CC BY
85
UDC 621.319
doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2016.2.07
G.V. Bezprozvannych, A.G. Kyessayev
RELAXATIONS LOSSES IN POLYETHYLENE INSULATION OF COAXIAL CABLE STRUCTURE DURING AGING IN HIGH HUMIDITY CONDITIONS
Introduction. The presence of free moisture in power cables leading to the formation of tree structures - water treeing, which originate in the amorphous phase polyethylene and are a major cause of degradation of the polymer insulation. They represent the damage of the polymer .size from several microns to 1 mm, developing technology for insulation defects under the combined action of the electric field and the moisture diffusing from the environment. Water treeing destroys the polymer chain, resulting in the formation of microcavities filled with moisture. The dynamics of water treeing and subtle properties largely depend on the composition, morphology of the polymer insulation, chemical nature of the defect, in which they originate. Due to the force of gravity in the water formed typical only for her region with locally ordered structure - clusters, which cause loss of relaxation. Purpose. Features presence of relaxation losses in high-frequency range in polyethylene insulation during aging in high humidity conditions of samples power and RF cables. Methodology. Samples of the power cable for the voltage of 35 kV with a cross-linked polyethylene insulation radial water-blocking protection from moisture and radio-frequency coaxial cable with thermoplastic insulation for 1440 hours in a humidity of 100%. The dielectric loss tangent measured resonance method before and after aging. Originality. Experimentally found evidence of the existence in the polymer cable insulation free water in the form of areas with locally ordered structure - clusters. It is found that the solid polyethylene insulation in the frequency dependence of dielectric loss tangent maximum relaxation shown one at 10 MHz in the initial state, and there are two additional frequency range 500 kHz - 5 MHz after moistening. For cross-linked polyethylene insulation characteristic of large width Af of the frequency spectrum in which the observed relaxation losses. It is obvious that the width of each of the relaxation maxima is associated with characteristic fractal cluster size. It is important that the hydrated solid and foamed polyethylene insulation to show individuality, typical only for water clusters which are detected by high-frequency dipole relaxation peaks dielectric loss tangent. There is a positive correlation between the bandwidth A f of relaxation maxima and the rate of decrease of insulation resistance by applying a high DC voltage. Practical value. Establishing a correlation between the bandwidth of relaxation maxima and the rate of decrease in the insulation resistance test objects in the laboratory makes it possible to diagnose the presence of free moisture in the power and RF cables by measuring the insulation resistance in exploitation. References 10, figures 7.
Key words: water treeing, moisturizing cables, solid and foamed polyethylene insulation, dielectric loss tangent, water clusters, relaxation peaks.
Выполнены измерения в диапазоне частот 50 кГц - 20 МГц тангенса угла диэлектрических потерь образцов силового и радиочастотного коаксиального кабелей в исходном состоянии и после увлажнения в условиях 100% влажности. После старения установлено появление дополнительных релаксационных максимумов для сплошной термореактивной и термопластичной полиэтиленовой изоляции, что обусловлено группированием свободной воды в кластеры соответствующей формы и фрактальной размерности. Для кабелей со вспененной термопластичной полиэтиленовой изоляцией в не состаренном состоянии присуще проявление релаксационных потерь за счет наличия воды в газообразных включениях. Установлена положительная корреляция между шириною полосы релаксационных максимумов и скоростью уменьшения сопротивления изоляции от приложенного высокого постоянного напряжения. Библ. 10, рис. 7.
Ключевые слова: водные триинги, увлажнение кабелей, сплошная и вспененная полиэтиленовая изоляция, тангенс угла диэлектрических потерь, кластеры воды, релаксационные максимумы.
Introduction. The presence of free moisture in the power cable leading to the formation of tree structures, -water treeing (Fig. 1) [1-7], which are generated in the amorphous phase of the polyethylene, i.e. on the boundaries of the grains-crystallites (Fig. 2), and are a major cause of degradation of the polymer insulation. Water treeings are damages of polymer sized from a few microns (Fig. 1, 2) to 1 mm, developing on technological defects of insulation under the combined action of the electric field and the moisture diffusing from environment. Together with moisture aggressive substances penetrate to the insulation. They destroy the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of microcavities filled with moisture.
Dielectric strength in treeing is significantly reduced, which increases the strength on the undamaged part of the insulation and accelerates the process of treeing growth [5]. Aging at the conditions of operation or tests at increased temperature (90 °C) is significantly lower than at lower temperatures (20 - 40 °C): water
Fig. 1. Photo of emerging water treeing in cross-linked polyethylene insulation of power cable, obtained by power electron microscope [4]
© G.V. Bezprozvannych, A.G. Kyessayev
treeing grows less rapidly. The dynamics of water treeing and their subtle properties largely depend on the composition, morphology of the polymeric insulation, the chemical nature of the defect, on which they originate.
Fig.2 [6]
Problem definition. Water treeing can be quantitatively described in terms of the fractal dimension, i.e. the concept of the quantity characterizing the geometric structure of stochastic objects [8, 9]. Current concepts in this area connected with the fact that most of the natural stochastic structures have so-called scaling symmetry (scale invariance): they are viewed equally at different magnifications (Fig. 3). With the help of the algorithm for constructing the stochastic fractals using iterated function it is possible to model the complex fractal structure of water treeing in polymer cable insulation.
Fig. 4. Energy diagram of a two-layer system: a - process related with rotational and vibrational intramolecular
oscillations, b - intra-cluster activation relaxation process, c - inter-cluster process of simultaneous exchange of molecules
The difference in energy values between these two minima, i.e. height of the barrier, which is overcome by the synchronous exchange of molecules between adjacent clusters is written explicitly as
Acp = 2(Bdh + kTcMe), where k is the Boltzmann constant, Tc critical characteristic temperature (the phase transition temperature, for example, the glass transition temperature), Me is the unit vector of the longitudinal component of the dipole moment of the cluster
Bdh + kTcMe
Me = tanh|
kT
The degree of structural ordering of the minimum size of the average cluster is characterized by the parameter 0<nDH<1. At n = 0 the clusters are not formed, and the correlation between the processes of reorientation of molecules absents. When n = 1 the clusters have a crystal structure in which the processes of molecules reorientation are fully correlated. Clusters, in their turn, are part of the inter-cluster formations, the degree of structural order in which is determined by the parameter 1 - mDH, and 0<mDH<1. Boundary values mDH = 0 and mDH = 1 correspond to a perfect crystal lattice and the liquid with an ideal hydrodynamic flow.
For the cluster model by Dissado - Hill the dispersion relative electrical permittivity e*(ra) is described by the equation
a b
Fig. 3. The results of the construction of the classic Julia fractals (a) and Mandelbrot fractals (b) in the Matlab environment
In accordance with relaxation theory by Dissado -Hill [10] due to the attractive forces in liquids (water) are formed area with a locally ordered structure - clusters, structure, composition and the energy value of the chemical bonds between molecules which depend on the type of liquid and solid medium, in which it is situated. In each of the liquid there are the basic, typical for it, clusters that define its structure.
In a two-level model, the relaxation of a group of atoms or molecules (cluster) associated with transitions from one minimum to the other two variants of the orientation corresponding to the minima in the potential curve (Fig. 4).
£ (w) - £mDH £s - £ooDH
2 F
1+-
1 — n ,1 — m ;2 — n ;
1+
2 F1(1 — n ,1 — m ; 2 — n ;1)
where £aDH is the high-frequency limit of the area of dispersion, polarization due to the contribution of the fast polarization species (ion and electron bias) and a high-frequency relaxation process, 2F\[...] are the Gaussian hypergeometric functions.
The above equation corresponds to the Debye
equation for n = 0, m = 1,
ap = Td
Maximum of dielec-
tric losses s" takes place at w= ap only in the case n = m.
At each temperature there is a distribution of clusters in shape and size, which correspond to the mean-square
/-2\
square of the dipole moment of the cluster ( juc ).
ia>
m
p
ico
CO
p
The goal of the paper is investigation of features of manifestation of the relaxation losses in high-frequency range in polyethylene insulation at aging of samples of power and RF cables in high humidity conditions.
Test objects. As test objects samples of the coaxial cables are used.
1. A new power cable of voltage of 35 kV in singlephase design with cross-section of aluminum conductors of 95 mm2 with the cross-linked (thermosetting) polyethylene insulation, semiconducting shields for conductor and insulation, copper screen. Design feature is the presence of semi-conductive hydrophilic water swelling tapes, providing radial cable protection from moisture.
2. A RF cable PK-50 with a two-layer thermoplastic polyethylene insulation without additional radial moisture protection. Cable for 5 years was in the room, and the cable ends were not sealed with heat-shrinkable protective caps.
3. A new RF cable EH4 (PK-75) with a thermoplastic foam polyethylene insulation without additional radial moisture protection.
4. A RF cable RG-6 (PK-75) with a thermoplastic foam polyethylene insulation and protection against moisture in the original (before operating) state as hydrophobic jelly after exploitation for 10 years.
Dynamics of changes in the relaxation losses during hydration. Test samples of the new power cable and cable PK-50 were subjected to aging in high humidity at room temperature for 1440 hours (2 months). In the initial state and after aging the dielectric loss tangent in the frequency range 50 kHz - 20 MHz by Q-meter VM 560 using resonance method were measured (Fig. 5).
For samples of RF cables EH-4 and RG-6 with foam insulation measured frequency dependence on the dielectric loss tangent are shown in Fig. 6.
Analysis of the frequency dependences shows that there is a manifestation of the general laws of the relaxation losses in the cables. So, for the power cable with thermosetting and RF cable PK-50 with thermoplastic polyethylene insulation (Fig. 5) in the initial state and after the aging the nature of the frequency dependences of dielectric loss tangent is identical.
In the initial state we can see the relaxation maximum I, whose width A/ is indirectly related to the amount of moisture in the insulation: in a new power cable residual free moisture is considerably less than in the cable PC-50, which was a long time at natural conditions. After aging on the frequency dependence of the relaxation there are additional peaks II and III, related to the reorientation of polar water molecules in formed new clusters of different shapes and sizes.
In the new cable EH-4 (see Fig. 6,a) there are three characteristic relaxation peaks associated with the manifestation of the dipole polarization of water in clusters of different shapes and sizes. In the structure of the foamed thermoplastic polyethylene insulation there are gaseous inclusions, which are filled with water, as in the initial state and during operation (see Fig. 6,6).
APVG-1x95-35 kV
tgl>
10
10
\\\\\ : ■ ■ : l \ Unageing 4
..}.M>>6......... ■♦>'l*l'»<-......... ..... .....<*"*»■♦ .......... ..... ..... ... "tr tt fe
: : :
: : :: i
1 1 \ \!
ij/ii \ Jr: i: 1 \ ..... >•1
........ •^■I-I'lf......... ... "i'ttl' .......... ..... ■* ■1
: : • i i i i I ¿Ju_
toJ
10
APVG-1x95-35 kV
10 f, Hz
.^'j. ptX^l^'*! j.....i—.
"It" """""I.....■¿■■¡■¿«i .
10 10 10 f, Hz
a - a power cable with a thermosetting polyethylene insulation (top picture - the original state, bottom picture - after moistening)
tfiftf
10
10
~n- : i ! !'!!!! m- :: i
: i ageing! j }":?...... i: i
: j ii......... Hit Ills SI si Af \ * ■ i
......... ..... ^yv!.........?..... ...i.^.y
• * ■ ^
•if......... : i ..... ""i'V'-i* i-fi'I' lll+'jt : :: i !T
: i Mil / j \
: i j \ : : 11 / : i -±¿1
::: i ill! Mil i • 3
10
10
10 f,Hz
b - a RF cable with a thermosetting polyethylene insulation (top picture - the original state, bottom picture - after moistening) Fig. 5. Dynamics of changes in the tangent of the angle of dielectric losses in cables samples in the process of moistening
0,1
1,0
a - cable EH-4
10,0 f, MHz
tg s 10"'
data spline
RG - 6 ageing
lAililfj..........Im _ - - - - " "
11I1A1I1I1I
10
)....Ti...a..)..}.].].){... I.....I—4--l-4-l-l->f<-<
:.....
0, 1
b ■
1,0
■ cable RG-6
10,0 f, MHz
Fig. 6. The frequency dependence of the dielectric loss tangent of RF cables with foam thermoplastic polyethylene insulation
The correlation between the width of the spectrum of the dipole peaks and insulation resistance.
Fig. 7 shows the results of the insulation resistance measurement of the power cable samples (curves 1 and 1') and radio frequency cable PK-50 (curves 2 and 2') depending on the applied DC voltage: curves 1 and 2 - the initial state, curves 1' and 2' - after moistening.
10
10
10
10
10
Rins, Ohm*m
1, 1' - APVG-1x95/16-35 kV
.1... '
10
Uz, V
Fig. 7
In the initial state, the insulation resistance of the power cable is weakly dependent on the applied voltage (Fig. 7, curve 1). The spectral width A/ of the relaxation maximum I (Fig. 5,a, the upper picture) is small. For RF cable PK-50 in the initial state the width spectrum A/ of
the relaxation maximum I (Fig. 5,b, the upper picture) is significant (about 6 MHz), which causes a decrease in the insulation resistance in 10 times when the voltage increases 10 times (from 500 to 5000 V) (Fig. 7, curve 2).
After aging for the power cable (Fig. 7, curve 1') we observe the strongly expressed dependence of insulation resistance on the applied voltage: when the voltage is increased by 10 times the insulation resistance decreased to 10,000 times. The bandwidth of the spectrum A/ of the relaxation maxima I - III (Fig. 5, the lower picture) increased almost 20 times.
For cable PK-50 spectral width Af of the relaxation maxima I - III (see Fig. 5,b, the lower picture) increased only 6 times, and as a result, the insulation resistance after moisture is practically independent on the voltage. For voltage of 5 kV after aging the insulation resistance decreased to 100 times relative to the initial state. Obviously, in a thermoplastic polyethylene insulation water clusters with similar fractal dimensions are formed.
Conclusions.
So, the evidence of the existence in the polymeric insulation of the cables of free water in the form of areas with a locally ordered structure - clusters is experimentally found.
In the range of measurements of 50 kHz - 20 MHz it is found that for solid plastic insulation at frequency dependences of dielectric loss tangent one maximum of relaxation takes place at 10 MHz in the initial state and additional peaks appear in the frequency range 500 kHz -5 MHz after moistening. For thermosetting (crosslinked) polyethylene insulation large width Af of the frequency spectrum in which relaxation losses take place is characterized. Obviously, the width of each of the relaxation peaks is related to the characteristic fractal cluster size.
It is important that in the hydrated solid and foamed polyethylene insulation individual, typical only for water clusters detected by high-frequency relaxation dipole maxima of the dielectric loss tangent take place.
There is a positive correlation between the bandwidth Af of the relaxation maxima and insulation resistance decrease rate on the applied high DC voltage.
REFERENCES
1. De Bellet J., Matey G., Rose L., Rose V., Filippini J., Poggi Y., Raharimalala V. Some aspects of the relationship between water treeing, morphology, and micro structure of polymers. IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul, 1987, vol.EI-22, no.2, pp. 211-217. doi: 10.1109/tei.1987.298884.
2. Ciuprina F., Teissedre G., Filippini J.C. Polyethylene crosslinking and water treeing. Polymer, 2001, vol.42, no.18, pp. 7841-7846. doi: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00264-6.
3. Dissado L.A. Understanding electrical trees in solids: from experiment to theory. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Electr. Insul., 2002, vol.9, no.4, pp. 483-497. doi: 10.1109/tdei.2002.1024425.
4. Kato T., Yamaguchi T., Komori F., Kawahara T., Hidaka T., Suzuoki Y. Influence of structural change by AC voltage prestressing on electrical-tree inception voltage of LDPE with water-tree degradation. 2012 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Montreal, Canada: IEEE, 2012, pp. 847-850. doi: 10.1109/ceidp.2012.6378913.
5. Shcherba A.A., Podoltsev A.D., Kucheriavaia I.N., Zolo-tarev V.M. Electric transport of polar water molecules in an
inhomogeneous electric field of polymer insulation high-voltage cables. Tekhnichna elektrodynamika - Technical Electrodynamics, 2010, no.5, pp. 3-9. (Rus).
6. Priya S., Mubashira Anjum A. Analysis of water trees and characterization techniques in XLPE cables. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2014, vol.7(S7), pp. 127-135.
7. Shuvalov M.Y., Mavrin M.A. Theoretical and experimental research water treeing type of «bow». Kabeli iprovoda - Cables and wires, 2002, no.1, pp. 44-50. (Rus)
8. Mandelbrot B.B. Fractals: form, chance and dimension. -San Francisco: Freeman, 1977.
9. Dissado L.A., Hill, R.M. The fractal nature of the cluster model dielectric response functions. Journal of Applied Physics, 1989, vol.66, no.6, pp. 2511-2524. doi: 10.1063/1.344264.
10. Dissado L.A., Hill R.M. A cluster approach to the structure of imperfect materials and their relaxation spectroscopy. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1983, vol.390, no.1798, pp. 131-180. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1983.0125.
Received 28.12.2015
G.V. Bezprozvannych1, Doctor of Technical Science, Professor, A.G. Kyessayev1, Postgraduate Student,
1 National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», 21, Frunze Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine. phone +380 57 7076010, e-mail: bezprozvannych@kpi.kharkov.ua
How to cite this article:
Bezprozvannych G.V., Kyessayev A.G. Relaxations losses in polyethylene insulation of coaxial cable structure during aging in high humidity conditions. Electrical engineering & electromechanics, 2016, no.2, pp. 38-42. doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2016.2.07.
