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Research on the cultivation of tobacco of “bare handle” ecotype by using a clean technology...
Section 12. Agricultural sciences
Drachev Dimitar Tomov, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Associate Professor, Technological Faculty E-mail: didrachev@abv.bg
Research on the cultivation of tobacco of “bare handle” ecotype by using a clean technology and the production-market valuation of the raw material
Abstract: The researches on the oriental eco type tobaccos in the Balkan Peninsula gaining in popularity. The reasons are the technological quality of the tobacco, intended for smoking with parallel opportunities for utilization of alternative yields of aromatic products, contained in the dry leaves and the strong demand of the characteristically oriental material on the market. In this guidance is the perimeter of this research, outlined in the article as part of an innovative solution for the realization of the raw material with the desired production results and market attractiveness. The research was carried out with “bare handle" ecotype oriental variety of tobacco by using elements of a pure technology of cultivation. Observations are displayed of agro-technical variations of events. There are established farming indicators on two technologies of cultivation. There are proven technology indicators of the overall level of quality. It is exposed a convincing technological hypothesis about technology of not using fertilizers and pesticides, which ensures limited accumulated levels of undesirable substances in the tobacco, which increasing its market attractiveness. It proves an increased resistance to drought. It has been shown through the evaluation of the raw material for commercial classes, consolidated of the qualitative level of the studied type.
Keywords: Oriental tobacco production, tobacco quality, organic farming, organic vegetable product.
Introduction: The receipt of raw material with high quality is a consequence of the environmental characteristics of the area of its cultivation, by application of proper agricultural machines and an appropriate varietal composition [4, 5-7; 5, 12-14; 15, 78-84; 14, 9-13; 2, 9-13; 3, 6-9; 1, 69-75].
In the recent years a market demand of tobacco in the country an interest are the varieties of ecotype Krumovgrad and “bare handle” oriental varieties of tobacco. A number of authors [2, 13-17; 19, 245-249; 6, 30-33; 20, 24-29] made a study of the biological, economic and technological characteristics of Krumovgrad varieties grown in not typical for them areas of cultivation. It is studied the chemical composition of oriental tobaccos with current market profile, applied are mathematical relationships for accelerated definition of technological quality [10, 469-471; 7, 63-73]. Current studies and researches are carried out in the south-western tobacco region, regarding the results of applying elements of agronomic techniques as part of the production of quality raw oriental ecotypes [8, 37-42; 16, 43-48].
Research on the biological, economic and technological qualities of “bare handle” ecotype oriental tobacco with main purpose of direct deployment in production in our country were carried out by [17, 23-27; 18, 4-9].
Part of the modern technology for cultivation of oriental tobacco in relation to the Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control WHO, is the use of biological stimulators as a substitute for artificial fertilizers and pesticides by the application of good agricultural practices. In modern agricultural policies, an actuality is combining organic farming with biological achieved (pure) product.
In the segment of tobacco science are made researches to define the characteristics of aromatic products with specific usage, in “clean” oriental tobaccos from ecologically preserved areas [9, 54-59; 11, 120-123; 12, 391-396; 13, 67-69].
The purpose of this study is to investigate the economic, technological and economic indicators of “bare handle” oriental tobacco type by using conventional and organic farming technologies in not typical for him area of cultivation.
Material and methods: The attempts are displayed from the Struma-Mesta River tobacco area. The object ofstudy is “bare handle” oriental tobacco type. There are applied two types of farming technologies: option 1 - traditionally applied oriental technology option 2 - growing technology by using element of pure technology - biological stimulator. The crude tobacco is dried in drier for oriental tobacco, at the optimum duration ofthe drying phases - determined by the nature of the feedstock. On the dried tobacco is made a qualitative gradation on the criteria of commercial assessment on commercial on the producer tobacco.
It is showed also the environmental status in the area of research and the displayed ecotype tobacco.
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Section 12. Agricultural sciences
Results and Discussion
Temperature and rainfall environmental factors during the period of the survey are set by Fig.1.
The figure shows that the average air temperatures are over 10 °C after the beginning ofApril. Average air temperatures during the transplanting of tobacco are at the lower limit ofthe optimum, and for the period of the intense growth and development of plants (June to August), they are in the optimal range for the cultivation of oriental tobacco. The drought in July and August did not affect on the vegetative growth of the tobacco and in fact it creates conditions for good solar drying. The soils on which is made the study are cinnamon, with a light mechanical composition, poor of humus, poorly stocked with nitrogen, medium rich in phosphorus and well stocked with potassium [15, 51-61].
The results of the process events of technological practices in tobacco cultivation display the following:
1. Technological operations in the production of seedlings:
Option 1 - all operations are performed according to the approved technology for growing seedlings of oriental tobacco (Table 1). Attached is mainly fertilization of the seedlings area. There are implemented activities for agricultural seedlings — watering, feeding, plant weeding. Implemented sowing rate of 8 g/10 m2. Before sowing, the seeds are not made additional treatments. Sowing them out was made on a wet soil, held on 10 March.
Option 2 - Seedling rate is kept as in option 1 (Table 1). Sowing out the seeds is wet, made on 10 April. In this option are not used artificial fertilizers and pesticides. Before their seeding, the seeds are treated by an optional bio-stimulator. Up to seven days before sowing out of the field, the seedlings are watered with the bio-stimulator.
Fig.I.Values of air temperature and rainfall
Table 1. - Technological operations in the production of seedlings
Process steps in the production of seedlings Traditional technology of cultivation (Option 1) Technology of cultivation using bio-stimulator (Option 2)
1.Main fertilization 150 g/10 m2 - NH4NO3, Ca (H2PO4)2 K2SO4 ’ -
2.Plant protection Inputted: 2 g/m2 Thiophanat-methyl; 4 g/m2 Mancozeb+Copper oxychloride; 0,3 ml/m2 Napropamide 8 gr/10 m2 Treated by bio-stimulator
3.Sowing rate 8g/10 m2 Yes
4.Processing of seeds Not treated 10 March No feeds
5.Period of sowing Yes 10 April
6.Care of seedlings - Watering - Feeding - Plant protection phase “Crossover” - in 150 g/10 m2 - NH4N°3, Ca (H2PO4^ K2SO4 - phase “Raise ears”- in 200 g/10 m2 - NH4N°y Ca (H2PO4^ K2SO4 - made three obligatory treatments against Pythium debaryanum Hesse, Thielaviopsis basicola, Thrips tabaci and two more against Pythium debaryanum Hesse, Thielaviopsis basicola Did not made PP treatments with pesticides. In the critical phases seedlings are watered with bio-stimulator
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Research on the cultivation of tobacco of “bare handle” ecotype by using a clean technology...
1. From the data presented in Tables 1 and 2, are set the following results:
- Option 2 sowing the seeds takes place one month later, which is in directly related to the reduction of labor costs in the cultivation of tobacco seedlings.
- Option 2 did not apply fertilizers and pesticides, which respectively reduces the material costs in the cultivation of seedlings.
- It is known that the “bare handle” oriental tobacco type is susceptible to fungal diseases/mikozi/. In Option 1 are made two additional treatments against Py-thium debaryanum Hesse and Thielaviopsis basicola. In Option 2 are treated with bio-stimulator only in the critical phases of the tobacco plants.
2. Technological operations in the cultivation of tobacco on the field shown in Table 2.
The table shows that in Option 1 the planting is done on 17 May. It is made a mainly fertilization with NH4NO3 Ca (H2PO4) 2 and K2SO4. It is made three plant-protection treatments on scheme and two additional against Myzus persicae. During the vegetation of the tobacco were made five vegetation irrigations. Seedlings have not been processed further.
In Option 2 the planting is done on 30 May. Before the sowing out, the seedlings are treated with bio-stimulator. During the vegetation of the tobacco were made two sprays with
bio-stimulator, on the seventh day after transplanting and in the phase of „intensive growth“. Three vegetation irrigations are made.
The data in Table 2 show shorter seedlings period by 17 days in Option 2. Not using fertilizers and pesticides reduce the labor and material costs. There are made 2 vegetation irrigations less, which automatically show that the plants in option 2 have increased their resistance to drought as compared to the tobacco plants of Option 1.
3. Economic, technological and farm indicators. The data for the cultivation of a “bare handle” oriental tobacco type with the comparative two technologies are presented in Table 3.
The results show that option 2 is with better performance achievable. In this option, the average yield per hectare is 29 % higher compared to the indicator in option 1. The percentage distribution of classes of the dryed tobacco is technologically more balanced in option 2. It shows an increased percentage of second class at the expense of reduced percentage of the third class (62 % second class and 15 % third in option 2 against 43 % second-class and third-class 35 % in option 1). The average cost per realization per kg of dryed tobacco in option 2 is 12 % higher than in option 1. Option 2 material costs are 47 % less than Option 1. Earnings per hectare in option 2 are 66 % higher compared with income per hectare in Option 1.
Table 2. - Technological operations in the cultivation of the tobacco on the field
Technological operations in the cultivation of tobacco on the field Traditional technology of cultivation (Option 1) Technology of cultivation using bio-stimulator (Option 2)
Planting scheme 50/12 cm Fertilization Plant protection Processing of seedlings Vegetation irrigations 17 May In the planting are imported: 9kg/dka NH4NO3 14 kg/da Ca (H2PO4)2 14 kg/da K2SO4 Made three plants- protective sprays on scheme and two additional sprays against Myzus persicae Five 30 May Made two sprays with bio-stimulator Before the sowing out, the seedlings are treated with bio-stimulator. Three
Table 3. - Economic, technological and farm indicators
Economic and farm indicators Traditional technology of cultivation (Option 1) Technology of cultivation using bio-stimulator (Option 2)
Average yield per hectare 190 kg/dka 245 kg/dka
Percentage distribution of the classes of dried tobacco First class - 22 % Second class - 43 % Third class - 35 % First class - 23 % Second class - 62 % Third class - 15 %
Average cost of realization 6,05 BGN/kg 6,78 BGN/kg
Total yield per hectare 1149,50 BGN/dka 1661,10 BGN/dxa
Costs for fertilizers and pesticides 210 BGN/dka Costs for bio-stimulator - 100 BGN/dka
Earnings per hectare 939,50 BGN/dka 1561,10 BGN/dka
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Section 12. Agricultural sciences
From the results of the cultivation of “hare handle” oriental tobacco type in the Struma-Mesta River tobacco area., can set the following conclusions:
The technology of cultivation by using biological stimulator is technologically adaptable and economically justified:
- Reduces the seedlings production period with a positive impact on the technological process and a labor balance.
- The shorter possible period of planting, put out the tobacco from the period of active risk of economically important diseases.
- The agricultural terms and events, affect in the reduction of labor and material costs.
- Non-use of fertilizers and pesticides guarantee limited levels of unwanted substances, which increases the market attractiveness of the raw material.
- The development of the plants on the field demonstrates an increased resistance to drought.
- The economic and farm results are more beneficial for farmers.
- The qualitative categorization of the raw material determined by a market technology assessment of commercial classes proves consolidation of the qualitative level of the type, which is tested.
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