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29Роль организаций по проверке достоверной информации в Бангладеш в борьбе с фейковыми новостями
Хоссаин Барек
кандидат наук, соискатель, Российский университет дружбы народов, barek.kaiser@gmail.com
Музыкант Валерий Леонидович
д.т.н., профессор, Российский университет дружбы народов, vmouzyka@mail.ru
Нахидуззаман Мд
студент магистратуры, Российский университет дружбы народов, nahiduzzamantusher@gmail.com
В последние годы количество пользователей Интернета и информационных технологий в Бангладеш ошеломляюще выросло. Тем не менее, доступность Интернета предлагает отличные возможности для распространения информации, иногда принося неудобства, которые приводят к ложной информации, дезинформации и фальшивым новостям. В данной статье используются методы анализа вторичных данных, в которых рассматриваются статьи, отчеты, интернет-ресурсы и документы. Мы выделили только действующие службы проверки фактов для решения этих проблем в Бангладеш. Мы также рассмотрели агентства по проверке фактов по всему миру и попытались проанализировать агентство по проверке фактов в Бангладеш. Основная цель этой статьи — предоставить обзор организаций по проверке фактов в Бангладеш. Исследование показывает, что фейковые новости — серьезная проблема в Бангладеш. Различные организации по проверке фактов выявили различные фей-ковые новости, дезинформацию и слухи в Бангладеш, особенно в период распространения коронавируса. Академические исследования медиаграмотности, процессов проверки фактов и институтов все еще новы для этой страны. Кроме того, исследование показало, что недавние организации по проверке фактов в Бангладеш взяли на себя активную роль в борьбе с фейковыми новостями, дезинформацией и недостоверной информацией. Ключевые слова: Фейковые новости, проверка фактов, дезинформация, медиаграмотность, Бангладеш.
Introduction
Bangladesh is a densely populated country in South Asia, neighboring India on three sides, Myanmar on the other side, and bordering the Bay of Bengal. Since independence in 1971, over the past decade, this country has made much progress. It deserves tremendous development in the digitization process. Because of the Bangladesh government's vision for 2021, 50 years after independence, Bangladesh has become more Digitalized. In this regard, Bangladesh's internet penetration reached 31.5% of the total population, and internet users increased to 52.58 million in early 2022 (Kemp, 2022). Currently, the number of mobile phone users in Bangladesh is 163.3 million. According to Kepios's analysis, the number of Internet users in Bangladesh will grow by 5.5 million between 2021 and 2022, an increase of 11.6%. As a result of digitization, everyone has an internet-connected smartphone, and the flow of information is increasing tremendously. However, this flow of information also includes fake news and hoaxes. Fake news is wreaking havoc on human and community harmony in various Asian countries around the world, including Myanmar (Rohingya violence), Bangladesh (Ramu violence), and India (Delhi riots, Muslim minority lynchings). An effective way to reduce the spread of fake news and misinformation is to increase media literacy and use fact-checking. Under these circumstances, the primary purpose of this article is to provide an overview of fact-checking organizations in Bangladesh.
Literature Review
Concurring to Ahmed (2019), fake news has ended up being an extreme concern within the Joined together States and other created vote-based systems; that is mainly since those social orders still brag about strong societies of rights and frameworks of equity that guarantee physical security and flexibility from net shapes of badgering. But in places where more coordinated shapes of control are still conceivable but on the rise, there's a small requirement for something as modern and roundabout as fake news to influence open supposition by progressing one's plan or interface. He moreover pushed that, in time, this might alter, particularly on the off chance that fake news sending can become more straightforward to use as a focused and adaptable operation. But in an instrument unit with distant, more brutal disobedience that can be
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utilized with virtual exemption, fake news may be an extra alternative for the present.
Islam, Alam, Hossain, Motaleb, Yeasmin, Hasan, and Rahman (2020) have inquired about 'Bengali Fake News Detection,' where an information mining calculation is utilized to classify fake and genuine news. Through this work, they consider Bengali fake news classification considering the South Asian Setting. They, too, presented a web interface based on the classifier to check whether a news article was composed within the Bengali dialect, fake or genuine. The classification show appears to have 85% exactness with an irregular timberland classifier.
After a six-month-long ethnographic ponder in three towns in Bangladesh, Sultana and Fussell (2021) appeared that villagers have seen a need for information and involvement among nearby therapeutic experts and frequently fell for garnish advancements of questionable and unverified cures. Villagers built on their nearby convictions and myths, devout religions, and social equity sensibilities, whereas suspicious fact-checking data. Other than that, they frequently detailed being deluded by deception that caters to these values, and they encourage the spread of this data through discussions with companions and family. They proposed that analysts consider deception and arrange fact-checking together as a collaborative hone to plan fitting well-being innovations and social media for given communities.
Al-Zaman (2021) has conducted an inquiry from a Bangladesh point of view, where he categorizes Coronavirus related online deception into six general topics well-being, legislative issues, religion, wrongdoing, amusement, and differences. Agreeing with this inquiry, to control deception, numerous activities have been taken so distantly that they have created small victories. Even though online deception could be a worldwide wonder, its effect may be more substantial in nations like Bangladesh, with comparatively less effective communication foundations and more carefully ignorant netizens.
In another inquiry, Al-Zaman (2021) centered on the responses of Bangladeshi social media clients to devout deception. That consider utilized a substance investigation strategy and found two critical topics: emotion-driven responses and reason-based responses to social media substance and disinformation. Concurring with the ponder, users' passionate responses (62.02 percent) are more substantial than their cognitive capacities (37.98 percent).
On the other hand, Hossain et al. (2022) examined Bangla News fact-checking instruments, utilizing an explained dataset of 50K news. Moreover, they have conducted an outline of the information set and created a reference framework with state-of-the-art NLP procedures to recognize Bangla fake news utilizing conventional dialect components and unbiased network-based methods. Through this writing audit, we have realized that informative investigative works on the fact-checking situation of Bangladesh are not accessible at all.
Materials and Methodology
In this article, we have tried to underline the primary fact-checking services and tools in Bangladesh using the secondary data analysis method, where articles, reports, online resources, and documents have been considered. Through this process, a literature review has been conducted to understand the related research works in this field. In addition, by reviewing the worldwide history of fact-checking organizations, this study has analyzed Bangladeshi Fact-checking organizations. For this purpose, we have analyzed seven public and private fact-checking organizations in Bangladesh in total. Finally, concise the findings and propose suggestions regarding these organizations and their functioning.
Fake News, Misinformation, Disinformation, Malinformation, and
Rumor during the Digital Inclusion Process in Bangladesh
As a creating nation with a moo proficiency rate, Bangladesh has confronted a few occurrences concerning fake news, rumors, and disinformation. The affirmations almost allegations spread with hamburger and pork fat that driven to the Sepoy Resistance, millions of 1857, are among the most seasoned however most predominant rumors individuals develop up hearing in history books (Towhid, 2021). Besides that, there have been various illustrations in Bangladesh all through the final decade where social media mishandling has ended up a security chance. From the Ramu occurrence in 2012 (Sarkar, 2020) to the Bhola occurrence in 2019 (Debnath, 2019), many assaults on nonage communities are fueled by social media criticism and related deception. Too, in 2019, wrong child kidnapping claims started swarm assaults on 30 people, killing eight (Bangladesh lynchings: Eight, 2019).
The rise of computerized news stages and social organizing destinations has affected this. The Shahbagh Development in 2013, the Standard Change Development in 2014, and the Street Security Development in 2018 are three of Bangladesh's critical occasions in which social media played a vital part (Towhid, 2021).
Individuals can create chaos, perplexity, and insecurity with the same rebelliousness that engages them. On the other hand, Bangladesh has been victimized by the widespread extreme coronavirus-related deception, just like the rest of the world. There had once been various trick speculations and deception almost the coronavirus. In addition, incorrect data about antibodies is spreading on social media platforms. Anti-vaccine bunches attempt to extend immunization aversion with their far-brought trick speculations (Kanozia & Arya, 2021, p. 316).
Some Tips to Prevent the Spread of Fake Information or News
Agreeing with other investigations, at slightest 800 individuals have passed on around the world within the, to begin with, three months of 2020 due to incorrect data approximately the coronavirus (Haque, 2020). As
a result, we need to use caution when sharing news and data. Be that as it may, how? Fact-checking site 'Full Fact' has given way to rapidly finding fake data and news. Media specialists propose inquiring three questions sometime recently sharing anything on Facebook (Haque, 2020). They are:
The first question
Who gave the news? To begin with, inquire about this address. If the source is dependable, keep it private. If the equation is modern, attempt to memorize it approximately.
The second question
What? Enter the interface and study the real news. Note the picture, the number utilized, and someone's comment. Comments are frequently utilized without saying the source or given without setting. Pictures or recordings of the news may be fake. The voices utilized within the video may have changed.
The third question
How do you feel after perusing the news? Those who spread false news need to play with people's sentiments. They know you will press on the news if you get irate or worried. So try to know your sentiments before sharing. On the off chance that you are feeling great, share. In addition, on the off chance that you have issues, attempt to confirm by looking at other sources.
Fact-Check
With the development of information technology, information has become more and more available daily. At this time of the 21st century, with the rapid flow of information technology and social media welfare, information is now in our hands. Information is no longer the sole property of the intellectual class of society, but anyone, regardless of class, can collect, store, and disseminate any information. Not only is this free flow of information helping society to move forward, but we are often losing out on the tide of so-called information. Moreover, among the issues involved in this problem, the most talked about is fake News such as fake news, informative or infodemic, deepfake technology, etc.
With the speed of the Web and the notoriety of social media, the development of the two is the most driving drive of the data stream. In addition, as a result, not as it were data but the sum of deception is expanding on the Web. As a result, it is getting to be increasingly important to find the correct data. That is why it is fundamental to confirm the genuineness of the data, objectivity, etc. In addition, this confirmation or testing process is known as fact-checking. Concurring to BTRC information, in Walk 2021, the whole number of Web clients in Bangladesh stood at 11 crores 71 lakh 40 thousand (The number of internets...; 2021). Other than, concurring to the social media administration stage Napoleon cat insights, the number of Facebook clients in Bangladesh till May 2021 is four crores 82 lakh 30 thousand (Afrin; 2021). It recognizes that the deception spread among numerous individuals could be a gigantic errand.
Concerning this, Bangladesh has three organizations: BD Truth Check, Jacchai, and Reality
Observe. The Truth Observe was propelled in 2017; maybe a extend run by a nearby college called the College of Magnanimous Expressions. The two others have been working freely. Jaachai and Truth Observe have their websites, whereas BD Truth Check comes to gatherings of people through its Facebook page. Bangladesh has no legal system for enrollment with autonomous fact-checking organizations. As a result, these organizations are classified as online media outlets. These companies primarily confirm claims posted on social media.
Fact-Checking Organizations in the World
On March 5, 1938, an advertisement in Collier's Weekly magazine appeared in 'Time' where the term 'fact checker' was used. The ad mainly featured various statistics on Time magazine's success and growth. This process of fact-checking the published information continued for decades to come. However, with the advent of the Internet, a new type of fact-checking began. They are now, fact-checking and working on the information or statements someone has already published. Politics has become a critical factor in this new type of fact-checking. Fact-checking tends to be more important in verifying the truth of political information or statements of state political persons and institutions. Lucas Graves, the author of the book 'Deciding Hats Two' and renowned researcher on political fact-checking, says that political fact-checking has evolved continuously. Although it started in the eighties, it has become more refined and regulated in the following decades.
On the other hand, FactCheck.org was launched in 2003 as the first full-fledged political fact-checking initiative. It was initially an initiative of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania. After that, some other websites started working in America and Europe in political fact-checking. With the emergence of independent fact-checking organizations and the challenge of mainstream media reporting by political bloggers before the 2004 US election campaign, many of America's leading mainstream media outlets sought to strengthen and modernize Tal's traditional fact-checking process.
Although, at first, they did not take the fact check of their statements well, American politicians gradually started to accept it as a part of journalism. The word 'fake news' started to be widely discussed around the 2016 US election campaign at a stage of creating new independent fact-checking initiatives worldwide. Democratic and Republican campaigns used social media to spread fake News before the election. Evidence of a coordinated fake news campaign from outside the US, particularly on behalf of the Republicans, later emerged. Even after being elected, President Donald Trump has made it almost a daily routine to talk about the term. In 2017, the Collegiate Dictionary named 'fake News' the most talked about word of the year. Trump used to call critical reports published about him in leading media "fake news." In January 2018, he even awarded the so-called "Fake News Award" to CNN, The New York Times, and The Washington Post. Fact-checking became popular as
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fake News proliferated online and debates on the issue became widespread. According to a 2020 statistic by the Hueck Reporters Lab, the number of globally recognized fact-checking institutions in 2014 was over half a hundred. In 2016 it stood at 105, and in 2020 this number increased to 301. Besides, the number of fact-checking organizations worldwide increased by 200 percent in the four years after Trump was elected in 2016. According to Duke Reporters Lab data, in January 2021, 349 fact-checking organizations were active (Shishir, 2022).
Fact-Checking Organizations in Bangladesh
Fact-checking started institutionalized in Bangladesh at this time of increasing popularity of fact-checking in America and the world. 'BD Fact Check' started its journey at the beginning of 2017 as the first fact-checking organization here. It started with a few young journalists. Another fact-checking initiative called 'Jachai' started shortly. Besides, some other fact-checking organizations are present in Bangladesh. Here, we have discussed seven fact-checking organizations in Bangladesh.
BD fact check
BD fact check (www.bdfactcheck.com) began working in 2016. They moreover have a page on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/bdfactcheck/). The BD fact check confirms data from talks, press conferences, open gatherings, and the media. They, too, check the fake news, pictures, or recordings that go viral on social media. BD fact check has distinctive substance categories: fact check, Facebook Rumor, Legislative issues Check, Wellbeing Check, Media Proficiency, Interactive Media, and Truth Check Ask. Concurring to the Co-founder of BD fact check, Kadruddin Shishir, to begin with, individuals did not get the truth check. In any case, everybody presently gets its significance (Mashum, 2018)." Another co-founder of BD fact check, Zahid Arman, included, "There have been numerous enormous mishaps in our nation within the past due to fake news or rumors. Bad news approximately legislative issues and religion spreads more. We moreover put more accentuation on these two issues (Mashum, 2018)."
Rumor Scanner
Rumor Scanner was formally propelled on Walk 17, 2020, and is the primary fact-checking activity in Bangladesh to begin fact-checking through websites and advanced standards to form more mindful individuals. They clarify the issues by analyzing different viral subjects like politics, society, financial matters, and the well-being of pharmaceuticals. Rumor Scanner is the primary fact-checker in Bangladesh to dispatch a WhatsApp helpline where cognizant citizens can send posts, recordings & news joins to be fact-checked. They receive hundreds of genuine questions week by week through the WhatsApp helpline. Rumor Scanner may be a part of RSB Media & Investigate, enrolled with the Recorder of Joint Stock Companies and Firms. RSB Media & Inquire about could be a forprofit firm headquartered in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Rumor Scanner Bangladesh has picked up worldwide acknowledgment as a fact-checking organization from the Worldwide Fact-Checking Organize (IFCN), an associate of the Pointer Organized of News coverage (Rumor Scanner Bangladesh; 2021). They have got this acknowledgment as the moment institution of the nation. Besides that, Rumor Scanner has propelled its beginning with the portable app (https://cutt.ly/HRB6Dk4) in Bangladesh, which has played a fundamental part in making people aware of the repulsions of rumors within the nation.
Factkhuji (Find the Fact)
Factkhuji is another fact-checked site in Bangladesh. In expanding to the (www.factkhuji.com) site, they also have a Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/factkhuji/). Abul Kalam Azad is the author of Factkhuji; it began its travel at the start of 2020. Keeping in mind the setting of Bangladesh, Factkhuji is creating a few devices with which a citizen can confirm the genuineness of any site, picture, video, or viral social media substance. It will give in-depth preparation for writers to upgrade their fact-checking skills. Factkhuji is a free fact-checking platform run within the Bangladeshi capital city Dhaka. It distributes authentic actualities to fight fake news and disinformation.
Boom Bangladesh
The boom could be a particular advanced news coverage activity, India's to begin with, and a preeminent information verification/fact check site. Be that as it may, this site began its travel in Bangladesh as 'Boom Bangladesh' in April 2019 (www.boombd.com). It has four categories - Fake News, Truth Records, and Body well-being. Besides, Boom's primary site includes a partitioned category called 'Bangladesh.' The Facebook page of the organization is
https://www.facebook.com/Boombangladeshnews.
On the other hand, Boom Ping is a portion of the Advanced Organize (www.pingnetwork.in) and may be an enrolled privately constrained company in India. Boom Arrange has had a news division since 2014, and since November 2016, Boom has propelled another division as an activity for fact-checking. It is certified by the Universal Fact-Checking Arrange Pointer Established.
Jachai (Verification)
'Jachai' (www.jachai.org) may be a Bangladesh-based fact-checking website. In February 2017, it launched as the primary Bangladeshi fact-checking site within the Bengali dialect. Be that as it may, the activity began in 2012 with a Facebook page called 'Be cautious, share responsibly.' Jachai claims it is an autonomous and self-reliant activity free of political and devout impact. Its reason is to highlight the authenticity of various online news and data and persuade everybody to spread data dependably. Jachai could be an unbiased endeavor conducted on private financing from a sense of social obligation. This location gives
data on fake checks and rumors in expansion to fact-checking. There is, moreover, a list of rumored media. These media have given a few rumored news discharges. 'Jachai' takes after an NGO Demonstrate and shows up with well-informed, almost modern fact-check commerce capacities. In reality, 'Jachai' comes from the conventional journalistic fact-checking demonstration and embraces research-based announcing instep (Mohammad, 2019). 'Jachai' too produces posts recognizing fake news and rumors on social media.
Fact Watch
Fact Watch (www.fact-watch.org) may pioneer making Media Information Literacy in Bangladesh. The organization points to open mindfulness of deception, fake news, and rumors; the travel started on November 1, 2016, with introductory monetary bolster from the American Center. Fact Watch may be a venture of the College of Generous Expressions, or ULAB, with the Center for Basic and Subjective Ponders (CQS) support. The organization communicates information confirmation comes about to everybody through its site and Facebook page. It also organizes different workshops, workshops, available addresses, etc.
AFP Fact Check
AFP's digital verification service was propelled in France in 2016 and has become one of the world's driving fact-checking organizations. The organization's writers have secured online substances distributed in neighborhood dialects like Amharic (Ethiopian's official dialect), Hindi, Clean, Portuguese, and so on. They work with different AFP bureaus worldwide to recognize and invalidate hurtful, compelling, and deluding data from this substance, considering neighborhood culture, dialect, and legislative issues. Kadruddin Shishir is an editor at the AFP Dhaka bureau who is in charge of the Bangla site of AFP Truth Check. Sometime recently joining AFP, he was the editor of Boom Live in Bangladesh. He has already worked for BD FactCheck, one of Bangladesh's driving TV channels.
Findings and Discussions
> There are fact-checking sections in the mainstream media in neighboring India. However, in Bangladesh, only two mainstream media outlets have fact-checking sections.
> The general public needs to learn fact-checking. As a result, they believe rumors about various communal conflicts in society.
> There is also the risk of political bias in fact-checking in countries like Bangladesh. For example, if some fact-check results violate the balance of power, they may be manipulated as fake news or misinformation.
> Fact-checking journalism can be a great career, but people still need to learn about this opportunity.
> Fact-checking is not just about fake news, rumors, misinformation, disinformation, and misinformation. On the contrary, all types of discourse
can be fact-checked, for example, written and published documents, speeches, audio, videos, or recordings.
> Political party leaders and their supporters may spread misinformation and disinformation for political gain.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Recently, there have been disturbing incidents in Bangladesh, including fake news, misinformation, and disinformation-based attacks on minority communities. Many people have died in clashes rigged up from misinformation. In this context, fact-checking is essential for smartphone-vulnerable children, youth, and seniors in Bangladesh. Fact-checking and verifying the authenticity of information is complex, but the need for it cannot be denied, and it is gradually increasing. Fact-checking is a method of verifying the truth of information using some method. Just as information can be verbal, audio, written, data, statistics, images, video, and so on. There are many different ways to verify the information. Everyone is constantly seeking, giving, and using the information in this vast world of information technology. As a result, it is difficult to understand who is providing accurate information or misleading people with false or fabricated information. Verification of information has also become one of the most critical problems in getting to the bottom of the fake news and misinformation circulating in networks of all kinds. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have updated their disinformation policies and launched several significant initiatives. Extreme criticism from various organizations for the role of social media platforms in conflicts, such as the Rohingya violence in Myanmar (2017), the Delhi riots in India (2020), and the Rumu riots in Bangladesh (2012).
The study found that fake news has severely impacted the harmony of communities in Bangladesh and has had a profound impact on the beliefs and behavior of people in rural and urban areas. Various fact-checking organizations have detected various cases of fake news, misinformation, and rumors in Bangladesh, especially during COVID-19. Fact-checking and media literacy are relatively new phenomena in Bangladesh, so there needs to be more academic research. In this regard, we hope this study can contribute to media and communication-related research in Bangladesh. The survey also found that recent fact-checking organizations in Bangladesh have taken a proactive role in combating fake news, disinformation, misinformation, and rumors. However, in this research, we found that fact-checking remains complex and inconvenient for the general public.
Recommendations
Bangladesh's mainstream media should play a more active role in this issue. All media must include a mandatory fact-check section.
Before any information, news or content is shared or disseminated; people should be aware to ensure its accuracy.
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Like journalism, fact-checking has its hurdles. In this regard, we must organize fact-checkers and hold governments accountable.
Young professionals should recognize that fact-checking can be a great profession to explore.
Political statements must be subject to fact-checking to hold political leaders accountable.
Mandatory training, workshops or seminars on media literacy, fake news, and fact-checking should be organized by relevant authorities for all public and private institutions. B. Press Institute Bangladesh (PIB) and Management and Resources Development Initiative (MRDI).
According to various studies in Bangladesh, the age group of social media users is she is between 14 and 35 years old, so compulsory media literacy courses should be included in secondary and upper-secondary school curricula. The National Curriculum Board of Bangladesh should pay attention to these issues.
Roles of Fact-checking Organizations in Bangladesh to Tackle Fake News
Barek Hossain, Muzykant V.L., Nahiduzzaman Md
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
In recent years, internet and information technology users have grown staggeringly in Bangladesh. Nonetheless, the Internet's availability offers excellent information dissemination opportunities, sometimes bringing disadvantages that cause misinformation, disinformation, and fake news. This article uses secondary data analysis methods in which articles, reports, online resources, and documents are considered. We have highlighted only running fact-checking services to address these issues in Bangladesh. We also reviewed worldwide fact-checking agencies and attempted to analyze the fact-checking agency in Bangladesh. The primary purpose of this article is to provide an overview of fact-checking organizations in Bangladesh. The study shows that fake news is a severe problem in Bangladesh. Various fact-checking organizations have uncovered various fake news, misinformation, and rumors in Bangladesh, especially during the coronavirus period. Academic research into media literacy, fact-checking processes, and institutions is still new in this country. Besides, the study found that recent fact-checking organizations in Bangladesh have taken a proactive role in combating fake news, disinformation, misinformation, and malformation. Keywords: Fake news, Fact-check, Misinformation, Media Literacy, Bangladesh.
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