample), шурф (pit, hole), etc.
There are a lot of Russian loans in German in the age of Peter the Great and Catherine II. This time is characterized by such Russicisms as Ukas (decree), Werst (verst), Zar (tsar), Zarewitsch (tsarevich), Zarewna (tsarevna), Zariza (tsaritsa), etc.
The turn of the 20th century was marked by very active mutual contacts between Russia and Germany and later on between the USSR and Federal Republic of Germany. During this time both German and Russian vocabularies have been broadened with a great number of contemporary words, e.g.:
a) the names of meals, foods and drinks — бутерброд (sandwich), вермут (Vermouth wine), кнедли (knodel), мусс (mousse), паштет (rillette), портвейн (port wine), ризлинг (Riesling), фрикадельки (meat balls), фрукты (fruits), шницель (schnitzel), шпроты (canned sprats), штрудель (strudel);
Blini (pancakes), Borschtsch (borsch), Ikra (caviar), Kascha (porridge), Kefir (cultured yoghurt), Kulitsch (Easter cake), Kwass (bread juice), Malossol (fresh-salted food), Naliwka (fruit liqueur), Okroschka (okroshka, mashup, cold vegetable soup), Oladi (flapjacks), Pelmeni (ravioli), Pirogge (pies, tarts), Sakuska (hors-d'oeuvre), Schaschlik (barbeque), Schtschi (s^M6 cabbage soup), Soljanka (solianka, peasants' soup), Ucha (fish broth), Uschki (palmier), Wareniki (vareniki, dumplings), Watruschki (cheesecake), Wodka (vodka);
b) the social and political terms — бундестаг (Bundestag), бундесрат (federal Government), вотировать (vote), гегемония (hegemony), штат (state);
Bolschewik (Bolshevik), Menschewik (Menshevik), Gulag (GULag), Duma (Duma), Kreml (Kremlin), Kulak (striking force), Pogrom (massacre), Towarischtsch (comrade);
c) the military terms — аксельбанты (shoulder knot), арест (arrest), гильза (collet), граната (grenade), карабин (battle rifle), китель (combat jacket), клапан (flapper), крах (failure), пакгауз (packhouse), панцирь (shell), патрон (bullet), рекрут (recruit), труппа (staff), штандарт (banner), штурм (assault), шурф (pit, filler), фехтовать (fence), фронт (front);
Kalaschnikow (Kalashnikov), Schaschka (explosive cartridge);
d) the handicraft, technical and construction terms — бетон (concrete), бур (bore bit), лобзик (fretsaw), перламутр (mother-of-pearl), рейсфедер (drafting pen), стамеска (chisel), флянец (nubbin), шайба (washer), цанга (collet), циферблат (dial plate, clockface), шрифт (type font), шпулька (bobbin), штейгер (foreman miner);
e) the cultural, literature, art and household terms — абзац (abstract), антиквариат (antiques), аншлаг (full house), балетмейстер (choreographer), блик (overtone), пить на брудершафт (drink brotherhood), гармония (harmony), гастроли (concert tour), горнист (horn blower), гуманизм (humanism), дуршлаг (colander), камертон (tonometer), кафель (potato), кегельбан (bowling alley), кнопка (pin, snap), мундштук (cigarette holder), пресса (print media), цитата (quote), штепсель (adapter socket), штекер (plug), штоф (heavy silk), штиблеты (half boots), форшпиль (prelude);
Bajan (button accordion), Balalaika (balalaika), Festival (festival), Kasatschok (kazachok), Sarafan (sundress), Samowar (samovar, fire-pot), Matrjoschka (matryoshka doll), Datscha (datcha, country house), Droschke (droshky),
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Knute (whip), Kopeke (kopeck), Machorka (makhorka, shag tobacco), Papirossa (mouthpiece cigarette), Rubel (rouble), Troika (troika, three-horse carriage);
f) the education and scientific terms — вундеркинд (whizzkid, wonder kid), калькулятор (calculator), кульман (drawing board), люмпен (lumpen), монополия (monopoly), патент (patent), пикет (card game piquet), резидент (resident), штрейкбрехер (strike—breaker), штудировать (study thoroughly), эксцесс (incident), эпицентр (epicenter), юниор (junior);
Sputnik (sputnik, satellite), Intelligenz (intellectual);
g) the geographical names, names of animals — Steppe (prairie, steppe), Taiga (taiga), Tundra (tundra), Burunduk (chipmunk), Mammut (mammoth), Beluga (sturgeon, white whale), Laika (laika, husky).
The second half of the 20th century is known as the time of the rapidly developed contacts between the USSR and Germany. The interrelation of these countries in economy, science, literature and art, maintenance of trade collaboration regarding the other European nations, have made a considerable impact on their languages. The German vocabulary was extended with the following Russicisms: Agitprop (agitprop, outreached activities), Apparatschik (political staffer), Aktiv (active core), Aktivist (militant), Bolschewiki (Bolscheviki), Direktive (guidelines), Glasnost (publicity, transparency), Ikone (icon), Kolchos (collective farm), Komintern (Communist International), Komsomol (Communist Youth League), Komsomolze (Komsomol member), Kommunalka (communal apartment), Leninismus (Leninism), Marksismus (Marxism), Menschewiki (Menshevik), Mir (peace), Perestroika (perestroika), Samisdat (self— publish book), Sowjet (Soviet), Sowchos (state farm), Stalinismus (Stalinism), Taiga (taiga), Trojka (troika), Trotzkismus (Trotskinism).
There came new Germanisms into Russian, e.g.: блиц-интервью (flash interview), блиц-опрос (quiz), блиц-инфо (flash info), блиц-покупка (flash shopping), блиц-рецепт (flash recipe), блиц-турнир (blitz tournament).
After World War II, when Germany was separated into the FRG and the GDR, people treated Russian differently regarding these parts of Germany. Whereas Russian was the first foreign language taught in all GDR schools and educational institutions, the FRG was likely to treat it quite differently. This fact slowed down the intercultural development of Russian in the German society.
Nevertheless, the GDR language of the time successfully adopted numerous Russicisms, mainly ended up being the Sovietisms, e.g.: Brigade (gang, crew, staff), Brigadier (gangforeman), dawai! (now then!), Dispatcher (dispatcher, operator), Diversant (raider), Dokument (document, official paper), Druschba (friendship), Graschdanin (citizen, resident), Gudog (hooter), Gulag (Gulag), kollektivieren (collectivize), Kader (skilled worker), Kollektiv (collective body), Kombinat (integrated producer), Kosmonaut (astronaut, spaceman), Kulak (striking force), Mechanisator (mechanic), Miliz (police), Milizionär (policeman), Natschalnik (principal), nitschego! (that's all right!), pascholl! (come on!), Politbüro (Politbureau), stoi (holt!), Mir (peace), Molotowskokteul (bottle bomb), Pionierlager (summer camp, Pioneer camp), Pogrom (massacre), Propusk (pass), Robot (robot), Spezialist (expert), Sputnik (sputnik, satellite), Subbotnik (Community Cleanup Day), Samisdat (self-publish book), Stolowaja (canteen, dining hall), Traktorist (tractor driver), Tscheka (safety pin), Tschekist (secret service agent), Uschanka (ushanka, ear-flaps hat), etc.
That historical time is remarkable as having several ideological differences between the two German states. For instance, the word Kosmonaut being in use in the GDR, came in the FRG only as its synonym Astronaut.
The linguistic calques from Russian used to be highly frequent in Eastern Germany, e.g.: Ausbeuter — эксплуататор (slavedriver), einholen und überholen — догнать и перегнать (catch up and outdo), Ernteschlacht — битва за урожай (battle for the harvest), Ferienlager — лагерь отдыха (summer camp), Freundschaft! — Дружба! (friendship — used as greeting), Fünfjahresplan — пятилетний план, пятилетка (five—year plan), Generallinie — генеральная линия (mainstream), Held der Arbeit — герой труда (hero of labour), Klassenfeind — классовый враг (class enemy), Klopfer — стукач (canary), LPG — Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgemeinschaft — сельскохозяйственное производственное объединение (agricultural production association), MTS — Maschinen— und Traktorenstation — МТС — машинотракторная станция (engineering station), Nomenklatur — номенклатура (nomenclature), Personenkult — культ личности (personality cult), Schwarzarbeiter — чернорабочий (unskilled labourer), coolie worker), realer Sozialismus — реальный социализм (real socialism), Sowjetmacht — советская власть (Soviet power), Trotzkist — троцкист (Trotskyist), Völkerfreundschaft — дружба между народами (international friendship), Wandzeitung — стенгазета (wallpaper), Volksfeind — враг народа (public enemy), ZK — ЦК (Central Committee), etc.
Since 1991, during the post-Soviet time the language contacts between the Russian and German residents have never stopped. The cooperation between the united FRG and the Russian Federation is kept on and developed in various directions and fields. Economic, trade, cultural, scientific, science and public relations have acquired new tendencies and are likely to be maintained. Despite the visible downgrading of Russian in the FRG that lead to its lessened position as one of the priority languages for school and university students, the great deal of interest to Russian is now focused on cultural and scientific areas, literature and documentary, theatre and cinema. Likewise, German remains firmly as one of the popular foreign languages to be learned in different educational institutions and exceeded only by English. It makes it possible to conclude for the ongoing cooperation between the nations which might end up with further development and cross—cultural language enrichment.
At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the language contacts brought the whole range of new Russicisms into German oral and written speech. According to S.M. Tsentner's thesis, the German vocabulary of the time adapted the
following named of Russia-specific language facts, e.g.: FSB-Agenten (Federal Security Service agent), Agronom (agriculturer), Agrochemie (agricultural chemistry), Bandura (bulky and cumbersome object), Buran (snowstorm), Gusli (gusli), Dissedent (dissident, nonconformist), Estrade (open-air stage, estrade), Haljawa (freebee), Ikonostas (altar-screen), Kibitka (Gipsy—cart), Masleniza (carnival, Maslenitsa), Oligarchen (Russia's richest men), Polynja (polynya, ice—hole), neue Russen (New Russians), Siloviki (siloviki, security officials), Staniza (Cossack village) [10].
There are different theme groups in the Contemporary Russian as well:
a) social and political terms — ауслендерфрай (free from foreign people), аушвиц—люге (lies), волюнтаризм (voluntarism), волюнтарист (voluntarist), глобализация (globalization), гретхен-фраге (political or religious issue), дирижизм (state intervention in economy), крейстаг (local authorities), либерализация (liberalization), ландтаг (regional authorities), максималист (black-and-white thinker), муниципалитет (town council);
b) administrative and legal terms — антраг (application form), беруфсфербот (employment ban), бундесгерихт (Federal Court), депозитарий (depositary, bank safe), депонент (depositor, bailor), administrative offence, приватизация (privatization), приоритет (priority), смеллизм (race discrimination), фаустрехт (right to self-defense), циркуляр (circular letter), шмерценсгельд (bodily damage amends), юстицморд (abuse);
c) economic and trade terms — андерайтинг (signed promise), бракер (quality inspector), бракераж (quality inspection), бундесбанк (Bundesbank), винкуляция (warehouse release), виртшафтсвундер (economic miracle), гастарбайтер (migrant worker), гешефт (deal), гроссбанк (Grossbank), грюндерство (company promotion), гоф— маклер (chief stock broker), декорт (decort), дойчмарка (douche mark), индоссант (endorser);
d) tools, construction materials, metal ware — анкер (tie stay), клинкер (clinker), шабер (scraper), швеллер (channel), шибер (damper, valve), шифер (slate);
e) scientific terms — гештальт (gestalt), гештальтпсихология (gestalt psychology), интроверт (introvert), экстраверсия (extraversion), экстраверт (extravert), волюнтаризм (voluntarism), волюнтарист (voluntarist), концепт (concept), философема (philosopheme), лалема (linguistic speech unit), пейорация (deterioration), синестезия (synaesthesia), тренд-вертер (trend), универбизация (univerbization: making one word of a word combination);
f) terms of art, culture and literature — бильдунгсроман (novel about individuality development), Дуден (the name of a famous German Dictionary), захбух (science fiction book), кюнстлерроман (novel about an artist's or poet's development), китч (trash — to call pulp fiction), крецификс (crucifixion), менетекель (black augury), стаффаж (staffage), субкультура (subculture), тотентац (dance of death), югендштиль (Art Nouveau, avantgarde, new wave, modern);
g) sport terms — блиц-турнир (lightning tournament), боулингбан (bowling alley), бундеслига (Bundesliga), легионер (legionary, international football player), натурбан (naturbahn), фаустбол (faustball), шеребан (sherebahn);
h) medical terms and medicines — «Берлиприл» (Berlipril), грипп-хель (gripp-heel), доппельгерц (Doppelherz), «Лиотон» (Lioton), мегаломания (megalomania), «Мезим форте» (Mezym forte), ноль-диета (zero diet, after-operation diet, diet 0), «Пумпан» (Pumpan), релиз-центр (release center), «Ременс» (Remens), «Фастум-гель» (Fastum gel);
i) household terms — бриллиантин (brilliantine), брокат (brocade), бюкса (porcelain cup), ватин (cotton batting), ванилин (vanillin), дедерон (polycaproamide), лоден (boiled wool), мелирование (highlighting) [11].
In fact, in between 1990 and 2014, over two million ethnic Germans and their families migrated from the USSR to Germany, which proves the continuity of the international Russian-German communication. Currently, on the territory of the FRG there are over three million Russians, who make the largest Russian-language migrant group. They are exploring a new culture and learning a new language, playing at the same time as conductors of Russian culture and language to the locals. That is what we call the international communication at work [12].
Both languages are constantly generating neologisms, which reflect new social, cultural, scientific and technical aspects of development and trends of classy life, esthetics and morale. These processes result in appearing of the so-called Trend Wörter (trend words), which inevitably affect the interchange between the languages regarding new words and phrases, e.g.: кормушка = die Futterkrippe (honeypot), евроремонт = nach Westeuropäischen Standarts (European-style remodeling), зачистка = die Säuberung (elimination), торговец = der Dieler (dealer), отстёгивать = blechen, lohnen (give a kickback), бабки = das große Geld (cash, green), фишка = Knuller (trick), халява = für Nasse (freebie), стрелка = das Gipfeltreffen (meeting, hookup), грузить = füttern (burden), круто = geil (cool, awesome).
This interchange of Russian and German language resources, which has been a focus of scientists' attention for a long time, leads to mutual understanding within the communicative space and makes a clear example of the world globalization.
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Малыгин В.Т., Левина Т.В., Наумова Н.А. Русизмы и германизмы: взаимообмен русского и немецкого языков. В
статье рассматриваются иностранные заимствования как одно из важнейших средств пополнения словарного состава языков. Заимствования из немецкого языка в русский представлены как результат давних исторических отношений между Германией и Россией, влияющих на коммуникативный опыт их участников. Многочисленные тематические группы русских и немецких заимствований формировались и складывались на разных исторических этапах экономического, политического, культурного, научного, военного и других видов и форм межнациональных контактов. В зависимости от степени ассимиляции выделяются три типа иноязычных слов: заимствованные слова, экзотизмы и иноязычные сова и выражения, т.е. варваризмы. Материал основной выборки включает немецкие и русские заимствования, отвечающие требованиям их усвоения в языке-реципиенте. Интенсивный обмен языковыми ресурсами русского и немецкого языков ведёт к взаимопониманию в коммуникативном пространстве и является убедительным примером реального процесса глобализации мирового сообщества.
Ключевые слова: иностранный заимствования, русско-немецкие прямые заимствования и кальки, ассимиляция, варваризмы и экзотизмы, русско-немецкие международные отношения.
Сведения об авторах. Виктор Трофимович Малыгин — д. филол. наук (10.02.04. Германские языки), профессор, зав. кафедрой «Философия, история, право и межкультурная коммуникация», Владимирский филиал Финансового университета при Правительстве Российской Федерации; ORCID: 0000-0003-4655-6357; vikmal@list.ru; Татьяна Валентиновна Левина — д. филол. наук (10.02.04. Германские языки), профессор, профессор кафедры «Философия, история, право и межкультурная коммуникация», Владимирский филиал Финансового университета при Правительстве Российской Федерации; ORCID: 0000-0002-2971-80; tvlevina2020@mail.ru; Наталья Александровна Наумова — к. филол. наук (10.02.04. Германские языки), доцент кафедры «Философия, история, право и межкультурная коммуникация», Владимирский филиал Финансового университета при Правительстве Российской Федерации; ORCID: 0000-0002-2171-6441; natasha_nau@list.ru. Статья публикуется впервые. Поступила в редакцию 15.12.2020. Принята к публикации 10.01.2021.
Ссылка на эту статью: Malygin V.T., Levina T.V., Naumova N.A. Russicisms and Germanisms: interchange of Russian and German languages // Ученые записки Новгородского государственного университета. 2021. № 2(35). С. 221-227. DOI: 10.34680/2411-7951.2021.2(35).221-227
For citation: Malygin V.T., Levina T.V., Naumova N.A. Russicisms and Germanisms: interchange of Russian and German languages. Memoirs of NovSU, 2021, no. 2(35), pp. 221-227. DOI: 10.34680/2411-7951.2021.2(35).221-227
