CC BY
16
DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-06.46
ROLE STAKEHOLDERS' SOCIETY EMPOWERMENT IN CORAL REEFS CONSERVATION THROUGH CORAL REEF REHABILITATION AND MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM IN BAHARI VILLAGE OF SOUTH BUTON REGENCY, INDONESIA
Didi L.*, Gani A.Y.A., Wijaya A.F., Mindarti L.I.
Faculty of Administrative Science, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia *E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Role of stakeholders is very important in society empowerment process especially in coral reef conservation. This research studied role of stakeholder in society empowerment through coral reef rehabilitation and management program. Role of society in empowerment to conserve coral reef was more to participate in planning process however in implementation process the participation of people were still low and apathies. Role of laborers in society empowerment for coral reef conservation as facilitator, trainer and educator was maximal.
KEY WORDS
Stakeholders, community empowerment, coral reef rehabilitation, policy.
Role of stakeholders were very important in Community empowerment process especially in coral reef conservation. As stated by Mathur, Price & Ali in Salum, Gakure & Othiambo (2017:295) that "stakeholder are very crucial in the strategic management process". As the functionaries who had strategy management ability so by the involvement of functionaries could influenced empowerment program. Donalso & Peters (1995:229) said "stakeholders do influence implementation of strategic plans in public sector". Later, "involving stakeholders expands firm's ability to develop collaborative relationship with a wide variety of economic and non-economic partners to find solutions, Sharma & Starik in Salum, Gakure & Othiambo (2017:295). Besides, "stake holders are ver important and influential for the organization success; whether for past, present or future operations of the firm or the invironment surrounding the organization", Pearce & Robinson in Salum, Gakure & Othiambo (2017:296).
Theoretically stakeholders concept were complex enough, "stakeholders are any group or individual that has a 'stake' in a decision-making process because they are somehow affected by or interested in an activity" Reed in Mease, Lindley A., at all (2018:248). Stakeholder is an individual or group who can affect or can be affected by the achievement of the firm's objectives, Friedman (1995). Hence, stakeholder management is the central theme of at least one important recent business and society text, Carrol in Donaldson & Preston (1995:66).
In community empowerment context to conserve coral reef, stakeholders involvement were very important because functionaries, in this case community get involved in exploited coral reef and other ecosystem aroun conservation area of Coral Reef Rehabilitation and management program (COREMAP). This explanation as stated by Zaelany in Nagib (2006:2) that "The main cause sea ecosystem damaged because of human factors:. Later, Burke, L.Selig, E and Spalding, M (2002:8) said that "Human activities now threaten an estimated 88 percent of Southeast Asia's coral reefs, jeopardizing their biological and economic value to society. For 50 percent of these reefs, the level of threat is "high" or "very high." Only 12 percent of reefs are at low risk. The Reefs at Risk project estimates that about 64 percent of the region's reefs are threatened by overfishing, and 56 percent are threatened by destructive fishing techniques". (2002:8) mengatakan bahwa bahwa "Human activities now threaten an estimated 88 percent of Southeast Asia's coral reefs, jeopardizing their biological and economic value to society. For 50 percent of these reefs, the level of threat is "high" or "very high." Only 12 percent of reefs are at low risk. The Reefs at Risk project estimates that about 64 percent of the region's reefs are threatened by overfishing, and 56 percent are
threatened by destructive fishing techniques". If we let this condition free, so the coral reef would get worse in the future. According World Resources Institute (WRI) in Nikijuluw (2013:6) that "if there is no systemic effort to keep and protect coral reef resources, so in year 2030 globally that more than 90% coral reefs would be in danger and in Indonesia there would be about 95% coral reef damaged from 39.500 km2.".
According to Central Oceonology Development (P2O) LIPI in Setiawan (2016:10) discovered that "coral condition in Indonesia 41.78% is in damage, 28.30% in medium condition, 23.72% is in a good condition and only 6.20% in a very good condition. However in South Buton regency condition of "coral reef closing in medium category, that is 39%, Nagib, L. (2006;2). In south Buton Regency, the damaged of coral reef is responsibility of community as the stakeholders of coral reefs conservation. Community as stakeholders conducted "coral fish catching bombed by fishers", Nagip, L. (2006:16). So that in empowerment needed other stakeholders. According to Mikalsen and Jentoft in Wiryawan (2013:321-322) stakeholders divided into 3 "definitive stakeholder, expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders. Definitive stakeholders is stakeholder which having legitimation attribute, power and interest, such as fisher, researcher and legal institution. Stakeholder expectant is stakeholder which have 2 stakeholder attributes from 3, that is custum society, society and environment loving society. Latent stakeholder is stakeholder which have 1 attribute, like bank, media, consumer etc".
Need of stakeholder involvement based on assumption that they would give positive contribution in coral reef environment conservation better for today or in the future. As stated by Pearce and Robinson (2009) stakeholders are considered as influential groups or individuals who have key interest in the actions of the firm by revisiting the past, present and future operations as well as environment surrounding the firm.
That's why needed observation for how role of stakeholder society empowerment in coral reef conservation. The purpose is that process society empowerment in environment conservation needed to maximize role of stakeholder.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This research study used descriptive qualitative method. The reason is problems or issues that need to explore, the need to understand detail and complete about stakeholder involvement in society empowerment to conserve coral reef environment, the need to empower people ability in explaining the recent condition, the need to understand stakeholder involvement to conserve coral reef environment, and research problem possibly using this qualitative research.
In order to collect the data structurally so there were 3 technique, they are: interview, observation and documentation, Creswell (2014:251). There are 7 informant for the interview technique by using purposing sampling. Informant were the ex-chief of manager unit program COREMAP II Buton Regency, Bahari head village, 2 persons of village motivator (MD), Pokmas, a village functionary, a local village man. The interview activities were: taking notes, write down interview result, recording interview result, listening to the informants information. The researcher conducted direct observation by pay attention every recent issues and documenting it. In observation process "the researcher is as participant and observer" Creswell (2014:251). Besides, documentation is a process to collect datas from COREMAP II documents, journal or diary along the research, public document (notulen, report, archieves, etc). After obtained the data, it continued by data analysis process.
There 3 ways to analyze the data, such as: first, text data like manuscript or pictures) second, redraw data is data selection that needed and unneeded.
RESULTS OF STUDY
Role of society coral reef conservation through Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management. Role of society is a form of society empowerment to participate in coral reef
conservation through coral reef conservation and management. Role of society in coral reef conservation through COREMAP as described by MD HM that:
"Society get involved in determining village motivator, community of environment conservation and socialization activity of COREMAP program. Besides, role of society in environment conservation through COREMAP program directed to keep, rehab and manage the ecosystem in DPL COREMAP area. However, the role was not running as well as expected. Society was still exploit the sea ecosystem in COREMAP area, such as: arrow fishing, throw fish, put a fish trap, interviewed 26 September 2017. This situation also stated by the community (Pokmas) that:
Role of society in conserve coral reef was still low and apathies. Besides, many people found bombing fish, caught fish by using net and trap. This activity has damaged coral reef. Many people reported it to the government but there were more people let they exploit COREMAP area. Interviewed with BHR, 2 October 2017.
BHR story above described that society involvement to empower society was not running as good as expected. There many people exploit coral reef and other ecosystem in DPL COREMAP area to fulfill their daily life by arrow fishing, throw fish, put a fish trap.
This situation is similar as BW stated that:
"in the beginning of COREMAP activity society get involved in meeting, keep and protect COREMAP area, but the activity was no longer happened. They back exploited sea ecosystem in COREMAP area, such as: many people found bombing fish, caught fish by using net and trap." Interviewed 2 October 2017.
Whereas in coral reef conservation based empowerment, society have important role as stated by the ex-chief unit of manager program COREMAP II, that is NS that:
"in fact, core of society empowerment by COREMAP was society involvement starting from planning until evaluate activity. So, society became a backbone of empowerment activity, they just didn't know and realize that this coral reef conservation program was for them and done by them also. So, we need them to realize to succeed the COREMAP program, interviewed 6 January 2017.
According to Villager named Cely that:
"Society is better to get involve to keep coral conservation through COREMAP program, but they didn't do that way. I observed that in a week they caught fish 2 until 4 times by bombing fish, caught fish by using net and trap." Interviewed, 21 November 2017.
The result study showed that society was still caught fish improperly. Many people found bombing fish, caught fish by using net and trap around COREMAP area which caused the ecosystem getting damaged. Besides, there still no alternative way to distract society to not exploit sea ecosystem redundantly. It hoped that role of society empowerment in coral reef conservation through COREMAP program be more participate in planning process however in reality people's participation were low and apathies. They were not active in conservation of coral reef on the contrary conversely many people found bombing fish, caught fish by using net and trap which caused the ecosystem were getting damaged.
Role of government in society empowerment. Role of government of Bahari village in South Buton Regency in society empowerment process in environment conservation through COREMAP program was unity with other stakeholder involvement such as LSM/counterpart and society. The role above was not to compete but to share the role and duty each other.
This stated by ex-chief unit of COREMAP II program, NF that:
"in fact, role of government in making policy and giving help or mediation if needed. In the implementation of COREMAP activity, the consultant, the senior of training facilitator and counseling, society facilitator, village motivator and society community were support each other. There are Maritime and fishery department followed SETO and FM but there're not represent the government." Interviewed 6 January 2017.
Interview result with NF above showed that role of government in Bahari village to empower society in coral reef conservation through COREMAP program as the mediator and facilitator. The similar opinion also stated by AL as COREMAP consultant:
"COREMAP II program is society empowerment activity. In this level, society expected to get involved in every activities related to coral reef conservation program. Government is as mediator." Interviewed 9 January 2017. As stated by DPL COREMAP Bahari, BHR that:
"All this time, we are as COREMAP manager in this village give more attention in keeping and managing coral reef rehabilitation program. The government has never been shown here probably because there is a consultant for this socialization program, unless village government is always together in every events. However, the most active people in following this program are village motivator and village community." Interviewed 2 October 2017. Based on the observation, role of local government was still rarely coming to see this coral reef conservation program. By the end of COREMAP II program, so role of government to conserve coral reef conservation program was over. According to this condition showed that role of government in society empowerment in Bahari village of Sampolawa regency - south Buton regency both channeling of funds and managing DPL COREMAP area was still low. Role of government was more to formulate and define regulation however they were still rarely monitoring, evaluating and doing mediation in the implementation of the program. Role of government of Bahari village was giving sanction to people who exploit coral reef better than giving solution to the people to not damage the coral reef.
Role of society empowerment counterpart in coral reef environment conservation. Role of counterparts in empowering is as facilitator and catalyst, trainer and educators supporting funds and project executor.
As NS stated:
"In fact, in empowerment program, society facilitator, village motivator, society community and the villagers itself were the most active part in empowerment program. They interacted directly to society, gave socialization and found solution for any problems related to COREMAP program. Role of counterpart accompanied management of channeling funds and looked after coral reef ecosystem in COREMAP sea restricted area." Interviewed 2 October 2017.
The similar opinion stated by Mad:
"We have done serious effort to succeed COREMAP program, such as we accompanied custom institution and village government to decide any violations problems done by Bahari villagers. We also gave socialization to the villagers who disagreed about coral reef conservation area." Interviewed 3 January 2017.
According to Cely that; "COREMAP managers in Bahari village has been giving a lot of socialization to villagers through COREMAP program about the important to conserve coral reef, but now there is no such activity anymore." Interviewed 21 November 2017.
Later, result study showed that counterparts activity in protecting coral reef conservation area through COREMAP program is over and not continuing anymore. Other evidence showed that there are many people still exploit COREMAP conservation area by bombing fish, caught fish by using net or trap and festival event "Pindokoa". Pindokoa is classic tradition in village to catch fish and that is massively damage coral reef."
So, it described that role of society empowerment counterparts in coral reef conservation was not maximally implemented. Counterparts' role as facilitator and catalyst, trainer and educator were not succeeding to facilitate and support people to not exploit and damage the coral reef.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Role of society in empowerment. Role of society in empowerment is important to do because society is an empowerment subject. Role of society in empowerment to conserve coral reef through COREMAP program still focus on planning process however in the implementation the society participation were low and apathies. Besides, the people were not active in coral reef conservation conversely they bombing fish, caught fish by using net or trap in coral reef conservation area which damage the ecosystem.
Role of society in Bahari village - Sampolawa regency - South Buton regency in coral reef conservation were very low, this is similarly as happen in Kenya according to the previous study Gyan and Baffoe (2014) found that non-involvement most of functionaries in society empowerment because of the low sources in taking decision even they got the way to participate society empowerment initiation.
Role of society in coral reef conservation should participate since created the formula, implementation, monitored and evaluated. Society participation means that society involvement in decision making about the use of public resources and public problem solver for their local development, Sumarto (2003). Besides, role of society is suggestion, input, critic and recommendation, support in policy formulation, policy implementation and policy evaluation facilitated by educated and exercised people. (counterparts/LSM), Sulistiani (2017).
As stated in the previous research by Elmenofi.Gehan, at.all (2014) that there was less coordination in most big organization, financial sources and society participation were low. Around 48% from functionary organization assumed that Rural Development (RD) program and the project were only partly which reflected society need, there's no participation in planning and implementing of this program and tend to centralistic. There's significant discrepancy between the plan and the implementation. Besides, some problems occurred in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluating (M&E) were not as well as expected. Whereas, role of stakeholders gave important effect the implementation of environment conservation as Kismartini and Yusuf (2015) found that role of functionary policy management in coastal area in Rembang Regency both the main actor or supporter have strong effect in observing management of coastal area and coordinating with actors were running appropriate with the authority.
The result study of Gehan at.all and Kismartini & Yusuf based on some points agreed with this research study that coordination between society empowerment actors in coral reef conservation were still low. Role of society in participating of planning, implementation, and evaluation were low too. Whereas, participation was the society ability to influence activities so it can develop their prosperity, Paul in Ife&Teosriero (2008). In fact, participation was very important for society prosperity, but there was some reasons why society participation were still low. As Glaser, Marion. At.all (2015) stated that society participation in maritime resources were still obstructed by less of information and domination management process based community by influential individuals. That's why, other stakeholders need to realize that society would actively participate in every empowerment program.
Besides, role of society in empowerment is monitoring and evaluation, Sulistiyani (2017). Role of society in monitoring empowerment implementation purposed to make society know about any obstacles and development an empowerment program both revolving funds and coral reef conservation program. From monitoring result, society empowerment activity would conduct any correction things based on reality happened in the area. Here, society empowerment program were good which the society became both actors and monitor the activity. Monitoring was an activity to train people in assessing their activity objectively.
Whereas, role of society as evaluator is that people assessed the empowerment program has been done, whether the program were running well or not. Evaluation was very important because evaluation result would become a recommendation whether society empowerment program were still continued or stopped. In evaluation process paid attention to various problems and found solution of it. Related to coral reef program, whatever the result it should be continued. The consideration is that program has been long happen and if they let the environment / coral reef ecosystem damage, while the main purpose of COREMAP program is to conserve coral reef for society and independent prosperity. To let society empowerment program stop means to let coral reef damage and society prosperity would be in danger.
Role of government in empowerment. As we know that role of government in empowering coastal society in Bahari village - Sampolawa district - South Buton regency whether revolving funds distribution or management DPL COREMAP area were still low.
Role of government is to formulate and define policy however role of implementation policy, monitoring, evaluation and mediation rarely happened. Role of Bahari village government was in giving sanction to people who exploit coral reef better than giving solution for people to not damage the coral reef.
Less of government involvement in society empowerment in Bahari village -Sampolawa District - South Buton regency as finding of Gyant and Bafoe (2014) that non-involvement of most functionaries because the lack of sources in taking decision although they got ways to initiate social development. Gyan and Bafoe (2014) showed that role of stakeholders were still very low in society empowerment, this happened because the lack of human resources, this study is very important to understand because there has been so many theories about role of stakeholders to run the program well, but they didn't pay attention to how developing human resources. In the context of city society human resources probably were not the barrier factor, but in villager environment the lack of human resources was the barrier factor of village government in society empowerment to conserve coral reef environment.
This human resources restrictiveness finally would influence formulated policy made by village government, while village government have an important role in formulating policy and defining policy in the village level to conserve coral reef environment. That's why, it needed other involvement so the policy has been made become need and solution for society empowerment problems. When a policy has been made, so role of government is to implement it. Stakeholder together with other stakeholders conducted policy implementation process balance with each authority. Implementation of balancing policy means that stakeholders responsibility to succeed a policy and give a chance to other stakeholder like LSM/counterparts and society and society about policy implementation.
Role of government in society empowerment in coral reef conservation were very important because government authority determined legality a program through policies. Role of government directed to society developing process, Hasim & Rewiswai (2009). Besides, role of stakeholder was "hand over social problem and its effect mainly in public side, social problem about daily needs through social insurance and protected society from market domination. Soetomo (2013).
Sutomo point of view above is relevant with condition of coastal society environment in Bahari village - South Buton regency, while role of government is as problem solver of public issues and protect the society. Government should become a motivator in empowerment process, because society not always have ability to solve problems, moreover by the lack of human resources so the role of society wouldn't well implemented. For that reason need government involvement to balance weak society in implementing society empowerment policy.
In society environment who have lack of human resources, role of government prohibit people to solve problems they are facing. Interaction between stakeholders should be developed in together. "each actors are interacting and influencing each other to achieve the goal together.", Madani (2011). Because "empowerment just one governance element is not enough if there is no similar changes in other elements too." Dwiyanti (2014).
It can be described that government involvement in society empowerment better not only policy decision, policy implementation, evaluation but also the role as mediator and motivator need to arise, so it could minimize failure of coral reef conservation program which supported by COREMAP.
Role of counterparts in society empowerment in coral reef conservation. As we know that role of counterparts in society empowerment to conserve coral reef in Bahari village Sampolawa district South Buton regency was not running well. This can be seen from the low counterpart role as facilitator and catalyst, trainer and educators and as stakeholders. As happened in Kenya as the previous researcher Gyant and Bafoe (2014) stated that non-involvement of functionaries happened because of lack of sources in decision making although they got ways to participate in initiating society development. Conversely by the previous research Abernethy, at.all (2014) that LSM/counterparts were active in supporting information access supply related to maritime resources management but still be aware with
information asymmetric by power. It means that LSM/counterpart took part but full of awareness.
Normatively, role of counterpart is, firstly, as facilitator and catalyst, through leaders who lived in the middle of the community following society development process, found out solution and take part in determining alternative problem solving. Secondly, trainer and educator, were looking for and distributing information and experiences from outside to inside community through various teaching learning technique. Thirdly, collecting funds such as by pushing of saving efforts, productive trade and marketing, Ismawan in Priyono & Pranaka (1996).
Those third counterparts role when implementing well, so empowerment process would be well implemented and conversely, if those worse implemented so society empowerment would be failed. That's why it needed other stakeholder support in society empowerment, it purposed that stakeholders were coordinating and building a relationship. Stakeholders are government and society. Society was as empowerment subject and government as to formulate and define policy is also having related role with involvement of empowerment counterparts.
In other words, in society empowerment process role of empowerment actors should be clear. A good counterpart should know the way to empower society and able to open access other empowerment factors. A counterpart should have an ability in developing basic ability that society need, such as problems identification, problem solving, decision taking and other social problems. A counterpart should have intellectual and sensibility because he would meet heterogeneity problems in social life. Anwas (2014) stated that counterpart in empowerment having ability to interact or build relationship with every family in social life.
Anwas opinion above demand professionalism of society empowerment counterpart. A counterpart is not only accompany society in implementing a program but also giving motivation and teaching the society. So that, professionalism of a counterpart is very important in order to give answers for society needs and solution for empowerment problem especially coastal society.
Besides, LSM/counterpart have role as trainer and educator. As a trainer and educator, a counterpart should maximize the society potential and capacity to make them independent and prosperous. This role should be conducted consistently and continue. This stated by Ife & Tesoriero (2008) that society development is a learning continuity process, constantly workers learn new various skills, various ways of thinking, new way to see the world and various ways to interact with other people.
However, a counterpart educators' role could involve other stakeholder such as high institution or competent organization. Other institution involvement should build a good coordination to work as their own authority. Lavy (2007) stated that coordination between actors were much related one to another and each of it should responsible appropriate with given authority.
Later, stakeholder of society empowerment in implementing empowerment program should have duties and not dominated each other. In governance perspective, role of stakeholder in society empowerment is related one another. Artut Mass in Muluk (2009:49) stated that in governance power, non-government is on two feet, they are private institution and society institution. Non-government power basically have ability to reach the government purposes optimally, it also has power to influence the authority. Besides, stakeholder authority should be balance as Madani (2011) stated that governance emphasize on the action. Each actors would interact and giving influences to achieve purposes. It means that stakeholder involvement happened to achieve purposes.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Role of stakeholder in society empowerment to conserve coral reef environment were still not maximal. Role of society in empowerment to conserve coral reef is more focus on the planning process, however in the implementation, the society participation was very low and apathies. Later, role of local government is more focus on formulating and defining policy,
however role of policy implementation, monitoring, evaluation and mediation still rarely happen. Government of Bahari village get involve in implementing, monitoring, and giving sanction to people who exploit coral reef than giving solution in order to avoid society damage coral reef. Whereas, role of counterpart in society empowerment and coral reef conservation as facilitator and catalyst, trainer and educators is still not running well.
Therefore, they should recommend the need to optimize role of empowerment stakeholder by asked other stakeholders like university and empowerment auditor institution. Besides, there need good management to implement the coral reef conservation program and need economic activity movement from maritime dominant sector to micro economic sector.
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