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ствии с экосистемным принципом. Экосистемный принцип является наиболее адекватным подходом к обеспечению устойчивого развития на территориальном уровне.
Таким образом, в связи с образованием и функционированием зон чрезвычайной экологической ситуации и экологического бедствия, возникает комплекс вопросов политического, социального, экономического, административного, правового, экологического характера, которые должны найти реальное решение. Многое зависит от властных решений со стороны государства. Наряду с этим мы не должны умалять роль и экономических методов воздействия, которые направлены на стимулирование природоохранной деятельности. Такие принципы, как поэтапное введение платы за природопользование, финансирование природоохранной деятельности, экологические страхования, соответствует требованиям рыночного времени.
Список литературы:
1. Общая теория советского земельного права. - М.: Наука, 1983. - С. 345.
2. Юридическая энциклопедия / Отв. ред. Б.Н. Топорнин. - М.: Юрист, 2001. - С. 812.
3. Гражданское право: учебник. Т. 1 / Отв. ред. Е.А. Суханов. - М.: Бек, 2000. - С. 295.
4. Бринчук М.М. Экологическое право: учебник. - М., 1999. - С. 600.
5. Экологический кодекс Республики Казахстан от 9 января 2007 г. (Общая и Особенная части). - Алматы: Жети жаргы, 2012.
6. Боголюбов С.А. Комментарий к Закону РФ « Об охране окружающей природной среды». - М.: Изд. «Группа ИНФРА-М», 1997. - С. 177.
7. Краснова И.О.Зона экологического бедствия: пути формирования новой правовой категории в зарубежном праве // Государство и право. -1994. - № 6. - С. 145.
RESEARCH FOR SOUTH KOREA INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION COURT FOR RESOLVING, IN CASE COMMERCIAL DISPUTE BETWEEN RUSSIAN AND KOREAN COMPANIES
© Kang Taewook*
Национальный исследовательский Саратовский государственный университет им. Н.Г. Чернышевского, г. Саратов
In the article - the introduction of South Korea Commercial Arbitration System (for ADR) and International Arbitration Court. When a dispute ari-
* Магистрант кафедры Гражданского права и процесса.
ses between Russian and Korean companies, for resolving, can be selected the International Arbitration Court of Russia, Korea, or other countries. Therefore, here enumerated about the International Arbitration Court of the Republic of Korea.
Commercial arbitration system in Korea has been developed since 1966. But the arbitration system has to be changed and developed because of its own problems. So, this paper focuses on Korea commercial ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) system, especially Korea arbitration, mediation and conciliation, suggesting the problems of their current situation as well as their development strategies.
In order to establish ADR as a practical dispute settlement procedure, we need to consider financial assistance coming from many sources, especially government. The most important factor is to make people aware of the fact that ADR is a low-cost, speedy system and more practical procedures compared with other ones. March 1966 Arbitration Act of Korea promulgated, October 1966 Commercial Arbitration Rules enacted, March 1970 Korea Commercial Arbitration Association (KCAA) established, August 1980 KCAA changed its name to the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB), December 1999 Arbitration Act of Korea amended to reflect UNCITRAL Model Law on, International Commercial Arbitration January 2007 International Arbitration Rules enacted [1].
The KCAB is the only authorized institution of Korea that conducts commercial arbitrations in accordance with the Arbitration Act and its own Rules.
Established in 1966, the KCAB has been carrying out both domestic and international arbitrations for over 40 years. But the arbitration system has to be changed and developed because of its own problems. So, this paper focuses on Korea commercial ADR system, especially Korea arbitration, mediation and conciliation, suggesting the problems of their current situation as well as their development strategies.
The KCAB, a non-profit organization, like other arbitral institutions in the world, administers domestic and international arbitrations under the Arbitration Act of Korea and in accordance with its own Arbitration Rules. The Arbitration Act of Korea permits parties in dispute to agree in advance that the KCAB will serve as an impartial administrative institution for any dispute resolution process. Also, the Act allows the disputing parties to submit an existing dispute directly to the KCAB.
Disputing parties may also determine their own dispute resolution proceedings, while the KCAB stands prepared to administer major sets of rules and procedures, such as the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules [2].
Mediation is an entirely voluntary, risk-free process provided free of charge, in which a neutral staff member of the KCAB helps the parties in dispute reach an amicable settlement to their dispute.
The mediator is expected to be impartial and shall not judge either party, while encouraging open communication, helping to identify the specific areas of
dispute and agreement, and working toward bringing the parties to a negotiated settlement specified and reached by the parties themselves. The KCAB has been handling mediation cases since 1970.
Providing advice on a wide range of areas related to dispute avoidance and resolution.
The parties in dispute wishing to have their disputes referred to arbitration in the KCAB shall have a written arbitration agreement in their contracts.
The international arbitration in the KCAB is governed by two sets of rules. The Arbitration Rules is applied to both domestic and international arbitrations, unless otherwise stated. The International Arbitration Rules was formulated to provide distinguished arbitration services for international commercial disputes, and can be applied with the disputing parties’ consent to refer their disputes under the Rules. An arbitration agreement may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract, or in the form of a separate agreement if the dispute has already arisen.
The following arbitration clause is recommended to all contracting parties who wish to have their future disputes referred to the KCAB:
When using the Arbitration Rules «Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract shall be finally settled by arbitration in Seoul in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board».
When using the International Arbitration Rules Any dispute, controversy or claim arising under, out of, or relating to this contract (including non-contractual claims) and any subsequent amendments of this contract, including, without limitation, its formation, validity, binding effect, interpretation, performance, breach or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration under the KCAB International Arbitration Rules, which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference into this clause.
The number of arbitrators shall be [one / three]. The seat, or legal place, of arbitration shall be [City / Country]. The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be [language].
The Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) generally is depending on «the New York Convention» from 1973 [3]
International arbitration in the KCAB is governed by two sets of rules, which are the Arbitration Rules and the International Arbitration Rules. The Arbitration Rules is aimed at providing speedy, cost-saving and efficient arbitral proceedings. The International Arbitration Rules was recently formulated in order to provide high-quality services for international arbitration by reflecting international arbitration standards. The Arbitration Rules is generally applied to both domestic and international cases, and the International Arbitration Rules is applied in international cases upon disputing parties’ consent to resolve their disputes under the Rules.
A party wishing to request for arbitration in the KCAB shall file an application for arbitration and pay an advance payment of arbitration costs at the same time.
Under the Arbitration Rules, the advance payment of arbitration costs shall be borne by the Claimant and the Arbitral Tribunal shall determine which party shall bear the costs of arbitration.
The arbitration costs consist of administrative fees and the arbitrator’s fees, as exemplified in the table below.
Example of Arbitration Costs under the Arbitration Rules:
(Unit: KRW, about 1000 KRW = 1 US $)
Claim Amount Administrative Fees Arbitrator’s Fees Total
10 million 45,000 - 45,000
100 million 450,000 - 450,000
1 billion 5,800,000 900,000 13,980,000
10 billion 38,300,000 16,500,000 59,830,000
* VAT extra
If the parties have agreed to specific arbitrators or to the method of appointment thereof, the arbitrators shall be appointed in accordance therewith. In the absence of an agreement between the parties, the arbitrators are selected in accordance with the KCAB’s Arbitration Rules.
If the Arbitration Rules is to be applied to the arbitral proceedings, a sole arbitrator shall be appointed for a claim not exceeding 200 million KRW, and three arbitrators for a claim exceeding 200 million KRW. (Unit: KRW, about 1000 KRW = 1 US $)
In regard to an appointment of arbitrators, the Secretariat shall furnish both parties with a list of several candidates for arbitrators. The parties shall return the list to the Secretariat after marking by number the order of the party’s preference of the names of the candidates. The Secretariat shall invite arbitrators, in the designated order of preference, to accept an appointment in writing.
If the parties are nationals of different countries and / or are domiciled in different countries, the sole arbitrator or the presiding arbitrator shall, upon the request of either party, be appointed from among nationals of countries other than those of the parties. If the International Arbitration Rules is to be applied, a sole arbitrator shall be appointed. If there is a request from either party and if the Secretariat deems appropriate, three arbitrators may be appointed. In case three arbitrators are to be appointed, the Claimant and the Respondent shall each appoint one arbitrator. The two arbitrators thus appointed shall agree upon the third arbitrator who will act as the Chairperson. Where the dispute is to be referred to a sole arbitrator, the parties shall agree upon a sole arbitrator. If the parties fail to appoint an arbitrator, the Secretariat shall appoint the sole arbitrator.
The Tribunal shall decide the time, date, place and manner of each arbitration hearing and the Secretariat shall notify each party of such decision. The Tribunal shall examine oral statement of parties, any evidence or witness related to the argument of the parties concerned [4].
The arbitral award shall have the same effect on the parties as the final and conclusive judgment of the court under the Article 35 of the Arbitration Act. Enforcement of arbitral awards in foreign countries is guaranteed under the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the 1958 New York Convention [5].
In recent years, in world trade, WTO and FTA have a dominant role. In such environment, very often have been disputes between companies. In this case, if use «the International Arbitration Court», will be able to resolve quickly and economically.
References:
1. KCAB (Korean Commercial Arbitration Board). - URL: www.kcab.or.kr.
2. International arbitration rules of KCAB, Republic of Korea.
3. ARBITRATION ACT, Republic of Korea.
4. UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law). -URL: http://www.uncitral.org.
5. New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (10.06.1958).
СТАДИИ РАЗРАБОТКИ НПА, НА КОТОРЫХ ПРОВОДИТСЯ НАУЧНАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА ПРОЕКТА НПА: ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН
© Кысыкова Г.Б.*
Научно-исследовательский институт государства и права им. Гайрата Сапаргалиева, Республика Казахстан, г. Астана
В статье рассматривается вопрос посвященный стадиям разработки нормативного правового акта, на которых должна быть проведена научная экспертиза проекта НПА.
В соответствии с пунктом 11 Правил проведения научной экспертизы, утвержденные постановлением Правительства Республики Казахстан № 598 от 30 мая 2002 года, выделяет следующие стадии разработки проекта подзаконного нормативного правового акта, на которых проводится научная экспертиза проекта:
«до согласования с заинтересованными государственными органами;
до внесения в Правительство Республики Казахстан после согласования с государственными органами.
* Старший научный сотрудник, кандидат юридических наук.
