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RESULTS OF STUDYING ROAD CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS' CONDITION
Elena Kurakina 1, Stanislav Evtyukov 2
1 2 Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Vtoraja Krasnoarmejskaja ul. 4, St. Petersburg, Russia
1 elvl_86@mail.ru
Abstract
A system for the accounting of road infrastructure facilities' parameters specified during design and construction of motor roads. A study of parameters' condition was performed. Analysis of road accident rate statistics and identification of parameters to assess the efficiency of the proposed road construction activities aimed at the reduction in the number of road accidents were carried out.
Actual data on condition parameters with the use of modern automated multi-functional diagnostic equipment were obtained. Actions aimed at the improvement of road infrastructure parameters through traffic safety enhancement, as well as actions aimed at the reconstruction of the motor road or project-supported construction of road segments were developed. Efficiency of the proposed actions was assessed.
Keywords
Motor road, construction, reconstruction, road surface, vehicle, parameters, road accidents.
Introduction
Obtaining of studies results is based on the use of the improved system for accounting of parameters during design and construction of motor roads. Non-compliance with construction regulations has adverse effects during operation. In particular, it can lead to premature destruction of the road surface, appearance of rutting, low adhesion characteristics of the road surface, certain condition of the roadway and shoulders (especially in winter), producing accident-prone situations.
Generally, such factors decrease traffic safety decrease and increase the number of road accidents. Troubleshooting reduces to expert study which represents a set of successive systematic theoretical and practical methods or actions aimed at identifying the causes and factors that led to a failure in the Driver-Vehicle-Road-Environment (DVRE) system.
A failure in the system means operating trouble of one of the key components, i.e. Vehicle, Driver, Road or their combinations, including the Environment component, which, in their turn, cease to perform their assigned functions partially or totally, leading to violations in safe operation of the entire system.
Analysis of operating troubles or failure prevention are possible through qualitative expert study. Scientific studies of some parameters of the subsystem "Vehicle-
Road" condition, performed by scientists Nemchinov M. V., Vasiliev A. P., and Domke E. R., are aimed at braking performance and characteristics of wheel adhesion with the road surface during operation and reconstruction of the latter (Kurakina, Evtyukov, 2017; Domke, 2012; Evtyukov, Vasiliev, 2012; Kurakina, 2014b; Suvorov et al., 1990). Scientists Suvorov Yu. B., Kikot I. M. and others (Evtyukov, Vasiliev, 2012; Kurakina, Evtyukov, 2015) were engaged in diagnostic studies of elements of operated motor roads at segments where road conditions affected traffic safety.
Kiryukhin G. N. proved the relevance of road surface diagnostics and determination of traffic flow characteristics with the use of a wide range of devices and equipment for testing and diagnostics of motor roads (Kurakina, 2016, 2017, Kurakina, Evtyukov, 2014, 2015).
Expert study is supported by various procedures, algorithms, methods, strategies, techniques and equipment, depending on the purpose of the expert study, its complexity and the number of questions posed. Subjects of various researches are reviewed in works of such scientists as Borovskiy B. E., Ilarionov V. A., Evtyukov S. A., Zamarayev I. V., and Stolyarov V. V. (Ilarionov, 1989; Kurakina, 2014b; Kurakina, Evtyukov, 2015).
However, during construction, the system of accounting for the main parameters of the "Road" subsystem is
specified by regulatory documents of the construction industry.
Mutual comprehensive studies of parameters conditions shall be carried out at all stages of construction, operation and reconstruction in orderto prevent emergency conditions (Kurakina, 2014a; Kurakina, Evtyukov, 2014; Kurakina, Evtyukov, 2015; Kurakina et al., 2017; ROSDORNII, 2015; Suvorov et al., 1990). Based on such study, actions aimed at the improvement of road infrastructure parameters through traffic safety enhancement, as well as actions aimed at the reconstruction of the motor road or project-supported construction of road segments are developed.
Subject, tasks and methods
The study subject is parameters of above-ground transport and road infrastructure facilities' condition, as well as the number of road accidents as a result of their adverse effect.
The study tasks include the following:
- analysis of road accident rate statistics and identification of parameters to assess the efficiency of the proposed road construction activities aimed at the reduction in the number of road accidents;
- obtaining actual data on condition parameters with the use of modern automated multi-functional diagnostic equipment;
- development of actions aimed at the improvement of road infrastructure parameters through traffic safety enhancement, as well as actions aimed at the reconstruction of the motor road or project-supported construction of road segments;
- assessment of the efficiency of the proposed actions.
Methods for implementing the set tasks include
methods of analysis of properties and opportunities for improvement of complex multi-functional systems, such as statical and systematic methods, mathematical methods, computational methods, probability theory, data processing theory with regard to research results, and information technologies.
Results and discussion
The Driver-Vehicle-Road-Environment (DVRE) system operates due to dynamic road infrastructure parameters and environmental conditions, motor vehicles' specifications and processes, psychophysiological state of drivers, and continuous system monitoring of changing processes. The main task of such system monitoring is to prevent road accidents and reduce severity of their consequences. As known, a road accident is a complex mechanism of interaction between "Vehicle-Vehicle", "Vehicle-Road", "Vehicle-Pedestrian", and "Vehicle-Environment" subsystems. Circumstances, causes and factors of road accidents are examined at the global expert level.
Road accident rate statistics are analyzed with an analytical approach including the safety factor method,
accident rate factor method, and black spot identification method (Table 1).
Table 1. Methods applied to analyze "Vehicle-Road" subsystem parameters with an analytical approach
No Method Characterizing Analyzed "Vehicle-
parameters Road" subsystem
parameters
1 Safety factor Maximum traffic Traffic intensity.
method speed at the ana- Shoulder-to-shoulder
lyzed motor road width and width of
segment - KT shoulders.
vehicle's initial Clear vision distance
speed - vimtial (plan and profile
views).
Longitudinal grade.
Curve radius in the
road cross-section
(on long ascending
grades)
2 Accident rate Partial accident rate Results of road
factor method factors — Ki accident statistical
analysis.
Traffic intensity.
Shoulder-to-shoulder
width and width of
shoulders.
Number of traffic
lanes.
Clear vision distance
(plan and profile
views).
Longitudinal grade.
Clear vision (plan and
profile views).
Vertical curves (plan
view).
Grade separation.
Road surface con-
dition.
3 Black spot Absolute and rela- Traffic intensity.
identification tive number of road Results of road acci-
method accidents dents with injuries.
In the field of road construction, motor road operation and reconstruction, it is necessary to take into account the system of parametric characteristics of objects and conditions for their existence:
- geometry of road environment facilities (GREF);
- transport and operating conditions (TrOC);
- technical and operating conditions (TechOC);
- characteristics of road infrastructure facilities (CRIF).
Obtaining information about GREF, TrOC, TechOC, and CRIF is possible by means of diagnostic and computational methods of obtaining and processing
of parametric characteristics (Kurakina, Evtyukov, 2017; Kurakina, 2014, 2016; Kurakina, Evtyukov, 2015, ROSDORNII, 2015) (Table 2).
Table 2. Methods applied to analyze parameters with diagnostic and computational methods
Diagnostic method
1 Systematic Usability of motor Shoulder-to-shoulder
monitoring roads. width and width of shoul-
Specified time ders.
intervals. Clear vision distance (plan
and profile views).
Longitudinal grade.
Clear vision (plan and
profile views).
Vertical curves (plan
view).
Curve radii.
Road surface evenness
and strength.
Adhesion characteristics.
2 Method for Clearance Road surface evenness.
determination between the road Rutting.
of transverse surface and the
evenness bottom surface
of the road of the leveling
surface beam; clearance
between the
road surface and
the profilograph
wheel.
3 Dynamometer Clearance Road surface evenness.
method for between the
determining road surface and
evenness the PKRS-2U
of the road (evenness and
surface adhesion inspec-
tion tool with an
oscillograph)
wheel
4 Method for Maximum rim Adhesion coefficient
determining the pull.
road/tire adhe- Vertical load on
sion coefficient the road surface.
Registration
using PPK,
IKSp-m (portable
instruments for
adhesion coeffi-
cient measuring).
5 Method for Average valley Valley depth roughness
determining depth affecting the adhesion
roughness coefficient
of the road
surface
6 Georadar Georadar Depth of road structural
sounding of profile with road layers.
road structure structure density Landslide curve location.
fluctuations
7 Method for Elastic deflection Road surface strength
determining value. and reliability.
strength of the Area of contact Elastic deflection of the
road structure with the road road structure.
surface.
Falling weight
characteristics.
8 Core sampling Elastic deflection Road surface strength
method value. and reliability.
Drilling bit char- Elastic deflection of the
acteristics. road structure.
Computational method
1 Automated Computational Transport, technical and
calculation and software operating parameters.
analysis Road accident registration
and analysis.
2 Method of pan- Specifications of Shoulder-to-shoulder
oramic video digital cameras, width and width of shoul-
shooting of performed linear ders.
motor roads measurements Availability of cracks,
potholes, and other types
of damage in the road
surface.
Mathematically, the model of expert study implementation with account for parameters can be represented in the following form:
Y = f (X)
(1)
where X — parameters applied and obtained during the study.
Taking into account methods of obtaining and processing of parameters during the study, the value X of the sum of all characteristics and conditions can be represented in the following form:
Z Xa = f ( xf ),
i=1
±Xd = f ( xf ),
i=1
±XC = f ( xC )
i=1
(2)
where f (xf) are parameters, their characteristics and conditions determined analytically, i.e. f (xf) are determined diagnostically and f (xf) are determined with computational methods, i is the number of obtained values of the studied parameters.
Taking into account equation 2, we obtain a set of values of parameters, obtained during studies with analytical, diagnostic and computational methods.
Therefore, taking into account equation 1 and parameters to be determined, the accounting during the expert study, involving numerous parameter values,
will be characterized by parameters involved in the study.
Evaluation of parametric characteristics of objects and conditions represents an expert opinion on the results of the study aimed at the following:
- accident rate at the analyzed road section;
- black spot identification on motor roads;
- identification of "weak" motor road segments to determine the qualitative component of the road infrastructure, in particular, the load-bearing capacity of the road structure. Identification of road surface defects, deflections, and moduli of elasticity to determine its remaining life.
- development of an automated road data base (ARDB) on "weak" motor road segments to raise awareness and improve expert study quality;
- compliance of the obtained values of vehicle and road infrastructure condition parameters with the requirements of regulatory documents;
- determination of road accident risks.
The dependence of the study, conducted by a diagnostic method, during which condition parameters were determined, has the following form:
y ( )=f (Ni ,wpull wmtgWdivs str ,
(3)
S L i i i R S R R
marg 5 stop.5 5 trans5 r' curved cl5 convex5 concave5
Zhf, ¿slopeJVehMl * O2, Va,Gveh,Kp V, Nacc,ACCabs,ACCrei, 0 t,r,rh,E,
D^J^J^JT Ji&^MTORT),
where Ni is the number of lanes;
wpu is the pullover width;
w sh is the width of the margin strip of the shoulder,
m arg 1
m;
WCTstr 's the width of the central dividing strip, m; S!!L is the margin strip of the shoulder, m;
m arg 1
Lstop is the stopping strip, m;
i is the longitudinal grade, per mille;
itram is the transverse grade, per mille;
ir is the raised curve grade, per mille;
Rcurve is the curve radii in plan, m;
Scl is the clear vision distance to the object, m;
R is the radii of convex curves in profile, m;
convex " ' '
R is the radii of convene curves in profile, m;
concave " ' '
Z is the structure of the road bed;
hf is the depth of fill, m;
he is the depth of excavations, m;
Zdope is the slope grade;
Iveh is traffic intensity, vehicles/day;
Mj ^ O2 the categories of vehicles from M1 to O2;
Va is the vehicle speed, km/h;
Gveh is the vehicle mass, t;
KIP-V is the coefficient of braking performance of the vehicle;
Nacc is the number of road accidents;
ACCabs is the absolute accident rate;
ACCrel is the relative accident rate;
(p is the road/tire adhesion coefficient;
t is the rut depth (road surface rutting (wheel tracking)), cm;
r is the roughness of the road surface, average height of material projection, ^m;
rh is the hydraulic roughness;
E is the modulus of elasticity, MPa;
Drs are defects of the road surface;
Tas are artificial structures;
Tdrain is the condition of the drainage system;
joc™ is presence of driver location signs;
Tlight is availability of lighting;
Trail is presence of railway crossings;
MTORT is equipping with technical means of road traffic organization.
The algorithm of the study on the analyzed system is presented in Figure 1.
Beginning
Obtaining of the input data
Stating of tasks and objectives of the study/
GREF
TrOC
TechOC
Block A
N R curve
Wpull R concave
Wsh m arg R convex
TT/- centr W div. str. Scl
<^sh marg he
Lstop hf
Z
slope
Z
Block B
1veh
Va ACCabs
M J Nj
M 2 N2
M 3 N3
ACC
Kt
Ol
On
Block C
- V E rh -
- t r Dr.s -
review of the enactment and decision, analysis of case materials
Stating of the expert examination task, evaluation of the input data
Obtaining of additional information on parameters of the technical condition of the vehicle and road infrastructure
Commissioning of an additional expert examination according to parameters of the road infrastructure
Development of a data model for the investigated road accident
Determination if the driver had a technical possibility to prevent the accident
Calculations, construction of charts and schemes
Drawing conclusions
Figure 1. Algorithm of the study on the road infrastructure parameters' condition
trans'
r
Figure 2. Location of the "Approach to Kolpino" road running in the Tosno District
The development of actions aimed at the improvement of road infrastructure parameters through traffic safety enhancement, as well as actions aimed at the reconstruction of the motor road or project-supported construction of road segments, is illustrated by an example of the "Approach to Kolpino" motor road segment.
The "Approach to Kolpino" regional public road running across the territory of the Tosno District (Figure 2). Length — 4,065 km (road No. 41K-169). An entrance from the Kolpino District of Saint Petersburg to the Russia M-10 federal public road (Moscow-Tver-Veliky Novgorod-SPb)
In 2016, 7 registered road accidents with injuries occurred on the "Approach to Kolpino" road, 1 accident cluster (black spot) was distinguished for analysis.
A list of actions aimed at black spot elimination was developed.
The corresponding actions were classified into three categories: low-cost, medium-cost and high-cost actions.
Table 3 presents general data on black spots where accidents with injuries occurred during the analyzed period.
Table 3. Condition of parameters at the "Approach to Kolpino" road segment
Black spot address
Motor road Start of the segment, km + m End of the segment, km + m Length of the segment, m
"Approach to Kolpino" 3 + 400 4 + 400 1,000
Black spot characteristics
No Date Time Type Location, Injured Poor road conditions
km + m Fatali- Injuries
ties Total incl. children with injuries
1 10.06.2016 10:25 Vehicle/pedestrian accident 3 + 900 1 - - Absence or poor visibility of horizontal signalization
2 18.02.2016 8:00 Vehicle/pedestrian accident 3 + 440 - 1 1 Absence or poor visibility of horizontal signalization
3 20.10.2016 18:10 Collision with a standing vehicle 3 + 820 - 1 - Absence of shortcomings in transport and operating conditions of the roadway
4 28.08.2016 18:20 Vehicle/pedestrian accident 3 + 400 - 1 1 Absence or poor visibility of horizontal signalization
5 23.09.2016 20:40 Vehicle/bicycle accident 4 + 030 - 1 - Absence or poor visibility of horizontal signalization
Table 4. Data on black spots on the "Approach to Kolpino" road 3 + 400 - 4 + 400
"Approach to Kolpino" road 3 + 900 — vehicle/pedestrian accident
Traffic violation / concurrent traffic violations Jaywalking with a crosswalk in sight or an underground (ground level) crosswalk in close vicinity
Street and road network facilities Road section
Road conditions:
weather conditions Clear weather
roadway condition Dry
lighting Day-time
"Approach to Kolpino" road 3 + 440 — vehicle/pedestrian accident
Traffic violation / concurrent traffic violations Jaywalking with a crosswalk in sight or an underground (ground level) crosswalk in close vicinity
Street and road network facilities Road section
Road conditions:
weather conditions Clear weather
roadway condition Treated with deicing agents
lighting Day-time
"Approach to Kolpino" road 3 + 820 — collision with a standing vehicle
Traffic violation / concurrent traffic violations Failure to keep distance
Street and road network facilities Road section
Road conditions:
weather conditions Clear weather
roadway condition Dry
lighting Day-time
"Approach to Kolpino" road 3 + 400 — vehicle/pedestrian accident
Traffic violation / concurrent traffic violations Violation of rules for driving across the crosswalk / non-compliance with mandatory vehicle insurance requirements
Street and road network facilities Unsignalized crosswalk
Road conditions:
weather conditions Clear weather
roadway condition Dry
lighting Day-time
"Approach to Kolpino" road 4 + 030 — vehicle/bicycle accident
Traffic violation / concurrent traffic violations Disregard of priority rules/violation of vehicle arrangement on the roadway/alcohol-impaired driving
Street and road network facilities Departure from the adjacent territory
Road conditions:
weather conditions Clear weather
roadway condition Dry
lighting Night-time, lighting is on
Results of full-scale study of the black spot on the "Approach to Kolpino" road 3 + 400 - 4 + 400
1. Low quality of shoulder maintenance, availability of potholes filled with water.
2. Road surface shortcomings and defects, rutting.
3. Absence or poor visibility of horizontal signalization.
4. Traffic signalization is maintained on the road segment.
Actions aimed at elimination of the black spot on the "Approach to Kolpino" road 3 + 400 - 4 + 400 were developed.
For elimination of black spots, the following priority actions were developed with expected accident rate reduction (%) as a result of their implementation:
- installation of priority traffic signs, prohibitory signs and warning signs for speed reduction, informing of approach to a crosswalk, children crossing zone, dangerous corner — 34%;
- marking of horizontal signalization with wear-resistant materials;
- marking of prohibitory and warning signs on the road surface;
Approximate assessment of impact, reduction in the number of registered road accidents -68%
Expected annual effect in case of implementation of actions; reduction by: 0.68 fatalities
2.72 non-fatal injuries
Annual savings in case of road accident prevention 12.84 mln RUB
Payback period 4.3 months
High-cost actions Costs: 14,933,319.84
Approximate assessment of impact, reduction in the number of registered road accidents -93%
Expected annual effect in case of implementation of actions; reduction by: 0.93 fatalities
3.72 non-fatal injuries
Annual savings in case of road accident prevention 17.56 mln RUB
Payback period 10 months
- installation of traffic lights T.7 in zones where pedestrians cross the roadway, marked with horizontal signalization 1.14.1 and traffic signs 5.19.1, 5.19.2 "Crosswalk" to increase focus of drivers when approaching a crosswalk and raise their vigilance upon its passage — 10%;
- arrangement of sidewalks to improve pedestrian traffic safety and avoid vehicle/pedestrian accidents
— 23%;
- arrangement of guardrails along sidewalks, in pickup and drop-off areas, in crosswalk areas to avoid vehicle/ pedestrian accidents and ensure safe pedestrian traffic
— 25%.
Priority forward-looking actions:
- arrangement of lighting along the road and in pedestrian traffic zones to improve visibility and detection of vertical and horizontal signalization — 25%;
- road surface restoration (road paving) — 21% in case of 2 lanes, 59% in case of more than 2 lanes.
Mandatory actions aimed at traffic safety improvement shall comply with the GOST R 50597 requirements to operating conditions acceptable in a safe traffic environment.
Efficiency of the proposed actions is described in Table 4 (with account for low-, medium- and high-cost actions). Changes in condition parameters after implementation of actions at the black spot of the "Approach to Kolpino" road 3 + 400 - 4 + 400 are assessed.
Table 5. Efficiency of the proposed actions
Low-cost actions Costs: 151,212.44
Approximate assessment of impact, reduction in the number of registered road accidents -41%
Expected annual effect in case of implementation of actions; reduction by: 0.41 fatalities
1.64 non-fatal injuries
Annual savings in case of road accident prevention 7.71 mln RUB
Payback period 0.3 months
Medium-cost actions Costs: 4,617,134.44
Conclusions
During road construction, it is necessary to follow construction regulations and take into account the relief and climate of the district. In the course of further road maintenance, condition of the following road infrastructure facilities' parameters shall be monitored: qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the traffic flow, vehicle braking processes, road structure strength as per the modulus of elasticity, identification of black spots as per the risk of their formation, their impact on accident rate prediction.
Analysis of the data obtained diagnostically and processed with analytical and computational methods allows obtaining actual results regarding traffic safety condition and compliance of parameters with applicable regulations. Obtaining actual results regarding parameters allows developing actions aimed at elimination of black spots and accident rate decrease. Such actions also allow predicting road accident risk formation, improving reliability of conclusions and accuracy of calculations in expert reports.
References
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