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ВИЗАНТИИСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО И ГОСУДАРСТВО -
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.13
UDC 340.12:347.23 LBC 67.1(0)4
Submitted: 24.06.2020 Accepted: 04.09.2020
RIGHTS OVER "THE PROPERTY OF ANOTHER" (Iura in re aliéna) IN BYZANTINE AND MEDIAEVAL SERBIAN LAW1
Srdan Sarkic
University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Abstract. In some cases, when a person owned property, his rights over such property might be limited. The most important rights over another's property, mentioned by Byzantine law and accepted in mediaeval Serbian legal sources are servitudes, pledge and emphyteusis. The rules on servitudes (бо-иёеСа - рлвотл) penetrated in Serbian law at the beginning of 13th century, when Saint Sabba (Свети Сава) incorporated in his "Nomokanon" the whole Byzantine "Procheiron". Its chapter XXXVIII, under the title "On novelties" (Пер1 кшуотоцгшу), contains different provisions, concerning the servitudes, mixed with administrative rules on building the new houses. That was the reason why Serbian translators of "Procheiron" entitled this chapter as "On building of new houses, reconstruction of the old and other things". While the chapter XXXVIII of "Procheiron" contains 64 provisions, Matheas Blastares took in his "Syntagma" only 18, and created a short Chapter K-3 under the same title "On novelties" ("O новотворены^ь" in Serbian translation). It contains, beside different decrees and prohibitions by administrative authorities, some urban servitudes, that could be changed by special agreements (стицфшуоу - сьгллсик). Byzantine legal miscellanies always put together the rules on pledge in the same chapter with the provisions on loan, although modern legal science treats pledge as a part of the law of property and loan as a real contract and the part of the law of obligation. The chapter X of "Ecloga" has a title "On literal and unliteral loans and for them given pledges"; the chapter XVI of "Procheiron" is known under the title "On loan and pledge" and the chapter XXVIII of "Epanagoge" entitled "On loans and pledges". For this reason, Matheas Blastares included the chapter Д-2 under the title "On lenders, and loan, and pledges" in his "Syntagma". Among Serbian legal sources, pledge was mentioned only in a few documents: these are so called "Justinian's Law" (art. 26 and 27); King Milutin's chrysobull, granted to the Hilandar's pyrgos in Chrousija; King Dusan's chrysobull, giving the church of Most Holy Virgin in Lipljan to the Hilandar's pyrgos in Chrousija; and Dusan's "Law Code" (art. 90). The chapter XV of the "Procheiron" has the title "On emphyteusis" and contains six provisions, speaking on emphyteusis of Church estates. Matheas Blastares introduced a short Chapter E-8, entitled "On emphyteusis" ("O нлслжденш" in Serbian translation), in his "Syntagma". Its chapter represents an interpretation of Justinian's Novella CXX, chapters 2 and 8. In Serbian legal sources we can not find any information on emphyteusis.
Key words: servitudes, pledge, emphyteusis, "Procheiron", "Ecloga", "Syntagma" of Matheas Blastares, Dusan's Law Code, charters.
Citation. Sarkic S. Rights over "The Property of Another" (Iura in re aliena) in Byzantine and Mediaeval Serbian Law. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. g Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International ^ Relations], 2020, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 168-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.13
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UDC 340.12:347.23 LBC 67.1(0)4
Дата поступления статьи: 24.06.2020 Дата принятия статьи: 04.09.2020
ПРАВА НА «ЧУЖУЮ СОБСТВЕННОСТЬ» (Iura in re aliena) В ВИЗАНТИЙСКОМ И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОМ СЕРБСКОМ ПРАВЕ 1
Срджан Шаркич
Университет в Нови Сад, г. Нови Сад, Сербия
Аннотация. В некоторых случаях, когда некое лицо обладало частной собственностью, его права над собственностью должны были быть ограничены. Наиболее важными правами над чужой собственностью, упоминаемыми в византийском праве и принятыми в средневековых сербских законодательных источниках, являлись сервитуты, залог (заклад) и эмфитевсис. Нормы сервитутов (öo^Xeia - рлвотл) проникли в сербское право в начале XIII в., когда Св. Савва (Свети Сава) включил в свой «Номоканон» целый византийский «Про-хирон». Его глава XXXVIII, под титулом «О новшествах», содержит различные положения, посвященные сервитутам, которые касаются административных правил строительства новых зданий. Такова причина, почему эту главу сербские переводчики «Прохирона» озаглавили «О строительстве новых домов, реконструкции старых и иных вещах». В то время как глава XXXVIII «Прохирона» содержит 64 статьи, Матфей Властарь включил в свою «Синтагму» только 18 и создал краткую Главу K-3 под тем же самым заглавием «О новшествах» («O новотвореныхь» в сербском переводе). Она содержит, помимо различных декретов и запретов административных авторитетов, описание некоторых городских сервитутов, которые могли бы применяться по специальным соглашениям (стицфшуоу - сьгллсик). Хотя современная правовая наука трактует залог как часть права собственности и заем как реальный контракт и часть обязательственного права, византийские правовые сборники всегда помещают правила о залоге (закладе) в той же самой главе вместе со статьями о займе. Глава X «Эклоги» имеет название «О займах письменных и неписьменных и дающих ради них заклад»; глава XVI «Прохирона» известна под титулом «О займе и закладе», и глава XXVIII «Эпанагоги» озаглавлена «О займах и закладах». По этой причине Матфей Властарь включил в свою «Синтагму» Главу Д-2 под названием «О заимодавцах [кредиторах], и займе, и закладах». Среди сербских правовых источников залог упоминается только в нескольких документах: это так называемый «Юстинианов закон» (ст. 26 и 27); хрисовул краля Милу-тина, пожалованный Хиландарскому пиргу в Хрусии; хрисовул краля Стефана Душана, данный церкви Пресвятой Богородицы в Липлянах о Хиландарском пирге в Хрусии; и Душанов «Законник» (ст. 90). Глава XV «Прохирона» названа «Об эмфитевсисе» и содержит шесть статей, рассказывающих об эмфитевсисе в церковных имениях. Матфей Властарь ввел в свою «Синтагму» краткую Главу E-8 под названием «Об эмфитевсисе» («O нлслжденТи» в сербском переводе). Она представляет интерпретацию юстиниановой новеллы CXX (главы 2 и 3). В сербских правовых источниках мы не можем найти сведений об эмфитевсисе.
Ключевые слова: сервитуты, залог, эмфитевсис, «Прохирон», «Эклога», «Синтагма» Матфея Власта-ря, Душанов «Законник», акты.
Цитирование. Шаркич C. Права на «чужую собственность» (Iura in re aliena) в византийском и средневековом сербском праве // Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4, История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения. - 2020. - Т. 25, N° 6. - С. 168-179. - (На англ. яз.). - DOI: https://doi.Org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.13
The task of this paper is to examine rights over "the property of another" (iura in re aliena) in Serbian mediaeval law. These rights were represented in Byzantine law by legal sources translated from Greek language into Old Serbo-Slavonic language of Serbian legal miscellanies.
Introduction
property of Byzantine law, accepted in mediaeval Serbian legal sources, are "servitudes", "pledge" and "emphyteusis".
Servitudes
In some cases, when a person owned property, his rights over such property might be limited. The most important rights over another's
"Servitudes" (servitutes - 6ouAeia -paEOTe) was said to exist where X possessed rights "in rem" over the property of Y. According to the interpretations of Roman iurists servitudes might be praedial or personal. Praedial servitudes could
be rustic ("iura praediorum rusticorum") or urban ("iura praediorum urbanorum"). Praedial servitudes were rights over immovables. These rights were exerted by the owner of a "praedium dominans" (dominant tenement) over a "praedium serviens" (servient tenement). Such "servitutes" were of two types: rural or rustic and urban. Praedial servitudes were held by virtue of the ownership of a house or land; personal servitudes did nor depend on such ownership. The most important personal servitudes were: "ususfructus", "usus", "operae servorum vel animalium", "habitation" (D. VII.1-9; XXXIII.2-3; VIII. 1-6 [29]; IJ. II.3-5 [30]; CJ. III.33-34 [31]; Gai. Inst. II [3]; Paul. Sent. I.17 [35]; Ulp. Reg. Lib. sing. XV.1; XIX.1 [37]).
Roman terms "servitudes" were translated in Byzantine legal sources as "SouXeia", although this word means slavery and hard (slavish) work, as well, for example: AouXeia eaxiv ¿Gviko™ vopou Siaxunroaig [34, p. 171]. This definition is the translation of Roman "iuristconsultus" (lawyer) Florentinus, who wrote: "Servitus est constitutio iuris gentium" (D. I, 5,4). In their translation from Greek the redactors of Serbian legal miscellanies used the word "rabota" (paEOTa), which has also different meanings. In any case, "rabota" ("paEOTa", id est "service") is the general Slavonic word for customary "labour service", corresponding to the Greek word " ayyapeia" [1, p. 609]2.
The rules on servitudes penetrated in Serbian law at the beginning of 13th century, when Saint Sabba incorporated in his "Nomokanon" the whole "Procheiron" (word by word "npoxeipog Nopog", lit. "Handbook" or "The Law Ready at Hand"). The chapter XXXVIII of "Procheiron", under the title "On novelties" (" nepi Kaivoxopirov"), contains different provisions, concerning the servitudes, mixed with administrative rules on building the new houses [36, pp. 206-216]. That was the reason why Serbian translators entitled this chapter of "Procheiron" as "On building of new houses, reconstruction of the old and other things" ("O °AaHxii HOEhihh AOmoBh, m w nOCTaBhAKeHIM EeTh^W^h, M WHM^hh E^^ehh") [17,
pp. 380-397; 4, pp. 315b-321b]. There is an analogy in "Syntagma" of Matheas Blastares, the monk from Thessaloniki, who puts together 24 titles in his alphabetical miscellany, where each title has a sign of the letter in the order of Greek
alphabet; this nomocanonical "Syntagma" (further - Synt.) is known in Serbia in two translations (further - Synt.Se), a full version and an abridged one. While the chapter XXXVIII of "Procheiron" contains 64 provisions, Serbian compiler took in his "Syntagma" only 18 provisions, and created a short chapter (Synt. K-3) under the same title "On novelties" ("nepi Kaivoxopirov" [38, pp. 312-314] - "O HOBOTBOpeHhihh" in Serbian translation [5, pp. 330-332]). It contains, beside different decrees and prohibitions by administrative authorities, some urban servitudes (paEOTe), that could be instituted and changed by special agreements (aup^rovov - Ch riaciK). Those are the following rules:
A house in a town (i. e. Constantinople) can not cover the view on the sea (Proch. XXXVIII.5 [36, p. 206]; Hexabibl. II.4.46 [28]; Synt. K-3.4 [38, p. 312]; Synt.Se.K.3 [5, c. 330-331]). This is very well-known urban servitude, called by Roman iurists "ne luminibus, ne prospectui officiator" or shorter "servitus prospectus" ("right to light": SouXeia ano^erog - paEOTa ot h BMA^Hia). However, the stated prohibition does not refer to gardens, if the distance between the buildings is larger than hundred feet: eav Sc p' noS§v ev pearo x§v Suo o'ixrov ei^ Siaax^pa (Synt. K-3.4) [38, p. 312] - a^e am we CTOmh
HOramh m^wAOY AB^ma hpamOma KCTh paCTOram'e
(Synt.Se. K-3) [5, p. 331].
It is forbiden to let the smoke out of stoves, except if someone does not dispose with special right to do that: el px apa SiKaiov eixev ¿KeTae xov Kanvov elanepfteiv (Synt. K-3.12 [38, p. 313] -pa°B^ oueo a^e npaBMHOu im^Ah KCTh TamO Axmh
McnOu^aTM (Synt.Se. K-3) [5, p. 332]. It corresponds to "Procheiron" (Proch. XXXVIII. 18) [36, p. 208] and goes back to "Digesta" (Ulpianus libro septimo decimo ad edictum): .. .Aristo Cerellio Vitali respondit non putare se ex taberna casiaria fumum in superiora aedificia iure immitti posse, nisi ei rei servitutem talem admittit (D. VIII, 5, 8, 5).
Nobody can throw trash under a neighbour's wall, exept if somebody does not dispose with a corresponding servitude: OtiSeig Suvaxai Konpov nXxaiov xo™ aXXoxpiou xoixou pinxeiv, el px xoiauxxv exei SouXeiav (Synt. K-3.14) [38, p. 332] - HMKTO'e mO'eTh thom EAM°h TOU'AeK ct^hu nOm^TaTM, pa°B^ a^ e TaKOBOu imaTh paEOTOu (Synt.Se. K-3) [5, p. 314], according to "Procheiron" (Proch. XXXVIII, 22)
[36, p. 209]. It is a case of "servitus sterquilini" or "latrinae sive sterculini" (right to have a dung heap against a neighbour's wall) of Roman law (D. VIII, 5, 17, 2).
On the occasion of building a new house, it was forbidden to brick up a window to a neighbour, exept if the agreement did not institute a corresponding servitude: el px apa SouXeiav exOL Kaxa aup^roviav (Synt. K-3.2) [38, p. 330] -pa°vl a|e pAEOT«Y imaTh no chriacMW [5, p. 312]. It corresponds to "Procheiron" (Proch. XXXVIII, 4) [36, p. 206]. This question was minutely regulated by a law from the reign of Emperor Zeno, without any mentioning of promulgation year (so, between 474 and 491), according to Iustiniani Codex (the chapter under the title "De aedificiis privates") (CJ. VIII. 10.12).
Among rural or rustic servitudes Matheas Blastares mentioned only two rules. He classified them into the chapter ofhis "Syntagma" (Synt. N-8) under the title "On pasture" ("nepi vopyg" - "O nacTBl"):
1) The first rule touches on someone, who has right to water, e. g. "aquaeductus" (leading water in pipes, or in stone channels), as well as right of pasture of sheep on another man's land (servitus pecoris pascendi). It can be raised a hut on that land: D ex®v SouXeiav to™ ¡naxi^eiv Kai PoaKeiv ev Tro aypro aou GpeppaTa, SuvaTai to™ ev auTro rcoieTv KaX^P^v (Synt. N-8) [38, p. 401] - HrtvliKii pAEOTOu "we HanaraTii m nacTi Ha ceil Tvo^mh ovce, moweTh cTewaTM paEOTOY iwe Bh HKMh TBopiTi koy^oy (Synt.Se. N-8) [5, p. 422];
2) If someone, with a knowledge of owner, leads water over another man's land, after three years he acquires this servitude, and the owner of the land can not disturb him: D Si' aXXoTpiou aypo™ eXKrov uSrop, elSoTog to™ SearcoTou to™ aypo™, KTOTai KaTa to™ aypo™ SouXeiav, ev Tro vevopiapevro TpieTiag xpovro, PX KroXuaavTog auTov to™ SearcoTou to™ aypo™ (Synt. N-8) [38, p. 401] - H'e no Tou'demou ceiou vedx boaoy, Bedou^ou rocnodMHou ceia, cTe'avaKTh Ha ceil paboTou Bh ou3aKoHKHHomh TpMilTVa vplmeHM, He Bh3EpaHMBwou «mou rocnodMHou ceia (Synt.Se. N-8) [5, p. 422]. This rule goes supposedly back to "Basilika" (xa BaaiXiKa, lit. "Libri LX Basilicorum", to put it more precisely the tituli B.T.LVIII.7.2) [24, p. 2645.12-16].
Serbian legal sources mention only a few rural servitudes: "aquaeductus" (right to water),
"silva caedua" (right to cut the trees), "pecoris ad aquam apulsus" (right to watering one's cattle on another's land), "iter" (right of way), "actus" (right to drive a carriage or animal) and "pecoris pascendi" (right of pasture). Among personal servitudes we can find only "ususfructus" (a right to use and enjoy the fruits of another's property) and "usus" (use - a usufruct, but without a right to take the fruits) [19, p. 98; 20, p. 638].
King Milutin's charter to the monastery of Saint George mentions "right to water" (aquaeductus - vodova | MHa - vodovawda -vodovare - Bodovar«). Text say that everyone who leads a water from the church's place called "head", has to pay two dinars to the church. If someone leads a water without a permission of hegoumenos, he has to pay twelve perpers (monetary units) to the King's treasury and double to the church. And, if someone leads a water with a consent of hegoumenos, he has to pay three perpers (H kto Bad" vodomh Kora ce m°boam wt CphKoBHa mlcTa riave, da nodacTh cphKBM wt paia KhE Ah Bodova^MHou, m wt vphTa .E. dMHapa. ako am Ee°h MroumHova EAarocioBAKHiira novede kto wt CphKovHe riave boaoy da niaTM .EI. nephneph oy CapiHou, a cphKBM abomhoy da dacTh. Ako am ch ounpocomh boaoy novede a Bodova|MHoY oudpwi, da niaTM .T. nephnepe) [11, p. 237] 3.
Cutting of threes was mentioned in the same charter, next sentence: "Who cuts the trees on the mountains belonging to the church, has to give every fourth three to the church. If someone cuts without a permission of hegoumenos, he has to pay twelve perpers to the King, and the church will take him every cut down tree" (H kto ilch clye mam dphva oy CpKoBHomh Eph dl, da da« cph kbm x eTBph to dphvo. Ako am Ee°ou MroumHova EAarocioBAKHiira clye |o aweo da niaTM .EI. nephneph, a cphKBM ilch Bhch da mou ou°me) [11, p. 237].
Right to watering one's cattle on another's land (pecoris ad aquam apulsus) we can find in the Tsar Dusan's chrysobull to the monastery of Saint Archangels Michael and Gabriel. The text says, that Emperor did not deprive hamlet of Golubovci of servitude to watering the cattle (A Hanoi|a Toaoyeob'cem He WHecmo oy
BoYdMciaAMhh KouKhh...) [16, p. 103]. The same chrysobull gives to the village of Lubiznjane right to drive a carriage or animal (actus) and right to put cattle to graze on another man's land (ius
pascendi): ...и долЭ опеть до мегк Коришке и до Светога Петра, да си имдю Лювиж нгане сь Скоровищи како сои и прЭгк пасли [16, p. 91].
Right of way or right to pass (servitus itineris ac viae) was mentioned in a sale contract (emptio venditio), in which a certain Dobroslava with her children sells her house in the city of Prizren to a certain Mano, brother of Dragitza. In the text of contract we read that the road, leading to the house, will be free for everyone (п8ть двора тога своводьнь с коловозомь) [2, p. 250].
Right to put cattle to graze on pastures belonging to the counties (zupa), was regulated by the article 74 of Dusan's Law Code: "Let village pasture with village, where one village, there also the other. Only legal enclosure and meadows may not be graze" (Село сеют да пасе; коидЭ едно село тоидЭи и дроиго; развЭ завЭль закониты^ь и ливадь закониты^ь никто да не пасе) [26, p. 2124; 9, p. 59; 8, p. 118; 6, p. 89]. Similar says the article 75: "No district may graze its stock within another district. And if in the district there be a separate village which belongs to any lord, or to my Majesty, or is a Church village, or belongs to a gentleman, that village shall graze with the rest of the county district and no man shall forbid it to so graze" (Жоипа жоипЭ да не попаса довит'комь нища; ако ли се наиде едно село 8 този ж8пЭ, ои кога люво властЭлина, или ксть царства ми, или ксть црьковно село, или властЭличикга; и>ном8зи сел8 никто да не заврани пасти; да пасе коидЭ и жоипа) [26, p. 212; 9, p. 60; 8, pp. 118, 120; 6, p. 90]. It seems that the "legal enclosures and meadows" (завЭлю закониты^ь и ливадь закониты^ь) were Crown lands and excluded, but the rest of the pasture land in the county was common land for grazing of all the villages in the county, regardless of ownership.
Among personal servitudes is famous well the "usus" or "ususfructus" (right to use another's property). We find it mostly in the charters presented in favour for churches and monasteries. So, the monarch or any other individual gives a land, instituted a lifelong use for certain natural person, to the monasteries or churches, expressing that with the terms "that he uses lifelong" (да си овлада до нкгова живота), "let him store it until his death, and after his death let it belong to the church" (свое все да дрьжи до смрьти, а по смрьти кго да ксть црьковно), "till the end of his life" (гако до живота свога), and similar (Cf. [19,
p. 96-98; 20, p. 635-638]). We will quote two interesting examples:
1) King Milutin gave as a present to a certain squire's wife with a name Radoslava, wife of certain Milsa, monastery of Saint George and a village of Ulitista, and the gift was confirmed by the Kings Stefan Decanski and Dusan. However, King Dusan, for the unknown reasons, decided between 1336 and 1337, to give Radoslava's estate to the monastery of Hilandar. He left to the squire's wife only a right to use and enjoy the fruits of her property, but her descendants were deprived of the right of succession (H Aa Ce xpaHM PaAOCAaBa, MiiAwiiHa 'eHa, ao hk ChmpTM, a nO hk C mp'tM Aa He WEAaAa m^CTwmh T^mh hm cxHh, hm Ah^TM, hm kto wt poda...) [7, p. 65];
2) In the sale contract by which a certain Radoslava Mirkovic sells her house in Trepca5 to the monastery of Saint Paul (19 January 1438), a right of use was established: Radoslava will keep a small room in the house, where she and her sister will find a shelter until the end of their lives (A 3a mora 'MBOTa... Aa imamh wt k8kk eAHh KKiaph rde kw npME^rnST c' CeCTpomh) (cited from: [2, p. 260, Append. 6]). In this case a right of lifelong use of a small room was instituted by a sale contract [22].
Pledge
"Pledge" (pignus - evexupov - 3aiora) is a transfer of possession under which the creditor obtained possession of the property pledged, but ownership remained with the debtor. The expression was sometimes used as a general one for any form of real security, including "pignus" and "hypotheca" (Cf. D. XIII.7. "De pigneraticia actione vel contra").
Although modern legal science treats pledge as a part of the law of property and loan as a real contract and the part of the law of obligations, byzantine legal miscellanies always put together the rules on pledge in the same chapter with the provisions on loan. The chapter X of "Ecloga" (word for word " 'EkXoyx x§v voprov", lit. "Selection of the Laws") has a title "nepi Saveiou ¿YYpa^o'u Kai aypa^ou Kai x§v SiSopevrov en' atixoTg evexuprov" ("On literal and unliteral loans and for them given pledges") [33, p. 204]; the chapter XVI of "Procheiron" is known under the title "nepi Saveiou Kai evexupou" ("On loan
and pledge"), and the chapter XXVIII of "Epanagoge" entitled "Пер1 хреоид кai ¿vexuprov" ("On loans and pledges") [36, p. 155, 320]. For this reason, Matheas Blastares included the chapter under the title "On lenders, and loan, and pledges" in his "Syntagma" (Synt. Д-2): in the Greek text "ПерГ 6aveiCTT§v, Kai 6avefou, Kai ¿vexuprov" [38, p. 204] and in the Serbian translation (Synt.Se. D-2) "O °лкл\ниц1; хь и °лимЭ и °ало°Э хь" [5, p. 214]. The rules, concerning the pledge, are the following:
1) The fruits from property pledged will be add up to the debt and if the whole amount of debt was that way discharged, pledge will be given back to the pledgor. If the value of the fruits is bigger than a debt, surplus has to be returned (Oi ¿к то™ ¿^х^рои ёпфОелтес; гарло ^лф^о^ш elg то хреод . Kai ¿av iкavоi yevrovTai лрод то бXоv хреод, XueTai л ayroyn, Kai aлобíботal то ¿vexupоv . el бе Kai лМо^д elCTi то™ хреоид оi rap^i, алоб^болтш оi л:eplттe'йоvтeд [38, p. 205] - Иже оть °ллогл прикти вывше плодове прихитають се вь длгь, и аще довол'ны воидоить кь в'сетои дль гои, ра°дрЭ шакть се вина и вь°длвлкть се °алогь; аще ли же и л\но;клиши соит ь дл ь га плодове, в ь °длвлют ь се и°лишьствоиюштГи [5, p. 215]). It goes back to "Procheiron" (Proch. XVI, 3) [36, p. 155];
2) If the lender, not by his own negligence (culpa), similar to a case of gross fault or neglect, "culpa lata" of Roman law, has lost property pledged, he will be not responsible. But the lender has to explain, what happened to him ('Eav о бavelсттXд цл ^ap' l6iav arnav алгоХестл то ¿vexupоv, ойк ¿YкaëeTтal . хрл бе a^ov an^el^ai бт1 a^roXeCTe [38, p. 205] - Аще °лил\овлвыи не оть свокк вины погоивить °алогои, несоидить ксть; подовакть же ктои оикл°лти гако погоиви [5, p. 215]). It is correspondent to "Procheiron" (Proch. XVI, 5) [36, p. 155-156];
3) If the lender explains how he has lost property pledged, he acquires a right to request a payment of a debt (та yap тихлра ой кlvбиve'йeтal тф 6aveiCTr^, aXXa блvaсттal гата тuxлv aлroëeстaд то ttpaypa, aлalтeTv то aйтф кexperoсттлцevоv [38, p. 205] -приклю y люштлл во не в Э дствоиют ь °лил\овлв' шотои, нь можеть по прилоихаю погоививь вешть исте°ати дльжнок [5, p. 215]). If the parties to the contract had an agreement, that the loss of pledge absolves debtor from
responsibility, this decision becomes effective (el Se peTa^u T§v auvaXXaaaovrrov }peaev, iva ^ arcroXeia T§v evexuprov eXeuGeproaw tov Xperoarnv, to™to laxuei [38, p. 205] - a|e am no cpldl °amlHouw|Mhh ce ourodHo ExcTh da norxblih °aiorh cvoEodMTh dih'HMKa, ce Kpln'ko KcTh [5, p. 215]).
So called "Justinian's Law", which represents original work by Serbian lawyers6, contains two articles concerning the pledge. The article 26, under the title "On pledges" ("O Zaiora^h") says: "If someone gives a pledge, and tells [to the pledge. - S. 5.]: Take this pledge until the fixed day [and the pledgee says to him. -S. S. ]. If you do not redeem a pledge [till the determined term. - S. S.], do not ask it any more'. The judge will not approve that, and [the pledgee. - S. S.] has to wait until the third time limit. If [the pledgor. - S. S. ] does not redeem [a pledge. - S. S.] till the third term, after that he can not ask it [property pledged. - S. S. ]" (A|e kto °aiowMTh kow aweo B l;i|ih. m pe~eTh npiKmi °aiorh. w to ao Ko^ro dne, a|e cm He WTKounMWh °aiorh. da ra veKK He M|Te,M. da ra coYdia He ~WKTh °a tom Hh da ra ~eka to TpeT'i'era poka. da a|e m8 do TpeT'i'era poka He WTKouniTh. da ra notwm He M|e) [15, p. 59]. The article 27, entitled simply "Law" ("ZaKoH") is similar with the rules of "Syntagma", treating the cases of pledge lost: "If any [pledgee. - S. S.] loses a pledge, he has to pay it, and to request a debt. If [the thing pledged. - S. S. ] was distroyed by fire or seized by brigands, the indolence and negligence of pledgee has to be examined. If he has saved his own property, and lost another's, he is culpable" (A|e kto °aiorh °aroYEMTh, da ra niaTM, a dihrh da cm ou°meT. A| e am ra w rHh Bh He°aanou noweweTh. mam pa°EoiHMCM Bhc^MTeTh. nodobaKT M°HaMTM ilHocTh m HepawdeHi'e npiKmrnomS. a|e am kct cvora chhpaHMih, a wHaa norouEMih noviiHHh kct) [15, p. 59]. It is interesting to note, that neither "Farmer's Law", the main source of so-called "Justinian's Law", nor "Procheiron" and "Basilika", contain such provisions. However, both articles are completely in the genius of Byzantine law.
Serbian charters, promulgated before the Law Code of Stefan Dusan, mention pledge (3aiora) only two times. In the King Milutin's chrysobull, granted to the Hilandar's pyrgos in Chrousija (1313-1316), Serbian monarch says, that nobody is allowed to take anything given to
the monastery tower (nupyog), and he forbids, that the property, belonging to the Hilandar, could be sold or obtained as a pledge (...hm ou koupho ime, hm ou °aiorou hmkommh wEpa°omh) [11, p. 443]. The same formula was repeated in King Dusan's chrysobull, giving the church of Most Holy Virgin in Lipljan 7, to the Hilandar's pyrgos in Chrousija [12, p. 43]. It is evident, that a pledge, beside purchase, was considered as one of the ways of alienation of property.
In Dusan's Law Code only the short article 90 treats the pledge: "Pledges, wherever they be, shall be redeemed" (Zaiore Koudi ce wEpiTaw Aa ce wTKounSw) [26, p. 215; 9, p. 70; 8, p. 124; 6, p. 92]. The legislator institutes the right of pledgor to redeem the property, pledged everywhere, he finds it. Above mentioned provision was promulgated to the benefit of debtors (very often Serbs), who delivered precious goods to their creditors (with great frequency Ragusans) and often lost them for ever8. That was the reason why Tsar Dusan, in his famous treaty with Dubrovnik (20 September 1349, i.e. only four months after the promulgation of the Code) forbids to the Ragusans to receive pledges from Serbs: "From now and furthermore nobody can take or receive pledges, neither from my imperial or royal nobleman, nor from anyone else who has the power according to my imperial or royal authorization. If someone took it, he has to return the pledge, and if he has given [property pledged. -S. S1.] to the third person, a transaction will be without legal strength" (H wa ceii Hanpida Aa He npiime hm 8°mi hmk'to 3aiore hm wa BiacTeiMHa CaphCTBa mii hm KpaiKBa, hm KoraiWEO AphKaHim CaphCTBa mm m KpaiKBa, k'to am ce WEpiTe §3emh Aa 3aior8 t§3m noBpaTM wneTh, a 3a ^o k npiiKAh Aa m8 ce Ta3M kSnira 8naA Hi) [13, p. 40]. However, at the end of the treaty, after the date and before the signature, was added that already existing pledges will be on legal force, and that they will enjoy the judicial protection (H w^e TaKO3M , hmmm 8riaBM caphCTBO mm, ^o c8 3aiore 3aiOKeHi Kora aweo maia m roii ma M3emii caphCTBa mm m KpaiKBi Aa ce m^8 c8domh a npaB Aomh) [13, p. 40]. The same provisions were repeated in the Tsar Uros's treaty with Dubrovnik (1357, April 25) [21, p. 83].
The pledges were completely abolished in treaty, concluded by city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa) with Kotor (Cataro) 20 September 1181: "Ut
pignora non sint inter Ragusium et Catarum" [10, p. 22].
The special attention is to be payed to the charter of Despot Burad Brankovic, issued in the city of Smederevo on May 10, 1450. This charter was written in Latin and granted in favour of John Hunyadi (c. 1406-1456)9, Governer of the Kingdom of Hungary ("Johannes de Hwnyad, regni Hungarie gubernator"). Serbian Despot, as well as his wife Irene (Jerina) and his sons Grgur, Stefan and Lazar, agreed that he (John Hunyadi) and his sons Mathias and Ladislaus (Ladislavus) hold the Despot's property in Hungary, towns of Mukachevo (Mwnkach10), Baia Mare (Rivulidominarum11), Satu Mare (Zathmar12), Nemethy13, Debrecen (Debreczen14), and the villages of Bezermen15, Dada16 and belonging manors ("possession"), as a pledge ("in pignoraticie") to ensure security for the debt of 155.000 ducats. This debt will be discharged from the annual revenues of Despot's property, estimated on 6.700 ducats. The property had to be delivered up to the debtor after payment of principal [14, pp. 151-174]. Although this document mentions a "contract of pledge", it cannot be considered as a source of Serbian mediaeval law. All rules, concerning the pledge were accomplished in accordance with the customary law of the Kingdom of Hungary (regni consuetudinem pignori) [14, p. 155].
Emphyteusis
Emphyteusis (" ерфитсиаид", from verb "ёрфитсйю", word by word "I implant", "I inculcate", "I instill") is a real right over the property of another, consisting in a grant of land by the State or local authority on a long lease or in perpetuity for a ground rent (Cf. D. VI.3).
The chapter XV of the "Procheiron" has a title "Пер1 ёрф'ите'йаеюд" [36, pp. 154-155], and contains six provisions, speaking on "emphyteusis" of Church estates. Serbian translator of "Procheiron", i. d. "Zakon gradski", used a word "nasazdenije" ("насаждении", word by word "planting", "implanting")17 for the title of this chapter in Serbian translation (lit. "O насажденыи") [17, p. 302; 4, p. 287a.]. Matheas Blastares introduced a short chapter, entitled "ПерГ ¿рф^те^аеюд" in his "Syntagma" (Synt.E-8) [38, pp. 250-251]. In Serbian translation its correspondence is the
Chapter "O нлслждеш'и" (Synt.Se.E-8) [5, pp. 263-264]. This chapter represents an interpretation of Justinian's Novella CXX, chapters 2 and 8 "ПЕР1 EKnOIHEEÙE KAI EMOYTEYEEÙE EKKAH2IA2TIKÙN nPATMATÙN" ("De alienatione et emphyteosi et locatione et hypothecis et aliis diversis contractibus in universis locis rerum sacrarum") [32].
In Serbian legal sources we can not find any information on "emphyteusis".
Conclusion
On the basis of the available legal document we can conclude that the following rights over the property of another were present in Serbian medieval law: servitudes, pledge and emphyteusis. Emphyteusis was mentioned only in the Serbian sources, translated from Greek language, i. e. receptions of Byzantine prototypes, for example: "Procheiron", to wit "Zakon gradski" and the "Syntagma" of Matheas Blastares; while servitudes and pledge were known in Serbian legal documents as well. However, we are not sure whether all those provisions were applied: the problem lies in the lack of additional, relevant legal sources (verdicts), which could serve as evidence of their application.
NOTES
1 The scientific editing of the article is realized by Yury Vin.
2 Among the different meanings of the term "рлвоте", i. e. "works" in plural, Milos Blagojevic did not mention "servitudes" [1, p. 609].
3 Right of leading water over another's land was mentioned in one Byzantine document of 1373: Anna Palaiologina, with the consent of her consort, sells her estate called Marianna in Kalamaii, which was part of her dowry, to the monastery of Docheiariou. Document says that all rights that seller used, will be transferred to the buyer, including servitude of "aquaeductus", probably from some river [23, no. 42, pp. 235-239]. Cf. [25, p. 253, n. 56].
4 As to the translation and the explanatory comments to the Dushan's Code, made by M. Burr, see also the second part of his publication [27].
5 The Trepca Mines (Serbian Cyrillic "Рудник Трепча", Albanian "Miniera e Trepçës") is a large industrial complex in Kosovo, located 9 km northeast of Kosovska Mitrovitza. It is one of Europe's largest lead-zinc and silver ore mine. The enterprise known as Trepca was a conglomerate of 40 mines and factories.
The oldest mine called Stari Trg (Стари Трг, word for word "The Old Market-town") is one of the rare mines, which was operational from the Roman period. Saxon miners, who came in Serbia in 13th century, built settlements and churches around the mines.
6 So called "Justinian's Law" was a short compilation of33 articles regulating agrarian relations. The majority of these articles were taken from the famous "Farmer's Law" (Шцод Ишрушэд), issued at the end of 7th- the beginning of 8th centuries. This law had been completely translated into the Old Serbian language. Further articles were culled from the "Ecloga", the "Procheiron" and the "Basilika". This collection ("Justinian's Law") does not exist in a Greek version.
7 Lipljan (Serbian Cyrillic "Липъан", Albanian "Lipjani") is a town and municipality located in the Pristina district of Kosovo. According to the census of 2011, the town of Lipljan has 6.870 inhabitants, while the municipality has 57.605 inhabitants.
8 It seems that it was very difficult to a pledgor to redeem his pledge from a pledgee. Maybe, the best evidence is the letter of Tsar Dusan to the Ragusans, dating 30 March 1352: Emperor himself intervenes with Ragusans, that they get back to Prince ("knez") Vratko the precious girdle, pledged for 118 perpers by Marin Bunic [18, p. 20].
9 Hungarian "Hunyadi Janos", Romanian "Ioan" or "Iancu de Hunedoara", Serbian "Sibinjanin Janko" (Сибиаанин JaHKo), famous Hungarian military commander and statesman (esp. 1441-1456).
10 Modern "Mukachevo" (Ukrainian and Russian "Мукачево", Hungarian "Munkacs"), a city located in the valley of the Latorica river in Zakarpattia Oblast (Province) in Western Ukraine. The population is 86.339.
11 Today "Baia Mare", municipality along the Sasar River in northwestern Romania (Hungarian "Nagybanya", German "Frauenbach", Ukrainian "Бая-Маре"). The population is 140.738
12 In present-day "Satu Mare", a city with a population of 102.400 in northwest Romania (Hungarian "Szathmarnemeti", German "Sathmar").
13 Hungarian "Nemeti", Serbian "Nemci" (Нем-ци), i. e. "Germans", small city close to Satu Mare.
14 Hungarian "Debrecen", Romanian "Debretin", German "Debrezin", Czech and Slovak "Debrecin", Serbian "Дебрецин", Hungary's second largest town. The population is 213.700.
15 Modern "Hajd6boszormeny", a town in northeastern Hungary with a population of approximately 30.000 people.
16 Modern "Tiszadada", a village in Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg county in the Northern Great Plain region of Eastern Hungary. The population is 2.247.
17 The word "насажденик" is obsolete in modern Serbian language, where is used the word "zasadivanje" (заса^иваае).
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Information About the Author
Srdan Sarkic, Doctor of Legal History, Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Novi Sad, Dositeja Obradovica Sq., 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia, srdjansarkic@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-4126
Информация об авторе
Срджан Шаркич, доктор истории права, профессор, юридический факультет, Университет в Нови Сад, пл. Досифея Обрадовича, 1, 21000 г. Нови Сад, Сербия, srdjansarkic@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-4126
