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Секция «Актуальные на учные проблемы в мире (глазами молодьш исследователей)»
УДК 004.896: 621.865
РОБОТОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ
А. И. Жиганов, А. Ю. Крашенинник Научный руководитель - Е. В. Сергеева Руководитель по иностранному языку - В. О. Новосёлова
Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет имени академика М. Ф. Решетнева
Российская Федерация, 660037, г. Красноярск, просп. им. газ. «Красноярский рабочий», 31 Е-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
В наше время много говорят об искусственном интеллекте, робототехнике и т.п., поэтому основная задача - показать состояние отрасли на сегодняшний день. Проведен обзор и представлен аргументированный анализ состояния отрасли робототехнических систем (РТС), а также сделан ряд предположений по поводу развития данной отрасли.
Ключевые слова: искусственный разум, робот, робототехнические системы.
ROBOTIC SYSTEMS
A. I. Zhiganov, A. Yu. Krasheninnik Scientific Supervisor - E. V. Sergeeva Foreign Language Supervisor - V. O. Novoselova
Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation Е-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Nowadays a lot is spoken about artificial intelligence, robotics, etc. So, the main task of the article is to show the state of the industry today. The article reviews and submits a reasoned analysis of a robotic systems industry, and a number of assumptions is made about the development of the industry.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, robot, robotic systems.
Robotics is a field of science and technology, focused on the creation of robots and robotic systems (RTS) for automating of complex engineering processes and operations, including those carried out under not determined conditions for the replacement of a person when performing a heavy, exhausting and dangerous work [1]. Robotics is a natural logical continuance of technology as a phenomenon. At the heart of robotics there are such disciplines as artificial intelligence, technical cybernetics, psychology, system-oriented analysis, and the main challenge posed to the scientists is to endow a robotic system with some intelligence.
The word "robot" was issued by Czech writer Karel Capek and originally meant a "machine with anthropomorphic (human-like) behavior that partially or fully performs the functions of a human when interacting with the outside world" [2]. The first robots that simulated the appearance and movements of a person were used for entertainment purposes, but they were absolutely non-effective in industrial use. With the development of technology, it became clear that it was much easier and more convenient to use a variety of devices and machines that took a heavy and monotonous burden from the workers, or could be used in dangerous to human's health situations (in high radiation, high or low temperature conditions, in hard-to-reach places). Currently, robotics is presented with a huge range of assistive devices, and it is used in various branches of science and technology [5].
Student Robots. This group is a kind of transition between "frivolous" RTS and true scientific developments. Depending on the problems that are plagued by young robot technicians, these robots can be attributed to different groups: trajectory robots (robots going around a belt of obstacles), pin-rings (robots knocking bowling pins for a minimum period of time), robots-sumo (robots pushing opponent robots outside the playground), robots-football (robots scoring goals).
Let us consider a robot-football. Several students agree on common rules, such as wheels size, engine power, etc., develop a project, and in a certain period of time they present their inventions. Then the testing
Актуальные проблемы авиации и космонавтики - 2016. Том 2
in the form of a game starts. The winner as in a traditional football is the one who will score more goals. Typically, these robots are radio controlled. Either a different solution is used: the "body" of the robot is covered with a variety of all sorts of sensors informing it about the external environment, the memory of the onboard computer is stuffed with all sorts of rules of behavior in various conditions, and the robot is allowed to do a "freewheeling", and the human's task is only to write a program and monitor its implementation. Today, programmers run very interesting behavioral situations where the task of strict rules of behavior is nothing more than the existence of instincts.
Remote-controlled robotic systems. The apparent simplicity in the control of robots working on the remote control scheme should not misinform about limitations in their use: they are highly demanded. Let us consider their design: the intelligent part is missed or reduced to two or three instincts, which will not allow the operator to make a critical error; in fact, it is only a mobile RTS, then equipment for transmission and reception of radio or video signal and controlling commands. Applications of such systems are diverse. They are needed wherever real human's presence is impossible. They are used in various areas of science and technology from medicine to space research.
Endoscopy in medicine: is not it a remote-controlled system? Recently, mass media have reported about microrobots, which will travel along human's blood vascula and remove the plaque from their walls. The cooperation between medical and robot technicians is limitless.
How to explore sunken ships, wrecks of which cover the bottom of seas and oceans all over the world? It is expensive, dangerous, and sometimes impossible to send people-divers each time to the sea bottom. Then remotely operated robots get into the act to deliver the necessary information to scientists.
Remote controlled robots are indispensable in conditions of mine clearance, increased radiation, chemical pollution, in short, wherever the direct presence of a human is impossible [3].
Industrial robots. This group of robots is almost completely reasonless. They are intended only to replace a human to do a difficult, monotonous, line production work. These robots act on the basis of rigidly coded programs and sometimes work at automatic lines, plots, and are able to perform a full production cycle as well [6]. Scientists divide this group into three generations of robots: program-controlled robots, robots with adaptive control (sense elements), robots with elements of artificial intelligence, but their purpose remains unchanged, they were and are tireless workers who do their job for 24 hours a day, without demanding wages, additional payments for working overtime hours, bonuses and holidays.
Intelligent robots. This group is presented by new, interesting and unexplored possibilities of a mind. Every now and then, the mass media report about "sensational" possibilities to simulate a human's mind, but so far, no actual results have been obtained. Everything is considered at the level of theories and assumptions, as the area of science regarding the human brain has not been studied yet. Scientists have only some guesses, therefore modeling of a thinking process is extremely difficult. But there is no limit to perfection, so this problem and many other unknown scientific tasks facing humanity will be successfully solved sooner or later.
The development of robotics goes rapidly, there is a progress in all areas of robots application. Student robots can already be used for development of control skills of any other types of robots. Remote controlled robots allow a person to get into the most remote and dangerous areas of the globe. Industrial robots are increasingly releasing humans from physically monotonous work. Intelligent robots are also being developed. Unmanned vehicles are under tests. They can replace drivers that will help avoid many tragedies committed due to human errors.
Recent advances in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence look just incredible. But it is of no use to completely replace human relations by techniques [4].
References
1. Dictionary.com [Electronic resource]. Available at: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ Mechatronics?s=t.
2. Heimann B., Gert B., Popp K., Repetsky O. Mekhatronika: Komponenty, metody, primery [Mechatro-nics: components, methods, examples]. Novosibirsk, Publishing House of SB RAS, 2010. 602 p. (In Russ.)
3. Interesting Robotics [Electronic resource]. Available at: http://edurobots.ru/.
4. Myrobot.ru [Electronic resource]. Available at: http://myrobot.ru/articles/.
5. Mirzaev R. A., Smirnov N. A. Avtomatizirovannaya sistema upravleniya manipulyatorom [Automated control system of a manipulator] // Vestnik SibGAU, 2013, № 2(48). P. 201-205. (In Russ.)
6. Mirzaev R. A., Smirnov N. A. Sistema avtomaticheskogo upravleniya servoprivodami [Automated control system of a manipulator] // Vestnik SibGAU, 2014, № 1(53). P. 161-164. (In Russ.)
© Жиганов А. И., Крашенинник А. Ю., 2016
