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Козаченко И.Я., Сергеев Д.Н., Сумачев А.В. АНТИТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ РОССИИ // Herald of The Euro-Asian Law Congress. 2018. № 1. С. 100-108.
Kozachenko I., Sergeev D., Sumachev A. RUSSIAN COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY Herald of The Euro-Asian Law Congress. 2018. Is. 1. Pp. 100-108.
УДК 343.6 BISAC LAW026020
АНТИТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ РОССИИ
ИВАН ЯКОВЛЕВИЧ КОЗАЧЕНКО, Уральский государственный юридический университет (Екатеринбург, Россия)
ДАНИЛ НАЗИПОВИЧ СЕРГЕЕВ, Уральский государственный юридический университет (Екатеринбург, Россия)
АЛЕКСЕЙ ВИТАЛЬЕВИЧ СУМАЧЕВ, Югорский государственный юридический университет (Ханты-Мансийск, Россия)
Введение: терроризм приобретает много черт явления глобального порядка. Террористическая активность одной и той же организации или группы может наблюдаться одновременно в ряде стран или территорий. Это естественным образом привело к конкуренции разных правопорядков в стратегиях противодействия терроризму и сложностям при выработке унифицированных подходов борьбы с ним.
Методы: в статье на основе сравнительно-правового и исторического методов анализируются факторы, ставшие основой для формирования существующей в России стратегии противодействия терроризму.
Анализ: под стратегией противодействия терроризму авторы понимают фактически сложившуюся систему мер, направленных на предотвращение террористических актов и минимизацию ущерба. Такие стратегии, как правило, включают в себя организационно-политические и правовые подсистемы (уголовное, административное и другое законодательство), содержание которых обусловлено следующими факторами: 1) социально-исторические и территориальные особенности терроризма в государстве; 2) участие в определенных международных документах по противодействию терроризму; 3) международные террористические организации, активные в этом регионе; 4) методы работы террористических организаций и индивидуальных террористов в регионе; 4) особенности национального законодательства по противодействию терроризму; 5) политическая система государства и вектор международной политики.
Результаты: исследование национальных стратегий служит методологической основой формирования универсальной (глобальной) стратегии, которая на первом этапе должна включать в себя правовую оценку новых вызовов; унификацию уголовного законодательства государств мира по вопросам квалификации и наказания за террористические деяния; разработку основ для международной юстиции по делам о террористических актах; унификацию подходов к признанию организаций террористическими.
Ключевые слова: глобализация терроризма; национальная стратегия противодействия терроризму; унификация антитеррористического законодательства; международные террористические организации; терроризм; террористический акт.
HERALD
or THE EURO-ASIA N 2018. Is. 1
LAW COMQRESS
UDC 343.6 BISAC LAW026020
RUSSIAN COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY
IVAN YA. KOZACHENKO, Ural State Law University (Yekaterinburg, Russia)
DANIL N. SERGEEV, Ural State Law University (Yekaterinburg, Russia)
ALEKSEI V. SUMACHEV, Yugra State University (Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia)
Introduction: terrorism has acquired very many features of a global phenomenon. Terrorist activity by one and the same organization or by a group of organizations can simultaneously be traced down in several states or territories. It has naturally led to the competition of different law orders in elaborating strategies to counter terrorism and hampered developing unified approaches.
Methods: based on law comparative methods, the article focuses on the analysis of factors which have served as the basis for the Russian current strategy of countering terrorism.
Analysis: in the authors' view, «the counter-terrorism strategy implies a set of measures aimed at preventing acts of terror and minimizing damage. Such strategies, as a rule, include political and organization and legal subsystems (criminal, administrative and other law) the content of which is determined by the following factors: 1) historical and social as well as territorial features of terrorism in a state; 2) adherence to certain international instruments in countering terrorism; 3) international terrorist organizations operational in a particular region; 4) working methods of terrorist organizations and of individual terrorists in a region; 5) peculiarities of national legislation on countering terrorism; 6) the political system of a state and a focus of international policy.
Results: the research of national strategies serves as a set of methods for elaborating a universal (global) strategy which, at the first stage, should include a legal assessment of new challenges; unification of criminal legislation of different countries of the world on the matters of qualification and penalties for terrorist acts; unification of approaches to recognizing organizations terrorist ones.
Key words: globalization of terrorism; a national strategy of countering terrorism; unification of counter-terrorism legislation; international terrorist organizations; terrorism; an act of terror.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, terrorism as a social phenomenon has swept the whole world and, at an alarming rate, spares no country; Russia in this respect is no exception. Terrorism has acquired the features of an indestructible monster. Special operations forces, seizure teams and other counter-terror units equipped with the latest weaponry and most advanced skills to search, seizure and neutralize terrorists are fighting against terrorism; it is being opposed by the most powerful law enforcement bodies of different, including the most developed, countries of the world: both separately and collectively. But terrorism, like in a Russian fable by Krylov, turns
a deaf ear to the words to hear. But why is such a phenomenon like terrorism in its most cruel forms and with its large-scale consequences still thriving? One answer, from a variety of possible answers, is that we miss the target and do not get to the root of this phenomenon. In our view, acts of terrorism are a visible but insignificant part of the problems facing the world. The underlying causes of this bloodiest and violent crime can hardly be identified, not only because these causes are concealed from visual examination, but most likely because they represent a cause-and-effect set of complex components which are elusive, though such crimes are committed more and more frequently.
Besides, those people whose duty is to counter terrorism and, moreover, to elaborate relevant strategy and tactics do not fully understand that terrorism is a many-faced and complex phenomenon. Using the sports language, look at «the bench of reserves» of different terms, concepts and definitions applied: «acts of terrorism», «terrorist acts», «crimes of terrorist nature», and «terrorist crimes».
The many-faced character of terrorism is reflected in the fact that this phenomenon, though extremely heinous, has a heterogeneous nature, a complex multi-layered structure and endless numerous functions. Even one act of terror committed is accompanied by a huge number of relatively independent crimes, with each being extremely dangerous for the society and deserving its separate classification as a criminal act. It is also not clear what drives terrorists. Though aims of separate terrorist acts can be identified and somehow explained, the psychology of terrorists and terrorism as a general phenomenon can hardly be explained. Paradoxically, the more we speak and write about terrorism and the more countermeasures are taken, the more problems we have to solve and the less we seem to know about this phenomenon. Time passes, and the definitions of terrorism and terrorist crimes become outdated and, therefore, cannot be applied to the full extent.
We can undoubtedly state that terrorism has received wide coverage in literature. At the same time, research has been primarily focused on separate aspects of terrorism: legal, socio-cultural, religious, managerial, economic aspects, etc. [Sandler 2014: 257-258]. Research of national counter-terrorism strategies is a new trend in legal literature. One can hardly disagree that there are certain unified approaches to counter terrorism, typical for all the humanity. It is obvious that terrorist activity is rather large-scale and diverse, with a different historical and social connotation, with different organizational and economic aspects. For example, Professor He Bingsong (PR of China) underlines that we should distinguish only one aim of terrorist acts - a political aim; then we will be able to distinguish between acts of terror and other criminal acts against public security, administrative order or property [M^fe 2016: 8]. At the same time, qualifying terrorist acts by the only aim does not reflect a variety of such types of crimes. For example, an act of terror committed by a Norwegian terrorist A.Breivik did
not obviously pursue any political aim, but rather an ideological aim.
As it is stated, qualification of terrorist acts based on the only aim is determined by the fact that China while countering terrorism is encountering political terrorism resorted to by some separatist groups [Федоров, Сергеев 2016: 6]. It reflects peculiarities of the national strategy to counter terrorism.
The national strategy of countering terrorism is, in fact, a set of measures aimed at preventing terrorist acts and minimizing damage. Consequently, this strategy is not a document with a similar name, but a set of de facto measures which have been evolving for a certain period of time under the influence of external conditions. Such conditions include budget costs, a general impact on the economy, politics, etc. [Cro-nin 2012: 195, 199]. Such a system of measures is based on the following factors: 1) historical and social as well as territorial peculiarities of terrorism in a state; 2) adherence to certain international instruments on countering terrorism; 3) international terrorist organizations, active in a region; 4) working methods of terrorist organizations and of individual terrorists in a region; 5) specific features of national legislation on countering terrorism; 6) a political system of a state and a focus of international policy.
Structurally speaking, the strategy, in our view, is considered as being formed by two subsystems: the organizational and political subsystem and the legal subsystem. The first subsystem determines main trends of countering terrorism and is beyond the legal framework. Such a subsystem is determined by organizational and political decisions of higher officers and can be reflected in initiating military operations, international events, etc. [Cutler 2017: 62].
The second subsystem is formed by a set of legislative rules (criminal, administrative, etc.) which establish measures on countering terrorism and peculiarities of applying legal procedures. Such measures also include the ones aimed at creating physical barriers on the way of committing terrorist crimes (control and search when entering, etc.) [Gaibulloev, Sandler, San-tifort 2011: 4]. It should be noted that efficiency of measures, and namely of legal measures, to counter terrorism is being discussed all over the world [Kris 2011: 2].
In our view, the study of counter-terrorism national strategies will enable to elaborate methods for developing a global strategy.
SOCIAL-HISTORICAL AND TERRITORIAL PECULIARITIES OF COUNTERING TERRORISM IN RUSSIA
The problem of terrorism is closely connected with the Northern Caucasus region. The striving of separate groups for independence in the 1990s led to the appearance of a quasi-state of Ichkeria in the territory of the Chechen Republic [Сизов 2017: 125]. The law of the Russian Federation, in fact, was not effective in the territory of this political unit and the leaders of Ichkeria made contacts with such international organizations as Al-Qaeda and Taliban to secure the existence of the regime financed by outer sources. When separatist sentiments in the Northern Caucasus ceased, the activity of terrorist organizations acquired a connotation of religious extremism and terrorism. Since 1999, terrorist activity has moved beyond the boundaries of the region expanding all over the European part of Russia.
The last decades have brought such examples of terrorist acts as explosions of dwelling houses in Moscow and Volgodonsk, an explosion during the parade in Kaspiisk, the seizure of the theater in Dubrovka during the Nord-Ost performance.
In 2004, the whole world was shocked by a new series of terrorist acts: simultaneous explosions of two passenger planes on 24 August with 90 people died.
In September 2004, terrorists captured teachers, students and their parents - more than 1,200 people, and kept them hostages for two days in the gym of School No.1 in the city of Beslan (North Ossetia). As a result, 331 people were killed, including 172 children, and 559 people were wounded.
On 24 January 2011, an explosion occurred in the Moscow airport of Domodedovo.
And quite recently on 3 April 2017, there was an explosion in the Saint-Petersburg subway.
TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS, METHODS OF THEIR WORK AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE NATIONAL STRATEGY
Nowadays, there are more than 500 terrorist organizations and groups in the world [Phillips 2014: 230]. Terrorist activity is being conducted in 113 regions of the world [Gaibulloev 2015: 21]. The most notorious international terrorist organizations are:
1) al-Dawla al-Islamiya al-Iraq al-Sham (DAISH) -an international terrorist organization of Sunni Islam operating mainly in the territory of Syria and Iraq as an unrecognized quasi-state;
2) Taliban - a terrorist Islam movement operating in the territory of Afghanistan and Pakistan;
3) Aum Shinrikyo - a Japanese cult founded by Shoko Asahara in 1987 with the aim to seize first the power in Japan and then in the whole world;
4) the Islamic Party of Turkestan - a military movement whose aim is to establish the Islamic caliphate in the territory of Central Asia which should include all states of this region with Muslim population;
5) the Irish Republican Army - a military organization with the aim to make Ireland fully independent from Britain;
6) the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - an organization whose main objective is to destroy the Jewish state and which has committed a series of notorious acts of terror;
7) the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam - an organization established in 1976 in response to the discrimination by the Sinhalese majority with the aim to create an independent state of Tamil Eelam;
8) the Hamas - an Islamic resistance movement in Palestine established by Sheik Ahmed Yassin calling for physical elimination of the Jews, persecution of the Christians, left-wing leaders focused on a secular way of development, as well as the Arabs cooperating with Israel;
9) Hezbollah - the Party of Allah established in 1982 in Baalbek (Lebanon) where several hundreds of «Islamic Revolution guards» gathered to repulse the aggression of Israel and Iraq. The aim of the organization is to destroy Israel, to establish the Islamic control over Jerusalem, and create an Islamic state similar to Iran in Lebanon;
10) the Caucasus Emirate - an organization operating in the territory of Chechnya, Dagestan and other regions of Russia with the aim to establish the Islamic caliphate;
11) Al-Qaeda - an organization established by Osama bin Laden in 1990 with the aim of uniting the Arabs who fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet invasion. At present, it pursues the aim of «restoring the Muslim state» in the whole world;
12) Boko Haram - a radical Islamic organization in Nigeria advocating a strict form of Sharia law and prohibition of Western values.
A striking feature of the contemporary terrorism is its well-structured and well-organized character. Terrorist organizations create common governing bodies, the system of administration, and strategic departments. There are meetings and summits of the leaders of the most powerful terrorist groups to coordinate the work of terrorist organizations from different countries.
2018. Ban. 1
International terrorism undermines the vital interests of the world community as well as fundamental rights and freedoms of people. It always brings violence and intolerance.
Legally speaking, «terrorism» is a generic term which includes:
1) violence or threat of violence towards individuals or legal entities, as well as destruction (damage) or threat of destruction (damage) of property or other tangible objects endangering the lives of people, considerable property damage or any other publicly dangerous illegal acts committed to undermine public safety, intimidate the population or compel the state authorities to take decisions advantageous for terrorists or satisfy illegal property and (or) other interests;
2) infringement on the life of state or public figures with the purpose to make them cease their public or any other political activities or with the purpose to take revenge for such activities;
3) attack on a representative of a foreign state or of an international organization protected under international law as well as on premises or vehicles of people protected under international law if such an illegal act is committed to wage a war or complicate international relations.
The main types of terrorism (methods of terrorist activity) are:
Nuclear terrorism implies that radioactive materials are used as a weapon. For example: a nuclear explosive device; contamination of the territory by radioactive materials without any nuclear explosion; an attack of terrorists on a nuclear reactor with the purpose to destroy it and contaminate the territory by radioactive materials.
Biological terrorism is the use of biological means of warfare (like bacteria, viruses, rickettsia) against the population with the purpose to kill as many people as possible. The most widespread and easily accessible biological agents are causative agents of extremely dangerous infections like anthrax, natural smallpox, and tularemia.
Chemical terrorism is the use of chemical weapons for terrorist activities: an attack to kill as many people as possible (the most notorious example is a deadly sarin gas attack carried out by Aum Shin-riky in the Nagano subway in June 1994) or contamination of foodstuffs, water, etc. with the purpose of making political demands or causing real economic damage (for example, in 1978, the Palestine terro-
rists contaminated batches of oranges delivered from Israel to the European countries by mercury).
Electromagnetic terrorism is the use of a powerful electromagnetic impulse affecting vulnerable electronic elements of a civilized society: electronic equipment of different application - ranging from computers to alarm systems and means of communication. Thus, computer terrorism can be viewed as a specific case of electromagnetic terrorism.
Space terrorism is the destruction of satellites and other space vehicles or countermeasures interfering with the normal operation of such vehicles or capture and use of space vehicles to provide communication of terrorists or to be used for terrorist activities.
The main forms of terrorist acts are:
Sabotage (explosions, dispensing poisonous substances, etc.) includes explosions of vehicles, explosions inside or outside buildings, with many people gathered in one place with the purpose to cause significant damage and human losses. Such explosions cause the loss of lives of absolutely different people and, therefore, such acts leave a deep psychological burden and usually occur in such cases when potential victims are considered by terrorists as political enemies.
Abduction. As a rule, terrorists abduct those public figures whose disappearance can attract the public attention: famous politicians, civil servants, journalists, diplomats.
Assassination attempts and assassination itself. It is one of the most commonly used methods of terrorists, usually carried out by armed groups. It has a specific targeting character; therefore it is extremely efficient from the viewpoint of a deliberate psychological effect it produces on a restricted group of people.
Plundering (expropriation). It is carried out to obtain the necessary means of conducting military activities as well as to promulgate certain views. The biggest magnitude it acquires in the times of revolutionary destabilization.
Hijacking is to take control over a vehicle: a plane, a train, a ship, a car. Skyjacking - the aircraft hijacking - is the most widespread form. Skyjacking is more efficient for terrorists because, first of all, special services cannot undertake any countermea-sures against them due to a big number of hostages aboard and, secondly, aircrafts are the most convenient means to escape prosecution.
Attacks on premises. The most often targets are embassy premises, governmental agencies, premises of different political parties. The terrorism in Chechnya is an example of attacking schools and hospitals. While attacking the premises, terrorists pursue other interests. In the best scenario, terrorists can leave the premises under the shield of hostages.
Armed attacks without loss of lives and considerable property damage. Such attacks are usually undertaken by newly appearing terrorist groups which do not have enough experience in conducting large-scale operations, as well as by active organizations which are striving just to demonstrate their capacity to conduct operations with the use of arms.
Cyber-terrorism. It is an attack on computer networks. The appearance of this form of terrorism is accounted for by the fact that computers have begun playing an increasingly important role in all spheres of our life and a huge dependence of our everyday activities on the safety and security of computer networks. Unauthorized access to computer networks is designed to sabotage the work of different bodies.
Since Russia has mostly dealt with the terrorist activity of Al-Qaeda and the Caucasus Emirate, the Russian government undertook such measures which took into account the specific character of these organizations. This factor has significantly influenced the structure of the criminal and administrative-law measures applied as well as of organizational measures.
The legal basis to counter terrorism in the RF includes Federal Law No.35-FZ of 6 March 2006 «On Counter-Terrorism» and RF Presidential Decree No.116 of 15 February 2006 «On Measures to Counter Terrorism».
Federal Law No.35-FZ determines counter-terrorism as follows: it is the activities of state bodies and self-governing authorities to:
- prevent terrorism, including measures to identify and eliminate the causes and conditions facilitating the commission of terrorist acts (terrorism prevention);
- identify, prevent, suppress, solve and investigate a terrorist act (counter-terrorism);
- reduce to a minimum and/or eliminate the consequences of terrorist acts.
To efficiently allocate the state resources in the sphere of counter-terrorism, Russia has established
the National Counter-Terrorism Committee and counter-terrorism committees in the RF constituent entities, the composition and activities of which are regulated by RF Presidential Decree No.116 of 15 February 2006 «On Measures to Counter Terrorism».
The main function of such collective administration organs is to promptly supervise special units and resources to identify and prevent the activities of terrorist organizations, groups, their leaders and people involved in committing terrorist acts.
In 2012, the RF President signed Decree No.851 «On Establishing Levels of Terrorist Danger Providing for Additional Measures to Guarantee the Security of the Person, Society and State» which enables to take measures necessary to counter terrorism.
Terrorism has become transnational, and this is quite alarming, because terrorism is relentlessly destroying the world economy and killing thousands, tens of thousands of people.
Therefore, we find it reasonable that counter-terrorism measures are being expanded now, first of all, against global terrorism. Terrorists and those involved in terrorist activities should be aware that not only counter-terrorism measures but also stringent measures to provide public safety will be applied towards them. For example, Federal Law No.35-FZ of 6 March 2006 «On Counter-Terrorism» entitles a state to down aircrafts hijacked by terrorists even with civilians aboard.
Measures of public safety also include psychological amendments to the so-called «Yarovaya law» which provide for a variety of changes in the news and telecommunications spheres.
National criminal-law measures on countering terrorism include rules which presuppose criminal liability for:
«an act of terror» (Art.205 of the RF Criminal Code),
«assistance to terrorist activity» (Art.205.1 of the RF Criminal Code),
«public calls for terrorist activity or public justification of terrorism» (Art.205.2 of the RF Criminal Code),
«undergoing a period of training to further conduct terrorist activity» (Art.205.3 of the RF Criminal Code),
«organizing a terrorist community and participating herein» (Art.205.4 of the RF Criminal Code),
«organizing activity of terrorist organization and participating herein» (Art.205.5 of the RF Criminal Code),
«failure to report about a crime» (Art.205.6 of the RF Criminal Code),
«taking hostages» (Art.206 of the RF Criminal Code),
«organizing an illegal military unit or participating herein» (Art.208 of the RF Criminal Code),
«hijacking an air or sea vessel or a railway ve-hicle» (Art.211 of the RF Criminal Code),
«illegal disposal of nuclear materials or radioactive substances» (Art.220 of the RF Criminal Code), «theft or extortion of nuclear materials or radioactive substances» (Art.221 of the RF Criminal Code), «infringement on life of a state or public person» (Art.277 of the RF Criminal Code),
«violent coup or retention of power by force» (Art.278 of the RF Criminal Code),
«armed rebellion» (Art.279 of the RF Criminal Code), «an attack on persons or institutions under international protection» (Art.360 of the RF Criminal Code),
«an act of international terrorism» (Art.361 of the RF Criminal Code).
Besides, criminal-law measures on countering terrorism should include encouraging rules which provide for an exceptional possibility to relieve a person of criminal liability in case of committing terrorist acts (comments to Art.205, 205.1, 205.3, 205.4, 205.5, 206, 208 of the RF Criminal Code). It should be noted that the Russian criminal legislation is being significantly transformed in terms of liability for terrorist acts due to gradual implementation of international rules on countering terrorism (elements of crime in Art.205.1 - 205.5 of the RF Criminal Code).
WHAT STEPS WILL ENABLE TO ESTABLISH AN INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY ON COUNTERING TERRORISM?
The steps undertaken to implement some international rules on countering terrorism in national legislation cannot be considered sufficient for creating a comprehensive global strategy. In our view, first of all, we should make the following steps:
1. Elaborate specific rules to provide legal classification of the activities of international organizations controlling the territory and the civilian population (quasi-state terrorist organizations) as well as the activities of heads and members of such organizations. The public danger of such quasi-state terrorist organizations is that they: 1) possess the territory which can serve as the basis for generating tangible assets for terrorist activities and hiding members of terrorist groups; 2) impose a system of taxes, duties and other obligations for the population; 3) control the territory, establish law enforcement, judicial and other bodies, whose activities are carried out under pressure;
2. Harmonize criminal laws of states in matters of classification and penalties for terrorist acts. The necessity to harmonize such rules is caused by globalization of terrorist activities and their transboun-dary character. Nowadays, there is a sufficient number of international conventions on counter-terrorism, however, municipal rules are different in their treatment of the major questions of classification as well as related matters (classification of illegal acts with complicity, the moment of crime termination, stages of crimes, etc.). There is no uniform approach to determining a type of punishment to be applied for committing certain crimes.
3. Unify approaches to recognizing organizations terrorist. Different states resort to different approaches due to historical, political and legal reasons. One of the proposals is to have a single List of international terrorist organizations which should be maintained by the Security Council of the United Nations.
4. Create a system of international justice common for all states in the sphere of international terrorism. The International Criminal Court, in fact, is ineffective: many major states are not members of the ICC or they have declared their withdrawal from the Rome Statute. In our view, under the current conditions it would be reasonable to establish an International Criminal Court with the United Nations to adjudicate cases of terrorism. The work of such a court might be a factor contributing to unification of different law order practices.
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ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ
Иван Яковлевич Козаченко - доктор юридических наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, заведующий кафедрой уголовного права Уральского государственного юридического университета (ул. Комсомольская, д. 21, Екатеринбург, Россия 620137; e-mail: [email protected])
Данил Назипович Сергеев - кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры уголовного права Уральского государственного юридического университета (ул. Комсомольская, д. 21, Екатеринбург, Россия 620137; ORCID 0000-0002-5641-7812; ResearcherID J-1798-2016; e-mail: [email protected])
Алексей Витальевич Сумачев - доктор юридических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры уголовного права и уголовного процесса Югорского государственного юридического университета (ул. Чехова, д. 16, г. Ханты-Мансийск, Россия 628012; ORCID 0000-0002-1133-9574; ResearcherID H-6553-2018; e-mail: [email protected])
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Ivan Ya. Kozachenko - doctor of juridical sciences, professor, Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation, head of the Criminal Law chair, Ural State Law University (21 Komsomolskaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620137, Russia; e-mail: [email protected])
Danil N. Sergeev - candidate of juridical sciences, associate professor of the Criminal Law chair, Ural State Law University (21 Komsomolskaya St., Yekaterinburg, 620137, Russia; ORCID 0000-0002-5641-7812; Researcher ID J-1798-2016; e-mail: [email protected])
Aleksei V. Sumachev - doctor of juridical sciences, professor, professor of the Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure chair, Yugra State University (16 Chekhova St., Khanty-Mansiysk, 628012, Russia; ORCID 0000-0002-1133-9574; ResearcherlD H-6553-2018; e-mail: [email protected])
Дата поступления в редакцию / Received: 22.04.2018
Дата принятия решения об опубликовании / Accepted: 16.05.2018
© И.Я. Козаченко, 2018 © Д.Н. Сергеев, 2018 © А.В. Сумачев, 2018
