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RESULTS OF DETERMINING OF SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF MIXED FEEDS, PREPARED BY TMR TECHNOLOGY Solongo Tsetsenbat, Tuvshinjargal Dorjsuren, Amgalanzul Jargalsaikhan, Baatarkhuu Dorjsuren Solongo Tsetsenbat, Tuvshinjargal Dorjsuren, Amgalanzul Jargalsaikhan, Baatarkhuu Dorjsuren. (2022) Results of Determining of Some Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Mixed Feeds, Prepared by TMR Technology. World Science. 6(78). doi: 10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30122022/7886
https://doi .org/ 10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30122022/7886 24 September 2022 27 November 2022 04 December 2022
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RESULTS OF DETERMINING OF SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF MIXED FEEDS, PREPARED BY TMR TECHNOLOGY
Solongo Tsetsenbat
Graduate School, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Tuvshinjargal Dorjsuren
Ph.D., Lecturer, School of Engineering and Economics, Mandakh University Mongolia,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6350-3284
Amgalanzul Jargalsaikhan
Lecturer, School of Engineering and Technology, Mongolian University of Life Sciences,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1739-474X
Baatarkhuu Dorjsuren
Ph.D., Associate Professor, School of Engineering and Technology, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0081-9118
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30122022/7886
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Received: 24 September 2022 Accepted: 27 November 2022 Published: 04 December 2022
KEYWORDS
Total Mixed Ration, Mixed Forage, Mixing Time, Rotation, Moisture.
Our country has been supporting the intensified cattle farms by policies and establishing as more farms in order to stabilize the population food supply and reduce the seasonal dependence of strategic food. The highly developed countries have been commonly using the TMR fodder technology for the intensified animal husbandry. This article analyses the main parameters of the usage and technological operation of the TMR fodder machines.
Citation: Solongo Tsetsenbat, Тuvshinjargal Dorjsuren, Amgalanzul Jargalsaikhan, Baatarkhuu Dorjsuren. (2022) Results of Determining of Some Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Mixed Feeds, Prepared by TMR Technology. World Science. 6(78). doi: 10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30122022/7886
Copyright: © 2022 Solongo Tsetsenbat, Тuvshinjargal Dorjsuren, Amgalanzul Jargalsaikhan, Baatarkhuu Dorjsuren. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Introduction.
Under the harsh climatic conditions of our country, the demand for using fresh vegetables, milk and dairy products has been increasing. In order to meet this demand, the country has been supporting the establishment of intensified cattle farms.
2000 1800 1600 1400
IlllLLlLL
2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Dairy cattle farm 186 649 901 977 1332 1554 1172 1472 1727 i Meat cattle farm 11 101 64 78 88 351 248 178 236
Fig. 1. A chart showing the dairy and meat farms
The government has been focusing on developing intensified animal husbandry due to the necessity to provide the urban and settlement population with safe food. In connection to it, number of intensified farms and number of related entrepreneurs have increased recently (fig. 1).
Although it is necessary to increase the number of dairy cattle in order to increase the milk production, method of feeding the cattle is also important.
Today, the livestock has been commonly fed separately by grass and other fodder in Mongolia. Weakness of this method is that the dry grass produces much waste, the cattle food misbalances digestion and metabolism dynamics and rather unsuitable for the intensified livestock breeding.
When feeding under this method, various forage composition cannot ferment in cattle abdomen simultaneously and fermented forage produce different pH values. Therefore, feeding separately by rough forage and pungent fodder increases the pH fluctuation in the abdomen (figure 2). Different forages have different compositions and tastes, therefore, cattle tends to reject easily and dislike the forage.
hour
Fig. 2. pH conversion in cattle abdomen after feeding
In order to overcome the weaknesses of the traditional forage methods, the developed countries are commonly using the total mixed ration (TMR) fodder technology in intensified cattle farms [1]. This technology is based on the forage required for the cattle on daily basis at different steps of cattle growth. The forage specialist puts all the forage processed according to the compositions to
the designated TMR machine, mixes until it becomes a forage with standard amount and mixes and then, uses as single feed.
TMR machine is the most suitable in intensified livestock husbandry for feeding and breeding dairy and meat cattle and sheep [2].
Total Mixed Ration.
The total mixed ration (TMR) technology is intended for feeding chewers and it mixes the rough fodder, pungent fodder and supplements with standard amount, cuts in suitable length and produces ready forages [3].
The TMR technology was commonly used in the Great Britain, United States and Israel. Soon, it was used in Canada, japan and Egypt [4].
Today, the TMR technology has been widely used in such countries with highly developed milk production as the United States, Canada, Israel, Netherlands and Italy.
As for the Asian countries, Korea and Japan are commonly using the TMR technology and over 50% of dairy cattle farms have used this new technology and reached satisfied results [4].
In 80s of 20th century the technology entered China and today Beijing, Shanghai and Guangjou of China are widely using this technology. In particular, a cow milk yield continuously increased in Shanghai and reached on average 8000-9000 kg a year, which shows the great efficiency of this technology.
The main equipment for the TMR technology is the fodder mixer and it is classified as vertical and horizontal axis, vehicle, trailer and permanent [4].
1"/ 1» & ft* < *m J ^
iJ m
>
Fig. 3. TMR machine classification a-vehicle TMR machine b-trailer TMR machine c-permanent TMR machine d-horizontal axis TMR
machine e-vertical axis TMR machine
Mixed Fodder Ingredients.
TMR fodder mostly consists of rough forage, pungent fodder and supplements. Raw materials for the rough forage include green grass and straws from arable farming; raw materials for pungent fodder include proteins and liquid soup fodder; and supplements include minerals, vitamins and starch.
This piloting model identified the composition of the materials to be mixed in relation to the dairy cattle diet forage structure. It included grass, alfalfa silo, silo and oats to rough forage; cotton seeds, sugar beet mixture, corn cuts and corn flour to the pungent fodder and fat acid calcium and anti-fermenting agents and powder salt to the supplements.
The table below shows the composition of the mixed fodder for the dairy cattle farm [5]. Table 1.Composition of Mixed Fodder
№ Fodder ingredients. Volume (%)
1 Grass 2.10
2 Red clover silo 16.80
3 Silo 25.20
4 Oats 2.94
5 Cotton seeds 3.80
6 Sugar beet mixture 3.15
7 Corn cuts 6.30
8 Corn flour 25.20
9 Fat acid calcium 1.04
10 Anti-fermenting agent 0.04
11 Powder salt 0.83
12 Water 12.6
Fl yi
Fig. 4. Tools and equipment for the experiment (1 -Grinder, 2-Tractor, 3- Horizontal TMR machine, 4-Sieve (hole size 30mm, 8mm, 5mm diameter 4-lavered sieve) and electric weight (accuracy 0.0lg), 5-Rotation frequency gauge, 6-Riiler, 0.1m 7-Microwave, 8-Stopwatch, (accuracy 1 sec), 9-Detector of
friction angle
Comparision of the Traditional Method and TMR Fodder Method.
We divided two groups in the cattle farm: TMR fodder group and traditional fodder group, selected 15 cattle with same age, number of breeds and weight, recorded and analyzed the production performance data from the first month of milking until the last month [6]. Fodder composition and forage level are shown in table 2.
Table 2. Fodder Composition and for the High Breed Cattle
Forage components TMR forage Traditional forage
Grass 2.1 15.88
Cotton — 4.6
Clover silo 16.8 14.23
Silo 25.2 29.34
Oats 2.94 2.94
Cotton seeds 3.8 —
Sugar beet mixture 3.15 —
Corn cuts 6.3 12.65
Corn flour 25.2 25.2
Fat calcium 1.04 1.04
Anti-fermentation struggle 0.04 0.04
Powder salt 0.83 0.83
Forage experiences
Protein (%) 14.71 14.76
Correct energy of milk yield (Meal • Kg-1) 1.57 1.57
Ca(%) 0.61 0.63
P(%) 0.48 0.49
0
1 23456789 10 Milking months
— TMR forage -Traditional forage
Fig. 5. Graphic of the impacts of the TMR fodder to the milk yields of the cattle (kg)
During the total milking period the average milk yields of the dairy cattle increased on average by 7.09% compared to the traditional fodder group, however, it did not reach significant level (p>0.05).
Table 3. Imapct of TMR Fodder to the Milk Fat (KG)
Milk month Traditional forage TMR forage
1 1.24±0.3 1.20±0.19
2 1.39±0.32 1.31±0.67
3 1.32±0.28 1.42±0.21
4 1.12±0.13 1.45±0.21
5 1.10±0.15 1.26±0.15
6 0.85±0.25 1.14±0.12
7 0.78±0.18 0.89±0.12
8 0.78±0.23 0.83±0.19
9 0.69±0.27 0.88±0.25
10 0.64±0.32 0.78±0.23
During the rush hours of milk production the TMR group stored longer and after the rush hours reduced slowly and created a difference from the yields of the traditional fodder group, so it increased the milk production during the overall milking period.
c
CD -i—' c o o -(—'
1.6 1.4 1.2
1
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
1 23456789 10
Milking months
Traditional forage
TMR forage
Fig. 6. Graphic of the impacts of the TMR fodder to the milk fat
The attitudes in figure 6 show that the amount if milk fat for the TMR group increased from January to April and reached its maximum in April and reduced slightly from April to October. The traditional group showed increase from January to February and decrease from March to October. According to the statistical analysis to the milk fat, TMR group is higher than the traditional group by 29.46% and 34.12% in April and June respectively and this difference is significant (p <0.01). It is higher than the traditional group by 14.55% in May and shows high difference (p <0.05).
Physical Properties of the Fodder
The experiments on determining the moisture content, friction index and volume weight of the horizontal TMR machine was executed according to the following methodology [7].
Moisture amount was calculated by formula:
W =
■ 100%
(1)
Where: G0- empty buc weight, g; G2 - buc weight with pre-dry sample, g; G1- buc weight with post-dry sample, gr
90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%
Alfalfa silo
Silo
Oats
Mixed fodder
Fig. 7. Results of analysis of determining the moisture amount
Table 4. Results of Material Weight
Test average Alfalfa silo Silo Oats Mixed fodder
Pre-dry weight (g) Post-dry weight (g) Pre-dry weight (g) Post-dry weight (g) Pre-dry weight (g) Post-dry weight (g) Pre-dry weight (g) Post-dry weight (g)
1 279.5 168.4 420.3 228.2 126.7 105.7 358.6 248.7
2 273.7 174.2 419.5 249.4 124.5 110.3 351.7 243.1
3 275.3 167.9 416.7 238.1 129.3 115.7 349.2 235.2
4 271.9 161.5 422.6 241.7 117.6 102.1 362.4 228.5
5 274.2 159.6 424.1 243.5 121.2 103.9 347.5 246.3
Average (%) 65.4 % 75.3% 15.3% 47.4 %
According to the scientists, the most suitable moisture of the mixed fodder is 40-50% and higher moisture reduces the amount of dry substances in the fodder and lower moisture weakens the taste and reduces the appetite. If the moisture content in the mixed fodder exceed 50%, amount of dry substances to be eaten by the livestock with 100 kg of alive weight will reduce by 0.02 kg per 1% of increase.
Therefore, the experiment shows that the moisture content of this mixed fodder meets the standard requirements.
Grass Alfalfa silo
■ Silo Oats
■ Cotton seeds
■ Sugar beet mixture
■ Corn cuts
■ Corn flour
■ Fat acid calcium
■ Anti-fermenting agent Powder salt
Fig. 7. Graphic of material friction angle Material friction angle was calculated by formula:
Where: y- fodder weight, kg/m3; M -mass of every material, kg
Conclusions.
According to the JB/T 9014.5 — 1999 standard the mixed fodder weight is 240-400 kg/m3, moisture 40-50% and friction angle is 35°- 40°. Therefore, the test results of mixed fodder weight of 248 kg/m3, moisture 47.4% and friction angle of 35.3° meet the standard requirements.
Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the mixed fodder meet the zoo-technical requirements to the technological quality of the raw materials of forage. By determining these indicators of technological properties it is possible to use as the rationale for developing programs and projects for fodder plants and selecting related equipment and tools.
Table 5. Result of Friction Angle and Weight of Materials
Material Weight (kg/m3) Average of 5 tests on material friction angle
Grass 66 25.6
Alfalfa silo 199 34.7
Silo 208 37.93
Oats 102 29.3
Cotton seeds 3328 20.12
Sugar beet mixture 343 20.5
Corn cuts 432 23.1
Corn flour 668 34.95
Fat acid calcium 213 24.79
Anti-fermenting agent 269 29.94
Powder salt 217 28.04
Mixed fodder 248 35.3
REFERENCES
1. Wang Guangyin, Research on the promotion and application of full-mixed diet (TMR) technology in large-scale dairy farming communities D Agricultural University Master thesis. 2007 (12), 20-28
2. Guo Qinghe, Optimization and Experimental Study on Mixing System of Meat Sheep Feed Mixer D. Master Thesis, Shihezi Agricultural University, 2016 (6), 22
3. Li Minghua, Research on Application Effect and Formula Optimization of Dairy Full Mixed Diet Technology D. Master's thesis of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University 2007(5), 1-3
4. Experimental Study in total mixed ration mixer Keqiang single horizontal axis D. Northeast Agricultural University, 2007
5. Solongo Ts., Baatarkhuu D., Results Of Optimazing The Technological Parameters Of A Total Mixed Ratio (TMR) Machine. INMATEH - Agricultural Engineering. Vol.67, No.2/2022. 176 - 181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-67-17
6. Solongo Ts., Baatarkhuu D. Result of determination of main parameter of total mixed ration (TMR) machine. Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2018 25(03), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v25i03.1185
7. Amgalanzul J., Baatarkhuu D., Results of Technologycal Parameters Optimization For The Curd Filter -Pressing Equipment INMATEH - Agricultural Engineering. Vol.64, No.2/2021. 167 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.356.33/inmateh-64-16
