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9Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 11 (2014 7) 1837-1843
УДК 17.023.32(517.1/5)
Russian Old-Timer's Society in the Socio-Ecosystem of Yenisei Siberia in the 18-19th Centuries
Boris Е. Andyuseva* and Nikolay I. Drozdovb
aKrasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafiev 89 Ada Lebedeva Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia bUniversity of the Russian Academy of Education
(Branch in Krasnoyarsk) 51 Respubliki Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660075, Russia
Received 04.06.2014, received in revised form 02.08.2014, accepted 05.10.2014
We are conducting research on the mutual influence of natural and ecological, cultural and economic, socio-political and other components of the 18th -19th century Yenisei Siberia on the basis of introducing the term of "socio-ecosystem" into historical studies. The aim of this publication is to define the stages and general results of Russian old-timers' community formation in the Yenisei Siberia socio-ecosystem.
A stable hereditary old resident peasantry was formed by 1760. We came to the conclusion that the Russian old-timers' society in the Yenisei region is a historical reality in the ecosystem of the Yenisei Siberia in the period under study.
Keywords: socio-ecosystem, cultural and economic complex, developmental place, peasants-old residents, old residents' society.
Research area: History.
There is no doubt that system researches of the Siberian regions as a part of the Russian state in the 17th - 19th centuries are topical. We state a direction of interdisciplinary research into the mutual influence of natural and ecological, cultural and economic, socio-political and other components in the area of the Yenisei Siberia "socio-ecosystem". Introducing the notion of "socio-ecosystem" into historical studies lets us to integrate the development of community (societas), environment (oikos), culture and mentality in the historical time and dynamics.
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]
Socio-ecosystems as "nature-social" systems are contradictory inside, but they are able to develop and organize themselves [1]. According to the classification, systems are complex, probabilistic and hierarchical on the global, regional and local levels. The scientists came to the conclusion that functioning of socio-ecosystems of the lower lever is determined by the development of the higher hierarchical level subsystems [2]. We can see that this is also true for historical studies: socio-cultural and political development of Siberia and its regions is
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determined by the dynamics of general processes proceeding in the Russian state.
First of all, socio-ecosystem includes socioeconomic and natural subsystems. The central component of the Yenisei socio-ecosystem is hereditary old-timers' society. On this basis we consider the definition of stages and general results of Russian old-timers' community formation in the Yenisei Siberia socio-ecosystem as the purpose of this publication. With the beginning of Siberian colonization political and fur-trading objectives were prevailing in the dynamics of reclaiming processes. As a result, the "sovereign" and "manufacturing" peoples were unsettled and fur animals' predatory extermination on "alien" lands predominated in the first half of the 17th century. The attempts of the region's agricultural reclaiming "to use customary ideas and confront the severe reality" did not succeed in Siberia while reproducing Russian agricultural technology. Agriculture became a key industry only in the second half of the 17th century. Adaptation of farming culture for Siberian conditions was made gradually: based on the analysis of dozens soil quality indexes, zoned climatic signs, grain and green crops testing and test plantings for "experiment" purposes. It can be considered that the process of mutual adaptation of farming culture and environmental factors led to formation of the first five agricultural areas.
Thus, it was agricultural reclaiming of the region and formation on this basis of the settled, multi-generation agricultural population that became the foundation of the whole Siberian Russian society. At the turn of the 18th century peasantry as the core of the old-timers population constituted 61 % of the Russian population in Western Siberia and 67 % in Eastern Siberia, according to the data by A.D. Kolesnikov and V.V. Vorobyev [3]. We have made additional calculations, and they show that the 1740s - 1760s were the epoch-making years in the numerical superiority of the peasant population in all the provinces of Siberia:
It was proved in the works of historian G.F. Bykonya that in the reference sources of the first half of the 18th century there was a frequently occurring term "Russian old-timer", used in relation to the hereditary peasants of Yenisei region.
Integrated cultural and economic complexes of proper interaction with the extreme factors (cultivated areas) were formed on the basis of agriculture. The first five agricultural areas became the "developmental place" for the forming socium of the Siberian Russian peasants old-timers, including Yenisei agricultural area, which became a basis for the socio-ecosystem formation of the whole Yenisei region.
Table 1
Revision % of peasantry in relation to the whole Russian population
Tobolsk province Tomsk province Irkutsk province
I [1719 r.] 69,3 41,6 59,2
II [1744 r.] 85,7 82 80
III [1762 r.] 84,2 90,2 85,4
IV [1782 r.] 80,4 85,2 79,5
V [1795 r.] 78,8 85 84,6
Reference. To make this table we used the data about the quantity of the Russian population in the provinces in the 18th century (See: The History of Siberia. - Vol.2. - p. 184).The indexes of population in the Yenisei region are not given separately while the Yenisei province was detached from Tomsk and Irkutsk provinces only in 1822.
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Table 2
Region, province Revision (year) General increase between revisions I-V, in times
I [1719] II [1744] III [1762] IV [1782] V [1795]
Western Siberia Eastern Siberia Yenisei region whole Siberia 129.1 46.2 18.2 175.3 139.8 59.5 22.9 199.3 190 79.4 27.6 269.4 266.8 113 41 373.8 327.8 121 43.2 448.8 2.54 2.62 2.30 2.56
Reference. We used a part of statistic data of the table "The Dynamics of the Russian Population of Siberia in the 18th century, in thousands serfs of local settlement" (See: The Peasantry of Siberia in the Feudal Epoch. - Novosibirsk, 1982. -P. 167. Table 1).
Table 3
Years 1682 r. 1747 r. 1762 r. 1782 r. 1795 r.
Quantity in thousands serfs of local settlement 8448 10651 12489 12239 12160
Quantitative dynamics of the Russian population increase in Yenisei region was lower in comparison with Western Siberia.
If in 1722 there were 10.3 % of Russian Siberians living there, then by 1795 this index dropped to 9.6 % against the background of general density of the Russian population in the whole Siberia. However, in the indexes of the inner dynamics of increase in the 18th century the Russian population grew 2.3 times. Taking into account the dynamics of the birth rate for 75 years (i.e. three generations), the main increase was achieved due to the natural growth of the old residents population in the 18th century against the quantity of the new immigrants from the European Russia. Increase in Yenisei region was also caused by old-timers of Western Siberia: after the initial adaptation there, Russian population successfully reclaimed the more extreme areas on the banks of the Yenisei River.
In order to specify the chronological borders of the entire Yenisei socio-ecosystem formation we traced the formation stages of the local old-timers' groups in certain areas. Here, the earliest
reclaimed areas were Mangazei and Yenisei counties. The dynamics of the rural population quantity in Yenisei old-timers' district is shown in table 3 [4].
The unfavourable climatic factors and limited conditions for farming in taiga zone of the lower and middle course of the Yenisei made people reclaim southern districts of the region. That is why between 1703 and 1760s southern and highway districts were under active reclamation in the Yenisei region. The analysis of the peasant population formation in Khakassia-Minusinsk district by the middle of the 18th century proves the fact that the old residents prevailed among the members of the Yenisei migration, as well as within the county.
The statistic data prove that from the end of the 18th century there was a positive dynamics of inner growth due to the old residents. However, if the general increase of the population growth between I-V revisions in the 18th century was by 2.3 in the future Yenisei province, then in Yenisei old-timers' district the increase was only by 1.4. Thus, the drain of peasant population prevailed
Table 4
Category of population Counted in the first revision, serves Born after the first revision, serves (1722-1745 rr.) Total
serfs families
Old-residents recorded in the first revision
in 1722 r. 30 37 67 18
Those among them who took part in
migration within the county 16 21 37 10
Aliens, total 35 87 122 25
Who include:
Those, from the other regions of
Krasnoyarsk county 9 15 24 8
Those, from Yenisei county 26 72 98 17
Total: 65 124 189 43
Reference. Here the following selected data is used: Bykonya G.F. The Settlement of Russians in the Yenisei Region in the 18th Century. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. - P. 68. Table 2. The calculations and genelizations are done by the authors.
over the process of inner "densification" and displacement of population in the reclaimed territory.
By the first revision in 1722, old-timers constituted 85.7 % of the peasants. By 1722 53.3 % of old-timers continued taking part in migration within the county. The peasants of Yenisei county constituted 74.3 % and the peasants of Krasnoyarsk county - 25.7 % of the total aliens' number in Khakassia-Minusinsk district. Peasants old-timers of Yenisei county, who had initially adapted in Middle Siberia, became the carriers of the new culture in the rest of Yenisei region. By taking part in reclaiming the south of the region, they successfully adapted to the new environment. The evidence of this is high birth rate in their families - 276.9 % in the period of 1722-1745. The birth rate among the local old-timers was 123.3 %. The average local old-timers' family consisted of 3.7 serfs of the local settlement, a family of the immigrants from Yenisei county consisted of 5.7 serfs. By 1745 all the categories of peasants recorded in the 1720s were registered as local old residents in relation to the newly-arrived.
In the South of the Yenisei river by the 1760s peasants old-timers population constituted up to 75 % of the total number of registered peasants and commoners, or "almost two thirds of the taxed", and "formation of the backbone of Russian old-residents in Khakassko-Minusinskii district finished in the 60s of the 18th century"[5]. The population of southern Khakassko-Minusinskii district was growing from that time due to the high natural increase in old-timers' families. At that, the external inflow of migrant-peasants, most of who were, still, coming from Yenisei and Krasnoyarsk counties, constituted not more than 25-30 % of the annual population growth. By the 1860s, Minusinsky district was the most populous. 30.5 % of all peasants old residents of Yenisei province lived there [6].
Since 1734 the highway construction started in the Territory of Krasnoyarsk County. Population in the rural communities was formed both by farmers, who voluntarily moved from Yenisei county, and by violent uprooting from Central Russia and Western Siberia. The oncoming movement of the population from the west and from the east to Krasnoyarsk district was of specific importance. The references
analysis indicated that by the middle of the 18th century three quarters of the population were local old-timers and old-timers-migrants from Western Siberia [7].
Up to 30 % of migrants from the other parts of Yenisei basin were coming to the highway areas. At that, migration from European Russia constituted not more than 10 %.
By 1745 local old-timers constituted 62.6 % in relation to immigrants and exiles. Old-timers' family on average consisted of 4.4 serfs of local settlement, migrants' family on average consisted of 3.1 serfs of local settlement and exile's family of 1.7. Thus, during the first half of the 18th century there was an increase in the number of members in a local old-timers' patriarchal family. This was an important condition for the natural growth of the hereditary adapted old-timers population.
In the second half of the 18th century continuous settlement of the highway regions by Russians was over. In Krasnoyarsk old-timers region the 1750 - 1760s' increase in migration movements for the next three decades was finished with the population stabilization in the 1790s. By this time peasants-old-timers
constituted 67.9 % of all the county residents. [8] Taking into account public interest, population of the area increased due to compulsive settlement of the "settlers" and exiles. Therefore, to 1782, the number of old-timers decreased to 48.6 %, but in 1795 increased again to 62 % of the population in the highway area.
Our calculations show that, the number of the settlements grew from 29 to 90 over the second half of the 18th century, primarily due to central and eastern sections of the highway as a result of the internal resettlement of the residents.
Despite the fact that there were only 9 settlements in eastern section of the highway but they were quite large and the number of residents increased by 80 times for 50 years! Over 3040 years of the second half the 18th century the cores of peasants-old-timers' hereditary groups were formed in the settlements to the west and the east of Krasnoyarsk that allowed to socialize the adapted achievements of the material and spiritual culture in the highway areas.
In the 70s - 80s of the 18th century the migration processes stabilized and were expressed in the inter-county movements of
Table 5
Highway sections 1722 r 1745 -1747 rr.
Settlements Settlements Total Old-timers Migrants Exiled
families serfs average serfs number in the settlement families serfs families serfs families serfs
Central Eastern (without Nizhneudinskii county). Western 10 1 1 21 6 2 402 78 ? 1485 404 29 70,7 67,3 14,5 251 21 1022 180 139 57 ? 439 223 29 12 21 1
Total: 13 29 480+ ? 1918 66,1 272 1202 196+ ? 691 12 22
Reference. The reference used: Bykonya G.F. Settlement of the Yenisei District by Russians in the 18th Century. - Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1981. - P. 123. Table. 16. Additional calculations and generalizations were done by the authors.
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Table 6
Highway section 1782 1895-1796
Peasants, serfs of local settlement Peasants, serfs of local settlement Settlements Average amount of the settlers
Central Eastern [without the Nizhneudinskii county] Westerm 3240 1680 1988 4094 1491 2345 57 24 9 71,8 62,1 260,5
Total: 6908 7930 90 88,1
Reference. In our table the church data were used (Bykonya G.F. Settlement of the Yenisei District by Russians in the 18th Century. - Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1981. - P. 157. table. 23.)
peasants-old-timers into villages and the hunters lodge settlements, which provided a quantitative increase in the number of settlements in central and southern parts of the territory.
Based on analysis of dynamics for formation of the resident population in the Yenisei territory during the 18th century, we came to conclusion that by the 1760s permanent hereditary old-timers' peasantry that constituted the backbone of the rural communities was formed. Movement of the old-timers peasants from Yenisei County into the highway and southern areas contributed to reproduction of the adapted forms of life activities in general throughout the Yenisei province.
During the first half of the 19th century Yenisei province population continued to grow at a significant pace. Thus, according to the Governor A.P. Stepanov, in 1830 there were 50235 state peasants registered. We can assume that there were up to 100 thousand peasants of both sexes. In the 1830s - 1860s (for the period of 30 years), the process of natural growth of rural old-timers constitutes not more than 120,000 people. Then,
taking into account old-timers' natural mortality rate the number of population constituted from 200 up to 220 thousand people of both sexes [9]. In 1863 249,986 peasants of both sexes dwelled in the territory of Yenisei province. Difference in the number of the peasants' class representatives, who came due to resettlement and the exiled, ranked as peasants, constituted about 30 thousand people of both sexes (12 %) [10].
Thus, from the 60s of the 18th century stable community of the peasants-old-timers was formed in the territory of the Yenisei area, and it mostly consisted of Russian ethnos. Migrants flow from European Russia was extremely small compared to the natural growth and internal migration of the old-timers. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that Russian peasants-old-timers as systemic taxonomic ethnic unit in the territory of Yenisei region is a historical reality in the period under study. The society of Russian hereditary old-timers in the process of adaptive interaction with the environment for half a century developed and transformed the ecosystem of Yenisei Siberia.
References
1. Solodovnikova M.I. The Role of Ecological Consciousness in Socio-Ecosystem. Candidate of Geographical Sciences Thesis: 25.00.36: Kaliningrad, 2004. 155 p.
2. Markov Yu.G. Functional Approach in the Modern Scientific Cognition. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1982. Available at: http://psylib.org.ua/books/marko01/txt02.htm
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3. Kolesnikov A.D. Russian Population of Western Siberia in the 18th -Beginning of the 19th Centuries. Omsk, 1973. Pp. 323, 336-337;
4. Vorobyev V.V. Eastern Siberia Population Formation (geographic peculiarities and problems). Novosibirsk, 1975. P. 61.
5. Bykonya G.F. Settlement of the Yenisei District by Russians in the 18th Century. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. P. 183.
6. Andyusev B.E. Traditional Consciousness of Peasants-old-timers in the Yenisei Territory in the 60s of the 18th Century - the 90s of the 19th Century: Reconstruction Experience : Monograph / B.E. Andyusev B.E. ; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. Krasnoyarsk, 2004. Pp. 77-78.
7. Bykonya G.F. Settlement of the Yenisei District by Russians in the 18 5. th Century. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. P. 122.
8. Bykonya G.F. Settlement of the Yenisei District by Russians in the 18 5. th Century. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. Pp. 168 170.
9. Bykonya G.F. Yenisei District Settlement by the Russians ... Pp. 168 170.
10. Anduysev B.E. Traditional Consciousness of Peasants-Old-Timers of the 60s of the 18th Century: Reconstruction Experience: Monograph / B.E. Andyusev; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. Krasnoyarsk, 2004. P. 81.
11. Agendum of Yenisei Province for 1863. Krasnoyarsk, 1863. Pp. 214-225.
Социум русских старожилов в социоэкосистеме приенисейской Сибири ХУН-Х1Х вв.
Б.Е. Андюсев, Н.И. Дроздов
аКрасноярский государственный педагогический университет
им. В.П. Астафьева Россия, 660049, Красноярск, ул. Ады Лебедевой, 89 бУниверситет Российской академии образования
филиал в г. Красноярске Россия, 660075, Красноярск, ул. Республики, 51
Мы проводим исследование взаимовлияния природно-экологических, культурно-хозяйственных, социально-политических и иных компонентов Приенисейской Сибири XVII-XIX вв. на основе введения в историческую науку понятия «социоэкосистема». Целью публикации является определение этапов и общих итогов формирования русского старожильческого сообщества в социоэкосистеме Приенисейской Сибири. К 1760-м гг. сложилось постоянное потомственное старожильческое крестьянство. Мы делаем вывод, что социум русских старожилов на территории Приенисейского края является исторической реальностью в исследуемый период в экосистеме Приенисейской Сибири.
Ключевые слова: социоэкосистема, культурно-хозяйственный комплекс, месторазвитие, крестьяне-старожилы, старожильческий социум.
Научная специальность: 07.00.00 - исторические науки.
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