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80Постсоветские исследования. Т.3. № 1 (2020) Russia's Strategy in combating drug trafficking O.A. Tretyakova
RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
Abstract. The article is devoted to the research of Russia's participation in international cooperation in the field of combating drug trafficking at the multilateral and bilateral levels. The author pays attention to the development of cooperation and methods of combating drug trafficking between states. Drug use has become a growing problem in international relations. The work shows that the cooperation of Russia with the countries of Central America is of great importance, since this region is the main channel for the delivery of cocaine to Europe, which poses a potential threat to Russia. Cooperation with the CIS countries, through whose borders heroin from Afghanistan enters Russia, also stands out. The author concludes that unilateral efforts in combating drug trafficking and drug trafficking are not enough, which increases the need for our country to participate in international cooperation in the field of drug trafficking.
Keywords: Russia, CIS, drug, drug-trafficking, policy, cooperation.
Стратегия России в борьбе с незаконным оборотом наркотиков
О.А. Третьякова
Аннотация. Статья посвящена изучению участия России в международном сотрудничестве в сфере противодействия незаконному обороту наркотиков на многостороннем и двустороннем уровнях. Автор уделяет внимание развитию сотрудничества и методов борьбы с незаконным оборотом наркотиков между государствами. Употребление наркотиков стало растущей проблемой в международных отношениях. В работе показано, что большое значение имеет сотрудничество России со странами Центральной Америки, поскольку этот регион является основным каналом доставки кокаина в Европу, что представляет потенциальную угрозу для России. Также выделяется сотрудничество со странами СНГ, через границы которых героин из Афганистан поступает в Россию. Автор приходит к выводу, что односторонних усилий в противодействии наркоторговле и наркотрафику недостаточно, что повышает необходимость участия нашей страны в международном сотрудничестве в области незаконного оборота наркотиков.
Ключевые слова: Россия, СНГ, наркотики, наркотрафик, политика, сотрудничество.
The problem of researching the anti-drug policy of Russia is under the scrutiny of researchers, as Russian as foreign. Domestic historiography on this topic is very diverse [Eremin 2017: 95-110], [Potemkina 2009: 170198], [Serova 2016: 293-298] etc. Also, it is worth noting the work of foreign authors [Knyazev 2003], [Mousavi Ahmad Ziya 2018, 2019, 2020], [Amanbekova 2019] etc.
Among Russian authors, it is worth highlighting the works of Eremin A.A., Potemkina O.Yu., Serova E.S. and others. Among the foreign Knyazev A.A., Mousavi Ahmad Ziya, Amanbekova Sh. and others.
Distribution of drugs is a global emergency that threaten the majority of states. According to the conclusions of the UN, drug abuse and drug trafficking are among the most important security issues civilization along with the threat
of a world nuclear war and environmental catastrophe. In recent years, Russia has fully experienced this terrible disaster. The scale of illicit trafficking and non-medical use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances has increased to the extent a serious threat to the nation's health, socio-political and economic stability and security of the state.
Russian anti-drug policy is based not only on the power countering these negative phenomena, but also provides a broad comprehensive strategy to reduce demand for drugs, drug prevention, treatment, strengthening and expansion of international cooperation in this area. As the federal executive body Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation had all the necessary authority to carry out the functions of the head
of the federal coordinating body for the control of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
Organization and implementation of international cooperation and representation of the Russian Federation in the international organizations on combating drug abuse rested with the Federal Drug Control Service.
Russia shares the view of the international community about the global nature of the drug threat and the need to develop a comprehensive international strategy to counteract this problem.
The main areas of the fight against illegal drug trafficking are Afghanistan (heroin) and Latin America (cocaine).
Expansion of drugs from Afghanistan is becoming more dangerous proportions ranging endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, including the security of the European Union. In this regard, the Russian Federation considers relevant question of uniting the efforts of countries of the European Union, Russia, and neighboring Afghanistan States of the joint resistance drug-threat. Such a strategy could include a set of specific measures to combat drug trafficking within Afghanistan itself and in neighboring countries. The main elements of this strategy are the strengthening and creation of anti-drug security belts around Afghanistan in order to prevent the transit of drugs at the earliest stages; organization of effective interaction of the border, customs and law enforcement agencies of the countries whose territory is used for smuggling drugs from Afghanistan; identification and neutralization of transnational criminal groups engaged in the supply and sale of heroin and other drugs with Afghan origin.
The world leader in the production of cocaine belongs to South America.
According to experts in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru are the main plantations of coca bush, from which subsequently produced about 90% of the world's cocaine.
The main route of smuggling cocaine from South America to the United States passes through Mexico, as evidenced by the large number of large seizures of cocaine in the Mexican-American border.
Over the past decade under the influence of anti-drug measures taken by the United States
there have been significant changes in the routes of delivery of cocaine from the countries of Latin America.
On the territory of Russia imported cocaine couriers on airplanes, as well as transportation by sea containers. The main flow of cocaine traffic in Russia goes through Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Russian security service has formed a multi-level system of international cooperation in combating transnational drug trafficking in Central Asia, and Latin America.
For this purpose, National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020 was issued1. We need to develop this Strategy due to the influence of such negative trends as sustainable Russia's population decline, deterioration of quality of the gene pool of the nation due to the expansion of illicit distribution of psychotropic drugs, as well as increased activity of transnational crime, increased terrorism extremism, separatism and rising crime.
These trends have a destructive effect on the main resources of the national economy -intellectual development and physical health of the population. National security requirements dictate the need for the formation of the pillars of anti-drug policy of the country to ensure its security and sustainable development, aimed at organizing the practical activity of the state in the field of drug trafficking and precursors, as well as combating trafficking.
National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on 12 May 2009. One of the sources of threats to national security, recognized by the activities of transnational criminal groups and organizations, associated with illicit drugs and their precursors.
In November 26, 1997 an agreement was signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Colombia on cooperation in the fight against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and their abuse.
Russia opened police courses to combat drug trafficking in Nicaragua. This applies to joint plans to eliminate drug trafficking from South America to Russia. In September 2014
1 The Strategy of the Russian Federation National AntiDrug Policy until 2020// http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/415
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six courses were opened to combat illicit trafficking in drugs and psychotropic substances for students from 10 countries in Latin America in Nicaragua with the support of Russia. The aim is to work in areas such as technical assistance and training of qualified law enforcement officers. Duration of study is four months; the students came from Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua itself.
Russia also plans to build in Nicaragua a special center for training for the fight against drug trafficking in addition to assisting in the training of staff.
In the context of international cooperation Russian Federal Drug Control Service pays attention to international anti-drug special operations.
In the period from 2010 to 2014 based on information Russian Federal Drug Control Service held 8 special operations in Afghanistan, which resulted in 25 drug laboratories dismantled, seized and destroyed about 30 tons of heroin.
Within the framework of regional and sub regional organizations in the post-scale event in 2014 became organized under the coordination of Russian Federal Drug Control Service of international anti-drug operation "Channel-South trap" and "Canal Valley", carried out on the territory of states - members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and Afghanistan, which resulted in from illicit trafficking were seized 16.5 tons of drugs.
In December 23, 2003 the Memorandum of Understanding between the State Committee of the Russian Federation for the control of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and the Agency of the Kyrgyz Republic on drug control was adopted.
As for Central American countries, an agreement was signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the United States on cooperation in criminal matters on June 30, 1995 addition of 17 February 1998 on extending the scope of the agreement on tax and customs offenses.
In November 30, 2000 an agreement was signed on cooperation of CIS member states in combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors and
adopted a Memorandum of Understanding between the State Committee of the Russian Federation for the control of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
The most important activity of law enforcement bodies on the line to reduce the supply of drugs is the suppression of organized drug crime, which is the main supplier of drugs to the Russian Federation, the entire carcass drug-related crime, and in many ways, and crime in general.
The International Committee of the UN Office for Drug Control was established according to the Convention. The Committee shall prepare an annual report on its work containing information it had received, together with any comments and recommendations.
United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, issued on 19 December 19881, at the 6th plenary meeting, stated the increasing spread of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances among different social groups and emphasized the use of children as drug users and their operation in the illicit production and trafficking of psychotropic substances. It was stressed that the relationship between drug trafficking and other forms of organized crime, which undermines the economy and poses a threat to stability, security and sovereignty of the state.
The Convention additionally has regulated measures to provide mutual legal assistance, including training, transfer of the criminal proceedings, extradition and other issues related to strengthening the fight against illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
Presidential Decree banned free sales of waste products, which could contribute to the spread of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
The position of the Government Commission for combating drug abuse and illicit trafficking was approved2. The Commission has included the formulation and
1 United Nations Convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, 1988 // http://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1988_en.pdf
2 The position of the Government Commission for combating drug abuse and illicit trafficking// http ://www. rg. ru/oficial/doc/postan_rf/1318_pril.htm
implementation based on intergovernmental and interagency agreements, measures to ensure the implementation of state policy on drug control.
Russian Government Decree establishes state quotas, which are carried out within the production, storage and import (export) of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
An important step in strengthening the fight against drug addiction was the adoption of the Federal Law on January 8, 1998 "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances"1, as amended from 1 December 2004, which established the legal framework of the state policy in the field of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and the field of combating illicit trafficking in order to protect public health, public security and public safety.
According to the law the state policy in this sphere of relations based on the following principles:
1. The state monopoly on basic activities related to trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances;
2. Licensing of all activities related to drug trafficking;
3. Coordination of federal and regional authorities and local authorities;
4. The development of international cooperation in combating drug trafficking on a multilateral and bilateral basis.
A significant place in the law is given to the legal regulation of combating drug trafficking. For such measures was assigned to the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Interior, the Federal Security Service, Customs, Immigration and Foreign Intelligence Service, as well as the Ministry of Health and other public authorities of executive power.
Organization against drug addiction was carried out based on the relevant federal target programs that have been found to coordinate the activities of all those involved in the execution of their public authorities. Funding targeted programs was carried out at the expense of the federal budget, as well as
1 The Federal Law of 08.01.1998 N 3-FZ (ed. By 02.03.2015) "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances" (January 8, 1998)//
http ://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_ 174 891/
through the creation of special extra-budgetary funds.
Federal law of 1998 regulated the broad palette of legal measures that has been implemented to combat drug trafficking. Among the performers are listed almost all law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation. The disadvantages of the law are the fact that its tasks were formulated in general terms, without their units to the business of specific organs of law enforcement.
Presidential Decree of 20 September 2002 with the Ministry of Internal Affairs was formed a new unit - the State Committee on Combating Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, headed by the Deputy Minister of the Interior.
Presidential Decree of March 11, 2003 "The improvement of public administration in the Russian Federation" State Committee for combating drug trafficking at the Interior Ministry, was transformed into the State Committee of Russian Federation for Control of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Federal Drug Control Service of Russia).
Legal documents were signed within the framework of the Collective Security Treaty in 2003, "On the coordination of Member States' Collective Security Treaty Organization to combat the drug threat coming from the outside".
In 2005, documents were signed "On establishment of the Coordination Council of the heads of the competent authorities to combat drug trafficking states - members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the approval of the Regulation on the Coordination Council of heads of competent authorities to combat drug trafficking states - members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization".
In 2006 - "On the program of joint measures within the framework of the CSTO in the fight against terrorism and the drug threat".
And in 2007 - Decision on additional measures to strengthen the anti-drug activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization.
Collective Security Treaty Organization believes that to improve and enhance the effectiveness of the organization need to intensify efforts to coordinate anti-terrorist and anti-drug activities, combating illegal migration. Create mechanisms of cooperation
nocTCOBeTCKHe HecnegoBaHHa. T.3. № 1 (2020)
in the field of emergency response of natural and manmade.
In connection with the administrative reform and to improve public policy in the field of combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs Russian Federal Drug Control Service has been transformed into a Federal Drug Control Service of Russia.
In conclusion, it is important to say that illegal drugs are a problem at the global level. Drug use leads to loss of earnings, a sharp rise in health care costs, the disintegration of families and the deterioration of the situation where addicts live. Intravenous drug use leads to a rapid spread of HIV / AIDS and hepatitis.
There is a direct link between the drug and increased levels of crime and violence. Drug cartels undermine the work of government and corrupt legitimate business. In some countries, more than half of thefts committed by drug addicts, going to steal to get money to buy drugs. From the proceeds of illicit drugs are funded by some of the bloodiest armed conflicts.
Price of drug addiction in terms of financial cost is enormous. Huge sums are spent each
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About the author: Tretyakova Olga Alekseevna, Master in International Relations, RUDN University ([email protected]).
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Сведения об авторах: Третьякова Ольга Алексеевна, магистр в области международных
отношений, РУДН ([email protected]).
