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Chinese languages (UDC 811.581)
DOI: 10.18454/RULB.8.19 Павлова А.Д.
Аспирант, Военный университет Министерства обороны РФ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ФРАЗОВЫХ ЧАСТИЦ КИТАЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА В РАБОТАХ КИТАЙСКИХ
ЛИНГВИСТОВ
Аннотация
Фразовые или модальные частицы в китайском языке передают, в первую очередь, отношение говорящего к ситуации или факта к действительности; относятся к служебным словам, но маркируют всё предложение и даже текст; не имеют собственного значения вне контекста в синхронии, однако каждая частица обладает функциональным рядом значений, обусловленных её этимологией в диахронии. Для более глубокого понимания сути данного явления важно не только знать, как изменялись функциональные значения фразовых частиц, отражающих, в том числе, и эволюцию экспрессивности и коннотативных значений предложения, но и развитие научных представлений о месте и роли фразовых частиц в языке. Начиная с I в.н.э. эти частицы становятся объектом описаний и исследований в работах китайских лингвистов, и за чуть более чем две тысячи лет развития научной мысли в китайской лингвистической традиции сформировался свой особый подход к изучению данного явления.
Ключевые слова: китайский язык; фразовые частицы; модальные частицы.
Pavlova A.D.
Postgraduate student, Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation RESEARCH OF SENTENCE-FINAL PARTICLES IN THE CHINESE LANGUAGE IN THE WORKS
OF CHINESE LINGUISTS
Abstract
Sentence-final or modal particles in the Chinese language are in the first place used to convey the attitude of the speaker to the situation or a fact of reality; they belong to functional words, but they mark the whole sentence and even the whole text; they are deprived of the meaning of their own out of the context in synchrony, however, each particle has a number of functional meanings due to their etymology in the diachrony. For a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, it is important to know the changes in functional meanings of sentence-final particles, which reflect both the evolution of expressive and connotative meanings of a sentence and the development of scientific ideas concerning the place and the role of sentence-final particles in the language. Since I century AD these particles have become the object of descriptions and studies in the works of Chinese linguists. They have formed their own particular approach to the study of this phenomenon during more than two thousand years of the development of the scientific thought in the Chinese linguistic tradition.
Keywords: Chinese language, sentence-final particles, modal particles.
Почта авторов / Author Email: [email protected]
The research of sentence-final particles in the Chinese linguistic tradition can be divided into several periods.
1. First mentions and descriptions of phrasal particles
The first descriptions of the sentence-final particles
functions are found in the dictionary "The Origin of Chinese Characters: Shuowen jiezi" ("ii^^^", I AD.)
where they are called "finishing the sentence" and expressing an opinion (critic, attitude) of the speaker. Five particles were singled out: £ (E), R, ¥ ^ „ This
work reflects the ideas of the scientists of Han period (III BC-I AD), the particles were called - ii Eii - "finishing words" or in^^ - "remains" (addition) of the phrase[1].
In Liu Xie's work called "Carved Dragon of the
Literary Thought" beginning of VI century)
there are three types of function words: initial particles, prepositions and conjunctions, finishing particles (or sentence-final particles in modern terminology.)
2. Period of Tang (VII-IX centuries): The first classification and study of the functions based on the material of belles and religious works and translations
This period of the Chinese language is characterized by the transition from the Middle-Chinese (^iSi) to the New Chinese (S^Sii). Liu Zongyuan (ffP^^) is one of eight famous scientists of the Tang period, at the turn of VIII-IX centuries he introduced the term ^^ (function word, form word\particle) in his work "Response to Du Wenfu's Book" and divided them into two classes:
expressing interrogative modality : I,
and assertive modality ¥ (ME), &
) . The same classification is used in "Grammar of Mr. Ma" 1898 r.) by Ma Jianzhong - he kept
the division into particles, which render an assertion and a question h #@)[2,P.323].
I century AD - X century AD in the study of sentence-final particles is characterized as the "narrative" period. Having analyzed works on the grammar of the Chinese language, mainly represented by essays and prose, we can make the following general conclusion: sentence-final particles finish sentences, render interrogative or assertive tone (tone of speech, modal tone) and are not "meaningful" words.
The study of function words continues in a series of independent researches as, for example, the works of Lu Yiwei "Function (Auxiliary) Words" (".!Ain3$",
Yuan dynasty 14 century) and Yuan Renlin "Treatise on Function Words" ("fi^ii"), which made a considerable contribution into the study of phrasal particles. Lu Yiwei used different names to refer to what is now known as sentence-final particles (iES> etc.). He drew a
borderline between modal meanings of the particles and shades of their meanings (for example, he distinguished even ^, straight fi, rising % tone of speech, intonation in particles) [3]. He also emphasized that the same particle can perform different functions in the middle and at the end of the sentence. In his "Treatise on Function Words"
("fi^i^" ,1710), Yuan Renlin gives the first definition to the phenomenon of modality (ii^), correlating it with the manner of speech, tone and meaning of what is said (P^), this concept received the name "tone of mood."
However, he applies this approach to all function words. He emphasizes that function words cannot be commented on, relying exclusively on their spelling; their meaning cannot be explained on the basis of the vocabulary definition. He paid attention to the difference between sentence-final particles used in writing and in oral speech, in the literary language and in dialects [4]. However, his ideas have not been further developed and elaborated over the following centuries.
In this period (XIV - XIX centuries) sentence-final particles have been treated as "function words," but there was no single term to refer to this phenomenon (iE^, ^^ii, SSiS, iiSS etc.); the main object of
study and description is wenyan, and only a few works refer to oral speech or dialectal variants there
are descriptions of separate sentence-final particles mainly, often with a synonymic row (Wang Yinzhi they are
either classified or divided according to the classification which appeared in the Tang period (into interrogative and assertive modality).
3. The beginning of the "European" approach in the study of sentence-final particles
The work of Ma Jianzhong "Grammar of Mr.
Ma" became an important milestone in the study of
sentence-final particles and the grammar of the Chinese language in general (1898). There modality and sentence-final particles (in the interpretation of Ma Jianzhong -function words) are considered to be grammatical categories. His work does not contain a distinctive scientific definition of modality and sentence-final particles, but the explanation he gave to "classical" sentence-final particles of that period (wenyan) is close to the modern understanding of these phenomena. As it has been noted above, he used the classification of Liu Zongyuan and divided particles into assertive (fe, ^, E, fc, M, #) and interrogative IP, The innovation of his works is
connected with the comparison of the particles within the same group (however, Ma Jianzhong does not divide linguistic material into historical periods, so here you can find examples of early Qin (III century BC) to the Tang (IX century AD periods)). It contains the description of the connections between some of the initial words and sentence-final particles at the end of a sentence; he also described the
His other works "On Function Words and "M" "Notes of Jingde" "£" "M"—.©i») marked
the beginning of research on the origin of sentence-final particles.
features of the "fused" (joint) particles and singled out the order for their usage in a sentence. He also addressed the issue of the relation between syntax and particles.
Later works of Li Jinxi, Lu Shuxiang, Yuen Ren Chao, Wang Li, Gao Mingkai and others explore the topic of sentence-final particles of the modern Chinese language (baihua) for the authors.
In Li Jinxi's grammar (^ff®), the first research grammar of baihua, a new syntactical approach has been offered to the understanding of such phenomenon as sentence-final particles. He separated sentence-final particles from the rest of the classes, counter posing them to the problem of intonation in oral speech. Li Jinxi calls this class the class of modal words (tt^ii words of the mood), including sentence-final particles and exclamations. At that, he called them functional words (®ii) and gave them the following definition: "Express mood, attitude during the conversation; they don't have a meaning of their own, they only perform the function of the symbol; they are used at the end of a sentence, render "modality" [5, P.23]. He identified five types of modality in a sentence and pointed out that each of these types is characterized by its own particles, which help to express the modality "in writing." He also emphasized the necessity to research and study phrasal particle to be fully able to express feelings, sincere intonation and "give power to the words" [5, P.260].
The research of sentence-final particles from the beginning of the 40s of XX century is closely connected with the study of modality. This or that understanding of modality determined the approach to the study of sentence-final particles, including the term itself, which was used to name them. Sentence-final particles were assigned the role of the "spokesmen of modality (tone/mood) in writing" during that period of time.
The work of Lu Shuxiang had the greatest influence on the understanding of modality and the role of sentence-final particles. He defined the place of sentence-final particles as the means of expression of modality in the narrow sense, i.e., sentence-final particles help to distinguish sentences. These sentences are the same concerning the concepts contained in them, but differ in terms of unequal goals of each statement. Means of expressing modality are various: "The aspect of utterance is denoted by means of words-limiters, by the modality of a statement - primarily with the help of the intonation, modality itself is expressed mainly via intonation and modal particles" [6, P.230]:
The work of Yuen Ren Chao (M^ffi) "Grammar of Spoken Chinese" does not give a clear definition of sentence-final particles (naming them phrase particles and sentence particles, particles), pointing out a number of characteristics: They are uttered in a neutral tone, they refer
Table 1 - Category of modality in narrow sense (by Lu Shuxiang)
positive: guess
in relation to doubt neutral: question
cognition negative: rhetoric question
Modality direct narration (narration, when emphasized it turns into an assertion)
in narrow in relation to action incentive positive: order
sense negative: prohibition
advice (assumption, approval)
in relation to feelings exclamation, surprise etc.
to a phrase or to a sentence closely connected to it (in terms of intonation and grammar), they can unite meanings, they can be combined with function words (in this case they have only one meaning, it is difficult to define the limits of function words in this case (^nft). Yuen Ren Chao was the first person who started conducting the research on function words (particles also fall into this category) comparing normative language, dialects and wenyan ("Research of Function Words in Dialects of Beijing, Suzhou and Hangzhou" «tgifflfWiiffiWX»).
Gao Mingkai referred sentence-final particles
to a separate class. When describing them, he divided sentence-final particles into interrogative , particles
rendering doubt in an interrogative sentence (8,Pfi), the ones rendering order (prescription) (8, Pfi, fl, B, #), exclamation at the end of the sentence (fl, ffl, PJ), exclamation in the middle of the
sentence (1,1,8,1,^(^,1)) [7]. He correlated the usage of this or that particle with the structure of a sentence, the type of the predicate, modality of a sentence. He called them ^^.ii, correspondingly etc.
Wang Li (i^) assumed that each sentence has its own "mood" (emotion, modality), which can be expressed with the help of the intonation" (Wang Li, "Modern Chinese Grammar" «^S^^iii»). However, the resources of intonation are limited, while modal particles (ii^ii) allow expressing the mood in a more explicit way. On the basis of the novel "Dream in the Red Palace" he singled out 12 types of modality, which correspond to certain sentence-final particles: Assertive (7) , explanatory , exaggerating ( №,87), interrogative (^ , №), rhetoric question ( ^ ,№, the ones that express condition (№),
assumption, guess (8), incentive (8), rush, urge (#, B), standing something, bearing something (&8,87,i), dissatisfaction (^ ), argument, attempts to convince ( -7+ fl) )[8,P.161-174].
Hu Mingyang assumed that modality renders 1)
feelings caused by a certain event or a thing said by an interlocutor - modality, which renders feelings (expressive) 2) attitude to what has been said (speaking about an opinion, a point of view) 3) expressing sense (meaning, thought). He singled out narrative, imperative, interrogative and exclamatory modality of sentences. He also spoke about changes in sounds and their consistent patterns when new particles appear [9,P.97].
Works of Chinese linguists of the first half of the XX century formed the basis of the classical understanding of sentence-final particles in modern Chinese linguistic tradition. They changed the object of study: Researchers started using the works in baihua of different periods more and more often, instead of literature in wenyan. The differences in understanding of the modality in the following years led to the emergence of two basic approaches to the study of sentence-final particles: The first one -understanding phrasal modal particles as function words (ii
Mxi, SM, &
^SM etc.) , i.e. grammatical approach; the second viewpoint, which relies on classical sources as well, calls sentence-final particles modal words (ii^ii: ,
^iS®, fi^M, i^m #
fSfg, JfS^, etc.) , i.e. modal-semantic approach.
In 80-90s of XX century the followers of the second approach became more numerous. A number of new
directions in the research of sentence-final particles appeared after that.
F.R.Palmera's work "Mood and Modality" which appeared in 90s of XX century had a serious impact on further study of sentence-final particles: The problem of relations between modality, emotionality and manner of
speech were discussed ( i
I >
ti S , Pi). New
understanding of modality, emotional evaluation and manner of speech (tone of speech, intention) contributed to a more in-depth study of modality in the Chinese language and led to numerous attempts to describe modal system of the Chinese language and the place of sentence-final particles in it. For example, Qi Huyang in his work "Sentence-final
particles and the System of Modality" (i^i^i^^^) defined the place of sentence-final particles in the structure of modality as "The most important," as they express the function of modality (^t£ii^)[10]. Several other scientists think that sentence-final particles express the manner of speech (the tone of speech) as in their opinion modality in the Chinese language can take the following forms: Narrative, interrogative, exclamatory, incentive. The tone of speech includes different ways of expressing the attitude of a speaker (evaluative expressions): Indecision, tactfulness, and so on. In this connection, it was suggested renaming ii^ii into □ ^ ii (Sun Ru # ^) . Further research in the area is associated with different approaches to the understanding of relations between modality and the attitude of the speaker -for example, the work of He Yang on the expression
of subjective opinion through grammatical structures. All of these studies are dedicated to the solution of important problems: Do sentence-final particles have only one modal value (Guo Xiliang JfS or several (Lu Shuxiang a ^^ )? It is still controversial nowadays.
Another important direction during this period was dedicated to the following: The study of the origin and development of the functions of sentence-final particles in wenyan on the basis of works taken from different periods, starting from the study of possible particles of the Jiaguwen period (oracle inscriptions on the bones and tortoise shells XIV — XI centuries BC) to the particles of the Qing period (beginning of XX century) (For example, the works
mm"
fmffijffiiSi'HUffift"). Most of the works are focused on the description and analysis of the functions of sentence-final particles in certain works of a certain period. They contain statistical calculations of the frequency of their usage, depending on the type of a sentence.
Significantly fewer works are devoted to the analysis of diachronic change in the functions of sentence-final particles. The most famous works of the period contain the work by Sun Xixin "Sentence-final particles (Modal Particles) in the New Chinese Period" ( «SftSii^i»),
"Origin and Development of Sentence-final particles from Pre-Qin Period to the Period of T'ang and Five Dynasties" by Li Xiaojun (^/J^
, "Sentence-final particles in Pre-Qin Sources" by Zhang Zhenlin (?№# + as well as
the research on the basis of the translations of Buddhist texts, for example Long Guofu's "Study of Function Words in the
Translation of Yao Qin Sutras" (tHs ft»).
The research of sentence-final particles of the second half of the XX century and the first decade of the XXI century can be divided into several key movements: 1) one of the most
developed ones - identification and description of the functions of sentence-final particles based on the material of literary and other written sources from the Jiaguwen period prior to the beginning of XX century 2) the description of the functions of the modern sentence-final particles, types of modality and shades of modality, the identification of connections between sentence-final particles and syntactic structure of the sentence based on the materials of contemporary works in baihua, examples from colloquial speech, more seldom - on the basis of journalistic materials 3) identifying the patterns in the change of sentence-final particles functions, comparative analysis of Putonghua, dialects and the study of the historical development of sentence-final particles.
Currently, sentence-final particles research is typically based on the materials of colloquial speech. This led to the emergence of new directions of research: The study of the connections between intonation and sentence-final particles (For example, work " jkMH^i^M^ihtfffl^
"), intonation of phrase particles in Putonghua, the study of mono and poly-modal particles based on the analysis of the acoustic data (For example, work B^M i^&frtMMWixPrf^iz"), dialectal sentence-final particles are studied as well, especially dialects of the big cities (Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou and so on), etc. Interest in sentence-final particles has dramatically increased during
the last 12 years. For comparison, according to the data of the largest electronic archive of publications cnki.net in 2003 there were 76 scientific articles (including master thesis) related to the topic of sentence-final particles, while in 2015 the number of such works has risen to 251. The theme of the works has changed as well. In 2003 the main themes included: Description of sentence-final particles of different dialects, the description of particles in foreign languages (Russian, Japanese and so on), the descriptions of individual particles in wenyan of different periods. While in 2015 some traditional themes were preserved, some new topics had appeared as well, namely: Analysis of the origin of individual particles, functional features of the use of the particles in sentences of different types, comparative descriptions of particles of different dialects, the analysis of relations between the intonation of a sentence and sentence-final particles, the influence of sentence-final particles on a sentence (on other members of the sentence, on the topic and comments, etc.), the description of sentence-final particles used in Internet correspondence and colloquial speech, and a relatively new subject - the teaching of sentence-final particles. The development of new directions in the research of the sentence-final particles in the Chinese language has contributed to the full and in-depth study of this important and irreplaceable linguistic phenomenon.
Список литературы / References
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2. ЦШ& /ЦШ& - 1Ш: fô&ËP^fê, 1998. - 448 p.
3. ЯШ ШШ /ЯШ, - ^Ж: Ф^М, 1988. - 186 p.
4. Й^Ш /№#, - ^Ж: Ф^М, 1989. - 146 p.
5. «В—^ /Ш^. - Ш : 2007. - 347 p.
6. Шусян Л. Очерк грамматики китайского языка. В 3 т., Т.2. / Люй Шусян. - М. : Изд-во «Наука», 1965. - 349 с.
7. Ш / Ш. - ^Ж: fô&ËP^fê, 1986. - 557 p.
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9. шт тшт^/шш. - ^Ж: й&Ёрш, 2003. - 464 p.
10. ярш —чш—чш / ЯРШ. - ^ЯЕ: 2002. - 323 p.
Список литературы на английском / References in English
1. Yucai D. Shuowenjiezizhu [Annotation on Shuowen Jiezi] / Duan Yucai. - Beijing : Zhong Hua Book Company, 1988. - 959 p. [in Chinese]
2. Jianzhong M. Mashiwentong [Grammar Talk from Mr Ma] / Ma Jianzhong. - Beijing : The Commercial Press, 1998. - 448 p. [in Chinese]
3. Yiwei L. Zhuyuci [The function word] / Lu Yiwei, edited by Wang Kezhong. - Beijing : Zhong Hua Book Company, 1988. - 186 p. [in Chinese]
4. Renlin Y. Xuzishuo [Explain function words] / Yuan Renlin, edited by Jie Hui. - Beijing: Zhong Hua Book Company, 1989. - 146 p. [in Chinese]
5. Jinxi L. Xinzhu guoyu wenfa [The New Chinese Grammar] / Li Jinxi. - Changsha : Hunan Education publishing house, 2007. - 347 p. [in Chinese]
6. Shuxiang L. Ocherk grammatiki kitaiskogo yazyka [An Outline of Chinese Grammar]. / Lü Shuxiang. - Moscow : Nauka, 1965. - 349 p. [in Russian]
7. Mingkai G. Hanyu yufalun [Theory of Chinese grammar] / Gao Mingkai. - Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1986. -557 p. [in Chinese]
8. Li W. Zhongguo xiandai yufa [Modern Chinese Grammar] / Wang Li. - Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1985. - 347 p. [in Chinese]
9. Mingyang H. Hu Mingyang yuyan xuelun [Hu Mingyang's Linguistic Theory] / Hu Mingyang. - Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2003. - 464 p. [in Chinese]
10. Huyang Q. Yuqici yu yuqixitong [Sentence-final particles and the modal system] / Qi Huyang. - Hefei : Anhui education publishing house, 2002. - 323 p. [in Chinese]
