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Национальная ассоциация ученых (НАУ) # 80, 2022
Список литературы: 3. Алиева В.Р., Назаров Р.Р., Юнусова Д.М.
1. Рыбаков С.Е. Анатомия этнической СМИ на языках этнических меньшинств (на деструктивности. - Бюллетень Московского примере Узбекистана) // Конгресс этнографов и Университета. № 3. М. 2011. C.22-23/ Ribakov S.E. антропологов России. Доклады и выступления. Anatomy of etnic distructions. - Bulletin of Moscov Саранск: РАН, 2007. // Alieva V.R., Nazarov R.R., University. № 3. М.2011/. Yunusova D.M. Mass media at the languages of ethnic
2. Рыбаков С.Е. Указ. Соч. С.23. /Ribacov S.E. minority. Reports and speeches. Saransk: RAS, 2007. The specified composition. - P.23/.
REMARKABLE EPISODES FROM THE STUDY OF THE MANUSCRIPTS OF KARATAK, GETASHEN, SHUSHI OF ARTSAKH ACCORDING TO THE "ARDZAGANK" PERIODICAL
Marine G. Harutyunyan,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Institute of History of NAS RA
ПРИМЕЧАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЭПИЗОДЫ ИЗ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ РУКОПИСЕЙ КАРАТАКА, ГЕТАШЕНА, ШУШИ АРЦАХА ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ЖУРНАЛА "АРДЗАГАНК"
Марине Георгиевна Арутюнян
кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник Института истории НАН РА DOI: 10.31618/NAS.2413-5291.2022.1.80.606
ANNOTATION
Thus, we have presented remarkable episodes from the study of the manuscripts of Karatak, Getashen, Shushi of Artsakh based on the valuable information contained in the pages of the "Ardzagank" periodical in the article.
The main purpose of the article is to present the coverage of the study of the manuscripts written in the above-mentioned writing centers of Artsakh according to one of the Eastern Armenian periodicals, from the point of view of "Ardzagank".
Introducing the study of the above-mentioned manuscripts based on the materials published in the pages of "Ardzagank" periodical, we emphasize that the study of those manuscripts of the periodical was covered in a general format. Memoirs of writers, some episodes of miniatures were mainly presented. There is no complete description of these manuscripts, that is, detailed information about the contents, volume, lines, cover, illustrations, decoration, condition of the manuscripts, and sometimes - the customer, the recipient.
Nevertheless, we attach great importance to the valuable information contained in the relevant sections of the periodical, which testifies to the existence of Artsakh's manuscript heritage.
АННОТАЦИЯ
Таким образом, в статье мы представили замечательные эпизоды из изучения рукописей Каратака, Геташена, Шуши Арцаха на основе ценных сведений, содержащихся на страницах журнала «Ардзаганк».
Основная цель статьи - представить освещение изучения рукописей, написанных в вышеупомянутых центрах письменности Арцаха по данным одного из восточноармянских периодических изданий, с точки зрения «Ардзаганк».
Представляя изучение вышеназванных рукописей по материалам, опубликованным на страницах журнала «Ардзаганк», подчеркнем, что изучение этих рукописей журнала проходило в общем формате. В основном были представлены воспоминания писателей, отдельные эпизоды миниатюр. Отсутствует полное описание этих рукописей, то есть подробные сведения о содержании, объеме, строках, обложке, иллюстрациях, оформлении, состоянии рукописи, а иногда - заказчике, получателе.
Тем не менее, мы придаем большое значение содержащейся в соответствующих разделах периодического издания ценной информации, свидетельствующей о существовании рукописного наследия Арцаха.
Keywords: Getashen, Karatak, Dadivank, the Monastery of Yeghishe Arakyal, Matenadaran, manuscript, the Monastery of St. Hakob, Gospel, miniature, ornament.
Ключевые слова: Геташен, Каратак, Дадиванк, монастырь Егише Аракял, Матенадаран, рукопись, св. Монастырь Акоп, Евангелие, миниатюра, орнамент.
INTRODUCTION centers of Artsakh according to one of the Eastern
We have presented remarkable episodes from the Armenian periodicals, from the point of view of
study of the manuscripts of Karatak, Getashen, Shushi "Ardzagank". The aim is also to make comparative
of Artsakh in the article based on the valuable analyzes, that is, to compare the study of the
information contained in the pages of "Ardzagank" corresponding manuscripts presented in the
periodical. The main purpose of the study of this ''Ardzagank'' periodical with the manuscripts of the
material is to present the coverage of the study of the Matenadaran of Mesrop Mashtots and the Mother See
manuscripts written in the above-mentioned writing of Holy Etchmiadzin, to make general conclusions.
A number of writing centers have been operating in different regions of historical Armenia for centuries. The following writing centers were known in Artsakh: Dadivank (also - Dadoi), Amaras, Gandzasar1, Gtchavank (in ancient times - Ktish, later - Ktich, Gtich), Khotavank2 (fonpm^mbg), Khanatsakh, Avetaranots, Khznavar village, the monastery of Chareka, the monastery of Parisos, Yerits Mankants Monastery, St. Hakob Monastery3, Yeghishe Apostolic Monastery4, the St. Astvatsatsin Church of the Arajadzor village, Hirher (Herher) as well as the writing centers of a number of places in the north-east of Artsakh. Some of the manuscripts written in those centers, having survived the attacks of the enemies, have come down to us, the study of which requires new scientific views.
CONTENT OF THE ARTICLE
The role and significance of individual collections of manuscripts of prominent representatives5 of the Armenian culture (also - cuneiform inscriptions) are important in the system of study and evaluation of the history of national manuscript culture.
The manuscripts written in Artsakh were also partially covered by the Eastern Armenian periodical pres. In this article, we have mainly studied the materials published in the "Ardzagank" periodical which contain remarkable episodes about the manuscripts written in the writing centers of Karatak, Getashen and Shushi in Artsakh. Some of these manuscripts are kept in the Matenadaran after Mesrop Mashtots of Yerevan, in the manuscript library of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.
The "Ardzagank" periodical made an interesting note about the saved manuscripts: "...The meliks had already divided and hidden all the manuscripts and papers in three parts; the first part of which was hidden in a cave between Gandzasar and Khota monasteries, the second part - in an underground and unknown cave of Jraberd, and the third - near the monastery of Horeka of the province of Gulistan ... It should be noted that these manuscripts have not yet been copied and distributed among the people but have been collected in the monastery of Gandzasar 6". It should be noted that the periodical also mentioned about the famous Matenadaran of Gandzasar in its N 31 of 18957.
The "Ardzagank" periodical presented remarkable information on the unique features of Armenian manuscripts written in different eras in its various
1 There is some valuable information about the manuscripts written in Gandzasar in different eras as well as the items in the monastery, the tombstones in the Museum of Literature and Art after Yeghishe Charents of the Republic of Armenia (see the fund of S. Kamalyan, list 2, section 44).
2 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 44, pp. 577, 1894, N 77, July 8 (20), p. 3.
3 Barkhudaryan M., Artsakh, 1996, page 109.
4"Ardzagank", 1888, N 12, page 158.
5 See Hovsepian G., Memoirs of Manuscripts, vol. 1 (from
5th century to 1250), Antelias, 1951(Zn4ut^tmh %
Z^2mmmkmPm^P Afcnmqpmg, h. U (b qmpfyg tf^hjU
1250), Uhp^i^mu, 1951). Topchyan Y., The catalog of the
Manuscripts by Dadian Khachik Vardapet collected 1878-
1898, part I, Echmiadzin (Vagharshapat), 1898, part II,
issues8. We will mainly present the valuable materials of the periodical related to the manuscripts found in the writing centers of Karatak, Getashen and Shushi of Artsakh.
From the manuscripts of the village of Karatak (in Gandzak), the "Ardzagank" periodical provided interesting information about a "Gospel" written in 1669 by Catholicos Petros of Aghvan. The scribe is Elder Sargis. The person who ordered the manuscript is Mr. Mirum. That manuscript was found in the church of Sevaqar village of Ghazakh(^mqmfa). The "Gospel" which was in the church of the village of Sevakar was written at the request of the same Sarukhan - bek's son, Mr. Mirum. This was mentioned in the extensive memoir written at the end of the manuscript: "The Holy and Bible Gospel was written in the first half of the 17th century during the reign of Shah Suleiman of Persia and the Patriarchate of Catholicos Peter of Aghvan .... in the land of Gandzak, in the village of Karatak under the patronage of the Church of St. Gabriel and St. Michael's temple. The manuscript was written by the hand of the priest Sargis Yerits, at the request of pious Mr. Mirumi who is the son of Sarukhan-bekin, the grandson - of the great Miruman. This Mr. Mirum-pek did not have a son whom his wife, Khatun would love their son with great love and a warm heart, with perfect hope and complete faith. He received the Holy Gospel by dedicating it to Jesus Christ hoping that God would give him a son. Mr. Mirum also ordered the gospel to be remembrance to his parents, his brothers, Astvatsatr and Sargis .. .9".
Let us add that the above-mentioned manuscript has reached us and is currently kept in the Matenadaran of Mesrop Mashtots.
MANUSCRIPT10 - Gospel. Location - Karatak (in Gandzak), 1669. Scribe - Elder Sargis. Recipient-Mr. Mirum. Pages - 327. Material - paper. Size - 18x12. Writing form - two columns. Writing - bolorgir. Lines - 21. Miniature - evangelist, tabernacle, half-altar, patterns in the margins. The cover of the manuscript-board. The record of the scribe - pages 99b, 153a, 324a, later - pages 251a (1684), 326a (17th century). The condition of the manuscript is satisfactory.
THE CONTENT OF THE MANUSCRIPT -"The Gospel of Matthew". " The Gospel of Mark". "The Gospel of Luke". " The Gospel of John". The following sections in the chapter attributed to Matthew are interesting: For medicine", "For the paralyzed", "For
Echmiadzin, 1900($-o^<ihmh 3., Smgm^ dhnmqpmg ^m^hmh ftimj^ ^mpqm^hm^, dnqn^mb 1878-1898, Umuh U, (^mqmp2m^mrn), 1898, Umuh P,
1900). Yeganyan O., The collection of Armenian Manuscripts of Gandzasar, "Echmiadzin", 1971, N 4, pp. 59-62(bqmhhmh O., ^-mh&mump^ hmjhphh dhnmqphp^ hm^mpmfcmh, «t2Uhm^h», 1971, N % t2 59-62).
6 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 44, page 572.
7 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 31, page 2.
8 See "Ardzagank", 1886, N 29, August 3, p. 381, 1886, N 25, p. 348, 1886, N 26, p. 355, 1888, N 4, p. 48.
9 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 20, pp. 294-295.
10 Matenadaran of Mesrop Mashtots (RA), manuscript N 3856.
the deaf and dumb", "For the blind and lame", "For the repentance of Judas" and so on11.
MINIATURE - Among the beautiful illustrations of the manuscript are the miniatures of 4 evangelists, 10 tabernacles, half-tabernacles and plant and animal images in the margins.
THE RECORD OF THE SCRIBE -"The Holy and Bible Gospel was written in the first half of the 17th century during the reign of Shah Suleiman of Persia and the Patriarchate of Catholicos Peter of Aghvan .... in the land of Gandzak, in the village of Karatak under the patronage of the Church of St. Gabriel and St. Michael's temple. The manuscript was written by the hand of the priest Sargis Yerits, at the request of pious Mr. Mirumi who was the son of Sarukhan-bekin, the grandson of the great Miruman12.
Interesting episodes about the Getashen village of Artsakh were published in the "Ardzagank" periodical: " Getashen is located 24 km away from Gandzak, on the left bank of the Kurak River. The inhabitants were about 300 Armenian households, 80 of which migrated from Jraberd province of Karabakh during Tsitsyanov's time, about 82 years ago and settled here as a brave people, as a protection against the invaders of the town and surrounding villages. Looking at the story, Melik-Atam came back and lived here with his people for 4-5 years. Mr. Raffi wrote that in 1804, 300 families from Jraberd moved to Gandzak to escape the brutality of Ibrahim Khan and settled in the vicinity of that city. About 500 of those migrants in the summer of the same year due to the hot and unusual climate; the others fled to the village of Voskanapat of the province of Gandzak where the air was colder13".
The "Ardzagank" periodical continued to mention Melik Atam's descendants, his estates and his wife's economic and managerial abilities noting that this was confirmed by the manuscripts kept in the village church. The periodical emphasized about the "Gospel" which contains the record of Melik-Khatam I14.
According to the "Ardzagank" periodical, that "Gospel" is a parchment manuscript and is illustrated. There are illustrations on different pages which are manifested with images of different miniatures. The manuscript is silver-plated with a gilded cover. The manuscript has several memoirs. The "Ardzagank" periodical informs us only about the memoir left by Melik-Atam, from which it can be concluded that the latter is the one who ordered the manuscript. According to the periodical, the "Gospel" was bought and donated by Melik Atam to Yeghishe Apostolic Monastery: "This life-giving and saving Gospel which the first living soul bought and left as a memory. The same nobleman Melik-Hatam who had bought the manuscript from foreigners and had become its good owner again; the first, he managed to save the manuscript from the hands of the illegals, and the
11 Mesrop Mashtots Matenadaran(RA), manuscript N 3856, pages 14b-16b.
12 Mesrop Mashtots Matenadaran, manuscript N 3856, pp. 324a-324b.
13 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 19, p. 280.
14 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 19, p. 280.
15 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 19, p. 280.
second, he accepted it with great pleasure. He covered and decorated it with pure silver and gold the manuscript as a remembrance of the Apostle St. Yeghishe and St. Gregory the Illuminator of Aghvan and other Saints ... Dear readers of my Holy Gospel, remember my pure prayer to you, Melik-Hatam and to my relatives, Melik Israel, Melik Isa, Josep, Mejlum, Israel, Seyran, Allahghul, Allahraverd, Allahverd, Heriqnaz and others ... give glory to our blessed Christ God ... Amen15".
The "Ardzagank" periodical in its next issue, entitled "Travel Memoir16", mentioned another manuscript found in a church 6 km away from Getashen: "It is the inscription on the front of the church. It is in memory of Petros, Hakob, Mrzi, Ter Poghos who are the sons of Avetis, of the Hasunants family ... We will mention the following from an illustrated inscription of the memoir of Gospel of the church - We, Princes Vahap and Vasil built the church and opened a place of a small river between valleys and mountains ... we also built a bridge which connected several villages17".
As can be seen from the memoir of the manuscript, very little information is provided about the life of the villagers and the church. The author did not give a detailed description of the manuscript. The names of the writer, the customer, the recipient, the painter are unknown. Information about the future fate of the manuscript is also unknown.
Our next interesting information refers to a valuable manuscript written in Shushi which was also referred to by "Ardzagank" periodical.
The "Ardzagank" periodical mentioned about the "Gospel" of Mrs. Margarit Alexanyan from Shushi in one of its issues18. Margarit Alexanyan donated the ''Gospel'' to the Etchmiadzin Museum: "Those days we had the opportunity to see the manuscript of the Gospel of Mrs. Margarit Alexanyan from Shushi in the "Aghbyur" editorial office, which she donated to the Museum of Etchmiadzin19".
The ''Gospel'' was written in four types of writing; the writings of each evangelist were reflected in different ways. Even the most delicate eye can not distinguish a woman's writing from printing, it has been written so carefully and so skillfully for the whole five years20.
Continuing to give a detailed description of the manuscript, the article writer noted: ''Each chapter of the Gospel begins with large capital letters representing various animals or fish. And the small capitals between the heads are decorated with delicate little flowers and bouquets. The title is written in three languages: Armenian, French and Russian. The four evangelists with their separate slogans are beautifully depicted at the beginning of the Gospel21. After the first chapter, Jesus is depicted on a ship. In addition to these
16 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 20, page 293.
17 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 20, page 293.
18 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 22, page 321.
19 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 22, page 321.
20 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 22, page 321.
21 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 22, page 321.
paintings, there is also a picture of the city of Shushi which was also beautifully painted by a hardworking lady. There are other pictures taken from the content of the ''Gospel''. In a word, the calligraphic ''Gospel'' begins and ends with such skill, care and delicate taste that one looks at it with a certain admiration as one can look at a beautiful picture of a gifted artist22''.
The author described in detail the cover of the manuscript: "The Gospel was covered in a beautiful gilded silver cover, which is 10 meters long and 6 meters wide. The images of the four evangelists were engraved on the first face of the cover, in the four corners, and the image of the Prophet Moses - in the middle of the cover. As the composition of the manuscript was made in the factory of Khlebnikov of Moscow its images were sculpted not in Armenian but in Russian church style. The dear lady spent about 700 rubles on the cover of the manuscript. The editor of the "Aghbyur" periodical assured us that French and English travelers had repeatedly offered Ms. Alexanyan large sums of money for the manuscript, even up to about 10,000 rubles. But the woman decided to donate her work to the Etchmiadzin Museum. On the 5th of the month, the editor of "Aghbyur" on the instructions of that pious woman took her precious gift to Etchmiadzin23... "
We emphasize that the researcher did not mention the writer's notes.
By the way, the above-mentioned manuscript is currently kept in the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, in the manuscript library of Etchmiadzin, under number 166. Below we will present the current description of the above-mentioned manuscript.
MANUSCRIPT24 - Gospel. Location - Shushi, 1867-72. Scribe, miniature painter - Margarit Alexanyants. Customer - unknown. Pages -241. Material - paper. Size -34,6 x 24,5. Writing form - two columns. Writing - bolorgir. Lines -31. Miniature -evangelist, half-altar, patterns in the margins. Decoration - bird-type writing, animal-type writing. The cover of the manuscript- silver board. The record of the scribe - p. 3a. The condition of the manuscript is satisfactory.
CONTENT - "The Gospel of Matthew". "The Gospel of Mark" "The Gospel of Luke". "The Gospel of John".
MINIATURE - The miniatures stand out with great elegance. Each chapter of the Gospel begins with capital letters, the text of which is represented by various animals or fish, sometimes with delicate flowers. Some titles are written in three languages: Armenian, Russian and French. The four evangelists are depicted at the beginning of the manuscript. There are semi-tabernacles25 and ornaments in the work. The miniature of St. Gregory Narekatsi is interesting in
22 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 22, page 321.
23 "Ardzagank", 1886, N 22, page 321.
24 The Manuscript House of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Etchmiadzin, manuscript N 166.
25 The Manuscript House of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Etchmiadzin, manuscript N 166, pp. 3a, 15a, 120a, 149a.
26 The Manuscript House of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin
Etchmiadzin, manuscript N 166, pp. 10b, 50a, 76b, 117a.
which his gaze is directed to the sky, to the Mother of God26 embracing the child seen in the clouds. The miniatures of the Armenian district of Shushi27, the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin are remarkable28.
THE RECORD OF THE SCRIBE - "May it be by the will of the Holy Spirit. Holy Gospel of Jesus Christ. The manuscript by Margarit Aleksanyan, in Shushi, in 187229''.
''The manuscript by Margarit, daughter of Ghazanchetsi, now a citizen of Shusha ... during the time of the empire of Alexander II of Russia, the Patriarchate of the Catholicos of All Armenians T. T. Gevork IV and the leadership of Archbishop Sargis Jalaliants of Karabakh ...''.
''Thanks to the Holy Spirit, by the mercy of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, by the intervention of a merciful and all-forgiving God, by the intercession and protection of the Most Holy Theotokos and Virgin Mary, the only Lady of heaven and earth, I, Margarits, the daughter of Umbri-bey Hovhaneants, born in the city of Shushi of Artsakh, started writing the Holy Gospel in 1867 and with the gracious assistance of the Holy Trinity completed that beautiful manuscript in 1872. I donated it to Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin for the salvation of souls of my parents, Umbri Bey and Hripsime and to my brother John ... for the salvation of souls of me, Margarit and my husband Petros Alexanyants''.
THE COVER OF THE MANUSCRIPT - The cover of the manuscript is covered with silver and beautiful little sculptures are engraved on it. A magnificent miniature of Jesus Christ is engraved on the first side the cover, in an oval frame. The four evangelists, each with a Gospel in each hand, are engraved in four circles on the same face, in round circles. There are beautiful ornaments outside the frames. In the center of the second face of the cover, in an oval frame, there is a unique high sculpture which depicts the newborn Jesus, the Virgin Mary, Joseph and two angels. There are other beautiful ornaments30.
CONCLUSION. Thus, presenting the study of the above-mentioned manuscripts based on the materials published in the pages of "Ardzagank" periodical, let us emphasize that the study of those manuscripts of the periodical was covered in a general way. Mostly, memoirs of writers, some episodes of miniatures were presented. There is no complete description of those manuscripts: content, volume, lines, composition, illustrations, miniatures, ornaments, condition of the manuscript, its future fate, sometimes - detailed information about the customer, the recipient.
Nevertheless, we attach great importance to the valuable information contained in the relevant sections of the periodical, which testifies to the existence of Artsakh's manuscript heritage.
27 The Manuscript House of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Etchmiadzin, manuscript N 166, p. 10a.
28 The Manuscript House of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Etchmiadzin, manuscript N 166, p. 149b.
29 The Manuscript House of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Etchmiadzin, manuscript N 166, p. 3a.
30 "Etchmiadzin", 1962, N 12, pp. 57-59.
LIST OF LITERATURE
1. Museum of Literature and Art after Yeghishe Charents of the Republic of Armenia , the fund of S. Kamalyan, list 2, section 4.
2. "Ardzagank", 1886, N N 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 29, 31, 44.
3. "Ardzagank", 1888, N N 4, 12.
4. "Ardzagank", 1894, N 77, July 8 (20).
5. "Etchmiadzin", 1962, N 12.
6. Matenadaran of Mesrop Mashtots (RA), manuscript N 3856.
7. The Manuscript House of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin Etchmiadzin, manuscript N 166.
8. Barkhudaryan M., Artsakh, 1996.
9. Hovsepian G., Memoirs of Manuscripts, vol. 1 (from 5th century to 1250), Antelias, 1951«n4uh^hmb
-fr?mmm^mpm&g &hnmqpmg, h. U (b qmpfrg 1250), Ubp^mu, 1951).
10. Topchyan Y., The catalog of the Manuscripts by Dadian Khachik Vardapet collected 1878-1898, part I, Echmiadzin (Vagharshapat), 1898, part II, Echmiadzin, 1900 (fl-o^fihrnfr 3., Snigm^ fthnmqpmg T-m^hmfr fom^ ^mp^m^hmfr, dn^n^mft 1878-1898, tfmu& U, fcgtffrm&frfr (^mqmp2m^mm), 1898, tfmu& P,
1900).
11. Yeganyan O., The collection of Armenian Manuscripts of Gandzasar, "Echmiadzin", 1971, N 4(bqmbhmb O., QmMmumpfr hmjhphb fthnmqphpfr hm^mgm&nifr, 1971, N T-).
